@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(1):11-18
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(1):11-18
Effect of Religious Coping Skills Training on Modifying Metacognitive Beliefs among Children of Veterans with PTSD
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Ali Gouhari B. (1)Abolmaali Alhosseini Kh. (*2)
Dortaj F. (3)
Jomehri F. (3)
(*2) Educational Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Human Science Faculty, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(3) Educational Psychology Department , Psychology Faculty, Allameh Tabatabaie University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Educational Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, IranPhone: +98 (21) 22496027
Fax: +98 (21) 22496027
abolmaali@riau.ac.ir
Article History
Received: April 30, 2019Accepted: November 24, 2019
ePublished: March 17, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims
Defect in metacognitive beliefs increases the vulnerability of children of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of religious coping skills training on modifying metacognitive beliefs among children of veterans with PTSD.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group and one- month follow-up was conducted among 20 Shahed students (the children of veterans with PTSD) in Islamic Azad University-Roudehen Branch in 2016. The subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (10 people in each group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of religious coping skills training and the control group did not receive training during this period. Both groups completed the metacognitions questionnaire (MCQ-30), before, after, and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using multivariate analysis of variance.
Findings In post-test step, only the components of positive beliefs about worry (F=3.511; p=0.045) and cognitive self-consciousness (F=6.482; p=0.008) were significantly different between the two groups. In the follow-up step, there was still a significant difference between the two control and experiment groups in terms of positive beliefs about worry (F=5.134; p=0.001) and cognitive self-consciousness (F=6.956; p=0.001).
Conclusion The religious coping skills training improves some of the components of metacognitive beliefs that is, positive beliefs about worry and lack of cognitive self-consciousness that its effect persists after one month.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group and one- month follow-up was conducted among 20 Shahed students (the children of veterans with PTSD) in Islamic Azad University-Roudehen Branch in 2016. The subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (10 people in each group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of religious coping skills training and the control group did not receive training during this period. Both groups completed the metacognitions questionnaire (MCQ-30), before, after, and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using multivariate analysis of variance.
Findings In post-test step, only the components of positive beliefs about worry (F=3.511; p=0.045) and cognitive self-consciousness (F=6.482; p=0.008) were significantly different between the two groups. In the follow-up step, there was still a significant difference between the two control and experiment groups in terms of positive beliefs about worry (F=5.134; p=0.001) and cognitive self-consciousness (F=6.956; p=0.001).
Conclusion The religious coping skills training improves some of the components of metacognitive beliefs that is, positive beliefs about worry and lack of cognitive self-consciousness that its effect persists after one month.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Abolmaali K, Aghaeipour Gavasaraei M. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral training on reducing the secondary trauma symptoms of ptsd veterans' wives. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(2):57-65. [Persian]
[3]Fakhri Z, Danesh E, Shahidi, S, Saliminia A. Quality of value system and self-efficacy beliefs in children with veteran and non-veteran fathers. J Appl Psychol. 2013;6(4):25-42. [Persian]
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[10]Hagen R, Hjemdal O, Solem S, Kennair LE, Nordahl HM, Fisher P, Wells A. Metacognitive therapy for depression in adults: a waiting list randomized controlled trial with six months follow-up. Front Psychol. 2017;8:31.
[11]Gallagher B, Cartwright-Hatton S. The relationship between parenting factors and trait anxiety: mediating role of cognitive errors and metacognition. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(4):722-33.
[12]Moghtader L. Relationship between religious beliefs and stress coping strategies in psychological resilience and marital satisfaction of veteran’s wives. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2017;26(103):37-45. [Persian]
[13]McInnis-Dittrich K. Social work with older adults: a biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention. 3rd Edition. Boston: Pearson; 2009.
[14]Canda ER, Furman LD. Spiritual diversity in social work practice: the heart of helping. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.
[15]Fatemi MM, Zare M, Kharrazi Afra F, Kharrazi Afra M. The relationship between spiritual growths coping with stressful situations among medical students (intern). Med Sci J . 2014;24(1):49-53. [Persian]
[16]Lavretsky H. Spirituality and aging. Aging Health. 2010;6(6):749-69
[17]Nash ST. The changing of the gods: abused Christian wives and their hermeneutic revision of gender, power, and spousal conduct. Qual Soc. 2006;29(2):195-209.
[18]Hebert R, Zdaniuk B, Schulz R, Scheier M. Positive and negative religious coping and well-being in women with breast cancer. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(6):537-45.
[19]Sica C, Steketee G, Ghisi M, Chiri LR, Franceschini S. Metacognitive beliefs and strategies predict worry, obsessive–compulsive symptoms and coping styles: a preliminary prospective study on an Italian non-clinical sample. Clin. Psychol Psychother. 2007;14(4):258-68.
