@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(3):153-159
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(3):153-159
Effectiveness of Time Perspective Therapy on Increasing Psychological Well-Being and Happiness in Veterans with PTSD
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Malekiha M. (*1)Moradi B. (2)
(*1) Counseling Department, Humanities Faculty, Hazrat-e Masoumeh University(HMU), Qom, Iran
(2) Counseling Department, Humanities Faculty, Khomainicity Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: December 6, 2018Accepted: June 12, 2019
ePublished: July 21, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
Time perspective therapy is one of the modern treatments that in recent years has been used in order to decrease the symptoms of the disorder and increasing the quality of life in patients with PTSD. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on increasing the psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD.
Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design, with one control group, was carried out among the veterans with PTSD, who referred to the Amiralmomenin Hospital in Isfahan in 2017. Among them 30 people of veterans with PTSD were selected through convenient sampling method and randomly assigned into the control and experimental groups (n=15 in each group). Experimental group was treated in 8 sessions in 90 minutes with time perspective therapy while the control group received no cure. The research instruments were the Oxford happiness questionnaire and Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire, which were completed in two stages of pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software, through one-way analysis of covariance and multivariable analysis of covariance tests.
Findings By controlling the effect of pretest, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD in the control and experimental groups in the posttest step (p<0.05).
Conclusion Time perspective therapy can be effective in increasing the psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD.
Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design, with one control group, was carried out among the veterans with PTSD, who referred to the Amiralmomenin Hospital in Isfahan in 2017. Among them 30 people of veterans with PTSD were selected through convenient sampling method and randomly assigned into the control and experimental groups (n=15 in each group). Experimental group was treated in 8 sessions in 90 minutes with time perspective therapy while the control group received no cure. The research instruments were the Oxford happiness questionnaire and Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire, which were completed in two stages of pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software, through one-way analysis of covariance and multivariable analysis of covariance tests.
Findings By controlling the effect of pretest, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD in the control and experimental groups in the posttest step (p<0.05).
Conclusion Time perspective therapy can be effective in increasing the psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD.
Keywords:
Time Perspective ,
Time Perspective Therapy ,
Psychological Well-Being ,
Happiness ,
Veterans ,
PTSD ,
CITATION LINKS
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[25]Malekiha M. Development the native work-family enrichment model and survey the effectiveness of it on decrease work-family conflict and family-work conflict in female employee of Isfahan University at 2014 year [Dissertation]. Isfahan: Isfahan University; 2014. [Persian]
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[31]Mc Nally RJ, Bryant RA, Ehlers A. Does early psychological intervention prompt recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2003;4(2):47-50.
[32]Drake L, Duncan E, Sutherland F, Abernethy C, Henry C. Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time Soc. 2008;17(1):47-61.
[33]Boniwell I, Osin E, Linley P A, Ivanchenko GV. A question of balance: time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. J Posit Psychol. 2010;5(1):24-40.
[34]Mooney A, Earl JK, Mooney CH, Bateman H. Using balanced time perspective to explain well-being and planning in retirement. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1781.
[35]Shterjovska M, Achkovska-Leshkovska E. Time perspective as predictor of meaning in life. Int J Cogn Res Sci Eng Educ. 2014;2(1):25-9.
[36]Stolarski M, Zimbardo PG, Howell RT, Zhang JW. Looking for the bright side of life: How to shape your time perspective to become happier. 1st International Conference on Time Perspective. Coimbra, Portugal: University of Coimbra; 2012.
[37]Bottche M, Kuwert P, Knaevelsrud K. Posttraumatic stress disorder in order adults: an overview of characteristic and treatment approaches. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27(3):230-9.
[38]Zebardast A, Besharat MA, Hghighatgoo M. The relationship between self-efficacy and time perspective in students. Soc Behav Sci .2011;30:935-8.
[39]Akbar M, Akram M, Ahmed M, Shahbaz Hussain M, Lal V, Ijaz S. Relationship between Resilience and Life Satisfaction among Nomadic. Int J Innovat Appl Stud. 2014;6(3):515-29.
[40]Lewin K. Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers. Oxford: Harper;1951.
[2]Ahmadi K, Reshadatjoo M, Karami GR. Evaluation of PTSD in Sardasht survivors of chemical warfare. J Urmia Univ Med Sci.2010;21(1):1-9. [Persian]
[3]Khodabakhsh Pirkalani R, Rahim Jarouni H. Effectiveness of mixed cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness based stress reduction in treating a case of generalized anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Stud. 2014;4(13):121-47. [Persian]
[4]Khodayari B, Askari S, and Sadeghi S. Effectiveness of a short-term group logo therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder in war veterans. J Milit Psychol. 2015;21(6):15-28. [Persian]
[5]Nelson BS, Wrigh DW. Understanding and treating post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in female partners of veterans with PTSD. 1996;22(4):455-67.
[6]Mandani B, Fakhri A. Study of health related quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder war veteran. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(2):18-25. [Persian]
[7]Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E, Dutra L, Westen D. A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):214-27.
[8]Ehlers A, Hackmann A, Michal T. Intrusive re‐experiencing in post‐traumatic stress disorder: phenomenology, theory, and therapy. Memory. 2004;12(4):403-15.
[9]Zimbardo PG. On rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study. Br J Soc Psychol. 2006;45(Pt 1):47-53.
[10]Zimbardo PG, Sword, RM, Sword RKM. The time cure: overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2012.
