@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(2):146-152
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(2):146-152
Explaining the Tendency to Substance Use on The Basis of Spiritual Intelligence and Wisdom
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Kolahi Hamed S (*)Ahmadi E (1)
Shalchi B (1)
(*) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
(1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: July 23, 2017Accepted: May 2, 2018
ePublished: May 16, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by impaired individual,
physiological and social performance. spiritual intelligence and wisdom can be
effective as protective factors in predicting tendency to substance use. This study
has aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and wisdom
with the tendency to substance use among college student.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study, 361 College students in 2015-16 were selected from students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University using multiple cluster sampling method and Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Scale ,Three- Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) and tendency to substance use questionnaire to be completed. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 20 softwares and Lisrel.
Findings Results showed that Correlation between spiritual intelligence and wisdom with tendency to substance use was significant (p<0.01). The proposed model was good-fitting model (p<0.05).
Conclusion As regards spiritual intelligence and wisdom are negatively related with the tendency to substance use, it is concluded that the strengthening of spiritual intelligence and wisdom of individuals leads to reduce their substance use.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study, 361 College students in 2015-16 were selected from students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University using multiple cluster sampling method and Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Scale ,Three- Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) and tendency to substance use questionnaire to be completed. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 20 softwares and Lisrel.
Findings Results showed that Correlation between spiritual intelligence and wisdom with tendency to substance use was significant (p<0.01). The proposed model was good-fitting model (p<0.05).
Conclusion As regards spiritual intelligence and wisdom are negatively related with the tendency to substance use, it is concluded that the strengthening of spiritual intelligence and wisdom of individuals leads to reduce their substance use.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Maktabi G.H. Zargar Y. Evaluation of simple and multiple relationships between religious attitude and mental health readiness addiction free university cities of Khuzestan. In: Kafi GH. Proceedings of the Fourth Seminar on Student Mental Health. Shiraz: Adine; 2011. [Persian]
[3]Moshrefiandust M. The Relationship between spiritual intelligence and practice with religious beliefs and the attitude toward addiction in secondary school boy students in Lordegan [Dissertation]. Birjand: Birjand University; 2012. [Persian]
[4]Felker SE. Protective factors against alcohol abuse in college students: spirituality, wisdom, and self-transcendence. [Dissertation]. Colorado: Philosophy Faculty Colorado State University; 2011.
[5]Nasel D. Spiritual orientation in relation to spiritual intelligence: A new consideration traditional Christianity and New Age/individualistic spirituality. [Dissertation]. Adelaide: University of South Australia; 2004.
[6]King DB. Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model, and measure. [Dissertation]. Peterborough: Trent University; 2008
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[8]Noble KD. Spiritual intelligence: A new frame of mind. Adv Dev J. 2000;9:1-29.
[9]Fatahi M, Farhangi AA. Spiritual intelligence, the unity of other types of intelligence. Manag dev. 2008;(37):95-110. [Persian]
[10]Galanter M, Dermatis H, Bunt G, Williams C, Trujillo M, Steinke P. Assessment of spirituality and its relevance to addiction treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007;33(3):257-64.
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[12]Dittmann-Kohli F, Baltes PB. Toward a neofunctionalist conception of adult intellectual development: Wisdom as a prototypical case of intellectual growth. In: Alexander CN. Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990; pp. 54-78.
[13]Meacham JA. The loss of wisdom. In: Sternberg RJ. Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. pp. 181-211.
[14]Ardelt M. Empirical assessment of a Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale. Res Aging. 2003;25(3):275-324.
[15]Williams PB, Mangelsdorf HH, Kontra C, Nusbaum HC, Hoeckner B. The relationship between mental and somatic practices and wisdom. PloS one. 2016;11(2).
[16]Kiken LG, Shook NJ. Looking up: Mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2011;2(4):425-31.
[17]Alberts HJ, Thewissen R. The effect of a brief mindfulness intervention on memory for positively and negatively valenced stimuli. Mindfulness. 2011;2(2):73-7.
[18]Assmann A. Wholesome Knowledge: Concepts of Wisdom in a Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective. In: Baltes PB, Featherman DL, Lerner RM. Life-Span Development and Behavior. London: Psychology Press; 1994. 187-224.