[20]Pargament KI. Religion and coping: The current state of knowledge. In: Folkman S, editor. The oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 269-88.
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[22]Hill PC, Pargament KI. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. Psychol Relig Spiritual. 2008;S(1):3-17.
[23]Pargament K, Feuille M, Burdzy D. The brief rcope: current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions. 2011;2(1):51-76.
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[25]Seyyed Mousavi P, Vafaei M, Rasoulzadeh Tabatabaei SK, Nadali H. Relationship of religious coping strategies with post-traumatic development and helplessness in students. Contemp Psychol. 2009;4(1):102-11. [Persian]
[26]Sarmad Z, Bazargan A, Hejazi A. Research methods in behavioral sciences. Tehran: Agah; 2008. [Persian]
[27]Pargament KI, McCarthy S, Shah P, Ano G, Tarakeshwar N, Wachholtz A, et al. Religion and HIV: a review of the literature and clinical implications. South Med J. 2004;97(12):1201-9.
[28]Cole B, Pargament K. Re-creating your life: a spiritual/psychotherapeutic intervention for people diagnosed with cancer. Psychooncology. 1999;8(5):395-407.
[29]Mccorkle BH, Bohn C, Hughes T, Kim D. “Sacred moments”: social anxiety in a larger perspective. J Ment Health Relig Cult. 2005;8(3):227-38.
[30]Ashoori, A, Vakili, Y, Bien Said, S, Noei Z. Metacognitive beliefs and general health in students. Princ Ment Health. 2010;11(1):15-20. [Persian]
[31]Shirinzadeh Dastgiri S, Goodarzi MA, Rahimi C, Nazari G. Investigating the factor structure, validity and reliability metacognitive questionnaire 30. Psychology. 2009;12(4):445-61. [Persian]
[32]Tarakeshwar N, Pearce MJ, Sikkema KJ. Development and implementation of a spiritual coping group intervention for adults living with HIV/AIDS: a pilot study. J Ment Health Relig Cult. 2005;8(3):179-90.
[33]Kraft B, Jonassen R, stiles TC, landrø NI. Dysfunctional Metacognitive Beliefs Are Associated with Decreased Executive Control. Front Psychol. 2017;8:593.
[34]Palmier-Claus JE, Dunn G, Taylor H, Morrison AP, Lewis SW. Cognitive-self consciousness and metacognitive beliefs: Stress sensitization in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Br J Clin Psychol. 2013;52(1):26-41.
[35]Marker CD, Calamari JE, Woodard JL, Riemann BC. Cognitive self-consciousness, implicit learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20(4):389-407.
[36]de Bruin GO, Muris P, Rassin E. Are there specific meta-cognitions associated with vulnerability to symptoms of worry and obsessional thoughts? Pers Individ Differ. 2007;42(4):689-99.
[37]Dadvandi F, Shokri O. Positive and Negative religious coping skills: psychometric analysis of religious coping scale among Iranian students. J Psychol Relig. 2015;8(1):41-62. [Persian]
[2]Abolmaali K, Aghaeipour Gavasaraei M. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral training on reducing the secondary trauma symptoms of ptsd veterans' wives. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(2):57-65. [Persian]
[3]Fakhri Z, Danesh E, Shahidi, S, Saliminia A. Quality of value system and self-efficacy beliefs in children with veteran and non-veteran fathers. J Appl Psychol. 2013;6(4):25-42. [Persian]
[4]Zalta AK, Bui E, Karnik NS, Held P, Laifer LM, Sager JC, et al. examining the relationship between parent and child psychopathology in treatment-seeking veterans. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2018;49(2):209-16.
[5]Radfar S, Haghani H, Tavallaei SA, Modirian E, Falahati M. Evaluation of Mental Health State in Veterans Family (15-18 Y/O adolescents). J Mil Med. 2005;7(3):203-09. [Persian]
[6]Chow KW, Lo BCY. Parental factors associated with rumination related metacognitive beliefs in adolescence. Front Psychol. 2017;8:536.
[7]Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S. A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(4):385-96.
[8]Cartwright-Hatton S, Wells A. Beliefs about worry and intrusions: the meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11(3):279-96.
[9]Mazloom M, Yaghubi H, Mohammadkhani S. Post-traumatic stress symptom, metacognition, emotional schema and emotion regulation: a structural equation model. Pers Individ Differe. 2016;88:94-8.
[10]Hagen R, Hjemdal O, Solem S, Kennair LE, Nordahl HM, Fisher P, Wells A. Metacognitive therapy for depression in adults: a waiting list randomized controlled trial with six months follow-up. Front Psychol. 2017;8:31.
[11]Gallagher B, Cartwright-Hatton S. The relationship between parenting factors and trait anxiety: mediating role of cognitive errors and metacognition. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(4):722-33.