[11]Zimbardo PG, John N. Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;77(6):1271-88.
[12]Orkibi H. Psychometric properties of the hebrew short version of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory. Eval Health Prof. 2014;38(2):219-45.
[13]Van Beek W, Berghuis H, Kerkhof A, Beekman A. Time perspective, personality and psychopathology: Zimbardo’s time perspective inventory in psychiatry. Time Soc. 2011;20(3):364-74.
[14]Sword RM, Sword RKM, Brunskill SR, Zimbardo PG. Time perspective therapy: a new time-based metaphor therapy for PTSD. J Loss Trauma. 2014;19(3):197-201.
[15]Seema R, Sircova A. Mindfulness- a time perspective? Estonian study. Balt J Psychol. 2013;14(1,2): 4-21.
[16]Kamalmanesh A, Maredpour M. An evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder among war survivors. Health Res J Baqiyatallah Hosp. 2017;2(2):87-98. [Persian]
[17]Rabani E. The effectiveness of psychodrama on quality of life, psychological well-being and cognitive emotion regulation in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder [Dissertation]. Najafabad: Islamic Azad University; 2015. [Persian]
[18]Ryff CD, Singer BH. Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Soc Sci Res. 2006;35(4):1103-19.
[19]Noferesti A, Roshan R, Fata L, Hasanabadi HR, Pasandideh A, Shaeiri M. The effectiveness of positive psychotherapy in increasing happiness and psychological well-being in people with depression symptoms: a multiple: baseline study. Posit Psychol. 2015;1(1):1-18. [Persian]
[20]Drake L, Duncan E, Sutherland F, Abernethy C, Henry C. Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time Soc. 2008;17(1):47-61.
[21]Alipoor A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventor. J Dev Psychol. 2007;3(12):287-98. [Persian]
[22]Alipoor A, Noorbala, AA. A preliminary evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Oxford happiness questionnaire in students in the universities of Tehran. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 1999;5(1 and 2):55-66.
[23]Moradi B. The study effectiveness of time perspective therapy on increasing happiness and psychological well-being in PTSD veterans who referred to Isfahan Amiralmomenin hospital [Dissertation]. Khomeinishahr: Islamic Azad University; 2017. [Persian]
[24]Ghazavi Z, Mardani Z, Pahlavanzadeh S. Effect of happiness educational program of Fordyce on the level of nurses’ happiness. J Health Care. 2017;30(19):117-24.[Persian]
[25]Malekiha M. Development the native work-family enrichment model and survey the effectiveness of it on decrease work-family conflict and family-work conflict in female employee of Isfahan University at 2014 year [Dissertation]. Isfahan: Isfahan University; 2014. [Persian]
[26]Sefidi F, Farzad V. Validated measure of Ryff psychological well-being among students of Qazvin University of Medical science. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2012;16(1):65-71. [Persian]
[27]Khanjani M, Shahidi S, Fathabadi J, Mazaheri MA, Shokri O. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Riff's scale of psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thought Behav Clin Psychol. 2014;8(32):27-36. [Persian]
[28]Hezomi H, Nadrian H. What determines psychological well-being among Iranian female adolescents? Perceived stress may overshadow all determinants. Health Promot Perspect. 2018;8(1):79-87.
[29]Akafian S. The study effectiveness of financial Narrative Therapy on decreasing Isfahan city female employees financial anxiety at 2017 year [Dissertation]. Khomainishahr: Islamic Azad University; 2018 [Persian]
[30]Jones JM, Leitner JB, Marshall C, Jing Y, Lee JM. Characteristics and consequences of temporal orientation for psychological well-being: learning from the past, fearing the future and living for today. In: International studies on time perspective. Paixao MP, Da Silva JT, Ortuño V, Cordeiro P, editors. Coimbra, Portugal: Coimbra University Press; 2013. pp. 149-54.
[31]Mc Nally RJ, Bryant RA, Ehlers A. Does early psychological intervention prompt recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2003;4(2):47-50.
[32]Drake L, Duncan E, Sutherland F, Abernethy C, Henry C. Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time Soc. 2008;17(1):47-61.
[33]Boniwell I, Osin E, Linley P A, Ivanchenko GV. A question of balance: time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. J Posit Psychol. 2010;5(1):24-40.
[34]Mooney A, Earl JK, Mooney CH, Bateman H. Using balanced time perspective to explain well-being and planning in retirement. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1781.
[35]Shterjovska M, Achkovska-Leshkovska E. Time perspective as predictor of meaning in life. Int J Cogn Res Sci Eng Educ. 2014;2(1):25-9.
[36]Stolarski M, Zimbardo PG, Howell RT, Zhang JW. Looking for the bright side of life: How to shape your time perspective to become happier. 1st International Conference on Time Perspective. Coimbra, Portugal: University of Coimbra; 2012.
[37]Bottche M, Kuwert P, Knaevelsrud K. Posttraumatic stress disorder in order adults: an overview of characteristic and treatment approaches. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27(3):230-9.
[38]Zebardast A, Besharat MA, Hghighatgoo M. The relationship between self-efficacy and time perspective in students. Soc Behav Sci .2011;30:935-8.
[39]Akbar M, Akram M, Ahmed M, Shahbaz Hussain M, Lal V, Ijaz S. Relationship between Resilience and Life Satisfaction among Nomadic. Int J Innovat Appl Stud. 2014;6(3):515-29.
[40]Lewin K. Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers. Oxford: Harper;1951.