[19]Perry C. Komro K. Jones R. Munson K. Williams C. Jason L. The measurement of wisdom and its relationship to adolescent substance use and problem behaviors. J Child Adolesc Subst Abus. 2002;12(1):45-63.
[20]DiGangi JA, Jason LA, Mendoza L, Miller SA, Contreras R. The Relationship between Wisdom and Abstinence Behaviors in Women in Recovery from Substance Abuse. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2013;39(1):33-7.
[21]- Raghib MS, Siadat SA, Hakiminia B, Ahmadi SJ. Validation of King Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) in Isfahan College Students. J Psychol Achiev. 2010;17(1):141-64. [Persian]
[22]Asadi S, Amiri SH, Molavi H. The Development of Wisdom from Adolescence to Elderly. J Psychol. 2015;19(1):37-52. [Persian]
[23]Mir Hesami SH. Role of the Family in addiction among youth and adolescents. [Dissertation]. Iran: Payam Noor University; 2009. [Persian]
[24]Afshar S, Seddighi Arfaei F, Jafari1 A, Mohammadi M. The relationship of spiritual intelligence factors and tendency to addiction and its comparison between girls and boys students. J Res Relig Health. 2015;1(2):10-8. [Persian]
[25]Ahghar G. Effectiveness of the group's spiritual intelligence training on change of attitude towards drugs in students. J Thought Behav Clin Psychol. 2014;8(30):77-89. [Persian]
[26]Mousavi Moghadam SR. Valadbeigi R. Valadbeigi M. Rostami E. Sadatizadeh SS. Simple and multiple relationships between religious attitudes and spiritual intelligence with tendency to addiction in students. Pensee J. 2014;76(6):194-200.
[27]Mazandarani Z. Comparing Spiritual Intelligence among Three Addicts, Normal Individuals and Inpatients in Kordkouy City. Multidiscip Res. 2014;3(8):152-58.
[28]Moradi A, Poursalehy Navideh M, Nadi A, Ghiasiand M, Momeni KM. A Comparison of alexithymia and spiritual intelligence (SQ) in methamphetamine-addicted patients and healthy people. Int J Curr Life Sci. 2015;5(6):684-90.
[29]Jeste DV, Ardelt M, Blazer D, Kraemer HC, Vaillant G, Meeks TW. Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: A Delphi method study. Gerontol. 2010;50(5):668-80.
[30]Marchand, H. An overview of the psychology of wisdom. 2003; Available at www.prometheus.org.uk.
[31]Asadi S, Amiri SH, Molavi H, Bagheri KH. Introducing concept of wisdom in psychology and its Educational applications. New Educ Approaches. 2013;8(2):1-28. [Persian]
[32]Yang SY. Wisdom and good lives: A process perspective. New Ideas Psychol. 2013;31(3):194-201.
[2]Maktabi G.H. Zargar Y. Evaluation of simple and multiple relationships between religious attitude and mental health readiness addiction free university cities of Khuzestan. In: Kafi GH. Proceedings of the Fourth Seminar on Student Mental Health. Shiraz: Adine; 2011. [Persian]
[3]Moshrefiandust M. The Relationship between spiritual intelligence and practice with religious beliefs and the attitude toward addiction in secondary school boy students in Lordegan [Dissertation]. Birjand: Birjand University; 2012. [Persian]
[4]Felker SE. Protective factors against alcohol abuse in college students: spirituality, wisdom, and self-transcendence. [Dissertation]. Colorado: Philosophy Faculty Colorado State University; 2011.
[5]Nasel D. Spiritual orientation in relation to spiritual intelligence: A new consideration traditional Christianity and New Age/individualistic spirituality. [Dissertation]. Adelaide: University of South Australia; 2004.
[6]King DB. Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model, and measure. [Dissertation]. Peterborough: Trent University; 2008
[7]Emmons RA. The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford; 1999.
[8]Noble KD. Spiritual intelligence: A new frame of mind. Adv Dev J. 2000;9:1-29.