[12]Moghtader L. Relationship between religious beliefs and stress coping strategies in psychological resilience and marital satisfaction of veteran’s wives. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2017;26(103):37-45. [Persian]
[13]McInnis-Dittrich K. Social work with older adults: a biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention. 3rd Edition. Boston: Pearson; 2009.
[14]Canda ER, Furman LD. Spiritual diversity in social work practice: the heart of helping. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.
[15]Fatemi MM, Zare M, Kharrazi Afra F, Kharrazi Afra M. The relationship between spiritual growths coping with stressful situations among medical students (intern). Med Sci J . 2014;24(1):49-53. [Persian]
[16]Lavretsky H. Spirituality and aging. Aging Health. 2010;6(6):749-69
[17]Nash ST. The changing of the gods: abused Christian wives and their hermeneutic revision of gender, power, and spousal conduct. Qual Soc. 2006;29(2):195-209.
[18]Hebert R, Zdaniuk B, Schulz R, Scheier M. Positive and negative religious coping and well-being in women with breast cancer. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(6):537-45.
[19]Sica C, Steketee G, Ghisi M, Chiri LR, Franceschini S. Metacognitive beliefs and strategies predict worry, obsessive–compulsive symptoms and coping styles: a preliminary prospective study on an Italian non-clinical sample. Clin. Psychol Psychother. 2007;14(4):258-68.
[20]Pargament KI. Religion and coping: The current state of knowledge. In: Folkman S, editor. The oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 269-88.
[21]Pargament KI. The psychology of religion and coping: theory research practice. Rev Relig Res. 1998;40(1):89-90.
[22]Hill PC, Pargament KI. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. Psychol Relig Spiritual. 2008;S(1):3-17.
[23]Pargament K, Feuille M, Burdzy D. The brief rcope: current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions. 2011;2(1):51-76.
[24]Pargament KI. Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: understanding and addressing the sacred. Kalantar SM, Hosseini SM, Motahari S, translators. 1st Edition. Tehran: Avaye Noor; 2016. [Persian]
[25]Seyyed Mousavi P, Vafaei M, Rasoulzadeh Tabatabaei SK, Nadali H. Relationship of religious coping strategies with post-traumatic development and helplessness in students. Contemp Psychol. 2009;4(1):102-11. [Persian]
[26]Sarmad Z, Bazargan A, Hejazi A. Research methods in behavioral sciences. Tehran: Agah; 2008. [Persian]
[27]Pargament KI, McCarthy S, Shah P, Ano G, Tarakeshwar N, Wachholtz A, et al. Religion and HIV: a review of the literature and clinical implications. South Med J. 2004;97(12):1201-9.
[28]Cole B, Pargament K. Re-creating your life: a spiritual/psychotherapeutic intervention for people diagnosed with cancer. Psychooncology. 1999;8(5):395-407.
[29]Mccorkle BH, Bohn C, Hughes T, Kim D. “Sacred moments”: social anxiety in a larger perspective. J Ment Health Relig Cult. 2005;8(3):227-38.
[30]Ashoori, A, Vakili, Y, Bien Said, S, Noei Z. Metacognitive beliefs and general health in students. Princ Ment Health. 2010;11(1):15-20. [Persian]
[31]Shirinzadeh Dastgiri S, Goodarzi MA, Rahimi C, Nazari G. Investigating the factor structure, validity and reliability metacognitive questionnaire 30. Psychology. 2009;12(4):445-61. [Persian]
[32]Tarakeshwar N, Pearce MJ, Sikkema KJ. Development and implementation of a spiritual coping group intervention for adults living with HIV/AIDS: a pilot study. J Ment Health Relig Cult. 2005;8(3):179-90.
[33]Kraft B, Jonassen R, stiles TC, landrø NI. Dysfunctional Metacognitive Beliefs Are Associated with Decreased Executive Control. Front Psychol. 2017;8:593.
[34]Palmier-Claus JE, Dunn G, Taylor H, Morrison AP, Lewis SW. Cognitive-self consciousness and metacognitive beliefs: Stress sensitization in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Br J Clin Psychol. 2013;52(1):26-41.
[35]Marker CD, Calamari JE, Woodard JL, Riemann BC. Cognitive self-consciousness, implicit learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20(4):389-407.
[36]de Bruin GO, Muris P, Rassin E. Are there specific meta-cognitions associated with vulnerability to symptoms of worry and obsessional thoughts? Pers Individ Differ. 2007;42(4):689-99.
[37]Dadvandi F, Shokri O. Positive and Negative religious coping skills: psychometric analysis of religious coping scale among Iranian students. J Psychol Relig. 2015;8(1):41-62. [Persian]