[9]Fatahi M, Farhangi AA. Spiritual intelligence, the unity of other types of intelligence. Manag dev. 2008;(37):95-110. [Persian]
[10]Galanter M, Dermatis H, Bunt G, Williams C, Trujillo M, Steinke P. Assessment of spirituality and its relevance to addiction treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007;33(3):257-64.
[11]Kunzmann U, Baltes P. Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2003;29(9):1104-19.
[12]Dittmann-Kohli F, Baltes PB. Toward a neofunctionalist conception of adult intellectual development: Wisdom as a prototypical case of intellectual growth. In: Alexander CN. Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990; pp. 54-78.
[13]Meacham JA. The loss of wisdom. In: Sternberg RJ. Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. pp. 181-211.
[14]Ardelt M. Empirical assessment of a Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale. Res Aging. 2003;25(3):275-324.
[15]Williams PB, Mangelsdorf HH, Kontra C, Nusbaum HC, Hoeckner B. The relationship between mental and somatic practices and wisdom. PloS one. 2016;11(2).
[16]Kiken LG, Shook NJ. Looking up: Mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2011;2(4):425-31.
[17]Alberts HJ, Thewissen R. The effect of a brief mindfulness intervention on memory for positively and negatively valenced stimuli. Mindfulness. 2011;2(2):73-7.
[18]Assmann A. Wholesome Knowledge: Concepts of Wisdom in a Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective. In: Baltes PB, Featherman DL, Lerner RM. Life-Span Development and Behavior. London: Psychology Press; 1994. 187-224.
[19]Perry C. Komro K. Jones R. Munson K. Williams C. Jason L. The measurement of wisdom and its relationship to adolescent substance use and problem behaviors. J Child Adolesc Subst Abus. 2002;12(1):45-63.
[20]DiGangi JA, Jason LA, Mendoza L, Miller SA, Contreras R. The Relationship between Wisdom and Abstinence Behaviors in Women in Recovery from Substance Abuse. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2013;39(1):33-7.
[21]- Raghib MS, Siadat SA, Hakiminia B, Ahmadi SJ. Validation of King Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) in Isfahan College Students. J Psychol Achiev. 2010;17(1):141-64. [Persian]
[22]Asadi S, Amiri SH, Molavi H. The Development of Wisdom from Adolescence to Elderly. J Psychol. 2015;19(1):37-52. [Persian]
[23]Mir Hesami SH. Role of the Family in addiction among youth and adolescents. [Dissertation]. Iran: Payam Noor University; 2009. [Persian]
[24]Afshar S, Seddighi Arfaei F, Jafari1 A, Mohammadi M. The relationship of spiritual intelligence factors and tendency to addiction and its comparison between girls and boys students. J Res Relig Health. 2015;1(2):10-8. [Persian]
[25]Ahghar G. Effectiveness of the group's spiritual intelligence training on change of attitude towards drugs in students. J Thought Behav Clin Psychol. 2014;8(30):77-89. [Persian]
[26]Mousavi Moghadam SR. Valadbeigi R. Valadbeigi M. Rostami E. Sadatizadeh SS. Simple and multiple relationships between religious attitudes and spiritual intelligence with tendency to addiction in students. Pensee J. 2014;76(6):194-200.
[27]Mazandarani Z. Comparing Spiritual Intelligence among Three Addicts, Normal Individuals and Inpatients in Kordkouy City. Multidiscip Res. 2014;3(8):152-58.
[28]Moradi A, Poursalehy Navideh M, Nadi A, Ghiasiand M, Momeni KM. A Comparison of alexithymia and spiritual intelligence (SQ) in methamphetamine-addicted patients and healthy people. Int J Curr Life Sci. 2015;5(6):684-90.
[29]Jeste DV, Ardelt M, Blazer D, Kraemer HC, Vaillant G, Meeks TW. Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: A Delphi method study. Gerontol. 2010;50(5):668-80.
[30]Marchand, H. An overview of the psychology of wisdom. 2003; Available at www.prometheus.org.uk.
[31]Asadi S, Amiri SH, Molavi H, Bagheri KH. Introducing concept of wisdom in psychology and its Educational applications. New Educ Approaches. 2013;8(2):1-28. [Persian]
[32]Yang SY. Wisdom and good lives: A process perspective. New Ideas Psychol. 2013;31(3):194-201.