@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2015;7(3):139-145
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2015;7(3):139-145
Mental Health in Severe Ocular Chemical Injuries
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Modirian E. (1)Mousavi S.J. (1)
Mousavi B. (1)
Soroush M. (1)
Khateri Sh. (1)
Hosseini M. (1)
Mokhber N. (*)
(*) Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
(1) Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), , Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: No. 17, Farrokh Street, Moghaddas Ardebily Avenue., Chamran Highway, Tehran, IranPhone: +982122416699
Fax: +982122412502
nmokhber@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: April 7, 2015Accepted: May 13, 2015
ePublished: August 25, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
Mustard gas is a toxic chemical agent that was repeatedly used by the Iraqi army against Iranian civilians and non-civilians during 8 years of war. The aim of this study was to assess the variety of mental disorders in chemically eye injured.
Information & Methods In a cross-sectional study in 2010 in Mashhad City, Iran, 148 sulfur mustard exposed veterans who suffered severe ocular injury were evaluated. The diagnostic examination was conducted by a psychiatrist in a 20-minute interview. Psychological problems were assessed in 5 axes using DSM-IV (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; 4th edition). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 software and Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square tests.
Findings 92 samples (62.2%) had abnormal temper, 62 samples (41.9%) had depression and 61 samples (41.2%) had irritability. 86 samples (58.1%) were affected by mental disorders; 50 samples (33.8%) by anxiety disorder and 45 samples (30.4%) by types of depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic were, respectively, the most common anxiety and depression disorders. 3 subjects (2/0%) had symptoms of dementia and one case (0.7%) suffered from schizophrenia. Family problem was the most common environmental stress. 18 new patients (12.2%) were identified. A significant relationship was observed between the number of children and types of mental disorders (p<0.001).
Conclusion Rates of psychiatric disorders among veterans with severe chemical eye injuries are several times more than Iranian population and almost twice the frequency of these problems is non-chemical warfare victims.
Information & Methods In a cross-sectional study in 2010 in Mashhad City, Iran, 148 sulfur mustard exposed veterans who suffered severe ocular injury were evaluated. The diagnostic examination was conducted by a psychiatrist in a 20-minute interview. Psychological problems were assessed in 5 axes using DSM-IV (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; 4th edition). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 software and Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square tests.
Findings 92 samples (62.2%) had abnormal temper, 62 samples (41.9%) had depression and 61 samples (41.2%) had irritability. 86 samples (58.1%) were affected by mental disorders; 50 samples (33.8%) by anxiety disorder and 45 samples (30.4%) by types of depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic were, respectively, the most common anxiety and depression disorders. 3 subjects (2/0%) had symptoms of dementia and one case (0.7%) suffered from schizophrenia. Family problem was the most common environmental stress. 18 new patients (12.2%) were identified. A significant relationship was observed between the number of children and types of mental disorders (p<0.001).
Conclusion Rates of psychiatric disorders among veterans with severe chemical eye injuries are several times more than Iranian population and almost twice the frequency of these problems is non-chemical warfare victims.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Mousavi B, Ganjparvar Z, Soroush M, Vadieh S. Health problems among chemical warfare survivors with ophthalmologic injuries. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(2):36-47. [Persian]
[2]Jafari F, Guitynavard F, Soroush MR, Muosavi B. Quality of life in chemical war victims with sever pulmonary damage. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(1):46-52. [Persian]
[3]Ebadi A, Ahmadi F, Ghanei M, Kazemnejad A. Concept and quality of life construct elements in chemical injured: A qualitative study. J Mil Med. 2010;12(1):7-12. [Persian]
[4]Khateri Sh, Ghanei M, Keshavarz , Soroush MR, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34,000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occu Environ Med. 2003;45(11):1136-43.
[5]Rahnama P, Ghazanfari Z, Naghizadeh MM, Soroush MR, Ghazanfari T. Long- term effects of sulfur mustard on quality of sleep 20 years after exposure (Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study). Iran J War Public Health. 2012;5(1):45-49. [Persian]
[6]Razavi SM, Salamati P, Saghafinia M, Abdollahi M. A review on delayed toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2012;20:51.
[7]Alamdar L, Ghazanfari T, Salimi H. Apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chemical victims; 25 years after exposure to Mustard Gas. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(1):1-6. [Persian]
[8]Priebe S, Bogic M, Ajdukovic D, Franciskovic T, Galeazzi GM, Kucukalic A, et al. Mental disorders following war in the Balkans, a study in 5 countries. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):518-28.
[9]Jillian FI, Malcolm RS, Mark CC, Andrew BF, Dean PM, Helen LK, et al. War-related psychological stressors and risk of psychological disorders in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Br J Psychol. 2004;185(2):116-26.
[10]Karen HS, Daniel B, Christian RM, Saunak S, Charles M. Mental health disorders among 103 788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at department of veterans affairs facilities. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(5):476-82.
[11]Brian E, Thomas ND, Raina E, Arthur B. Comorbidity and course of psychiatric disorders in a community sample of former prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(12):1740-45.
[12]Jones E, Hyams KC, Wessely S. Screening for vulnerability to psychological disorders in the military: An historical survey. J Med Screen. 2003;10(1):40-6.
[13]Vivian K. Impact of war, religiosity and ideology on PTSD and psychiatric disorders in adolescents from Gaza Strip and South Lebanon. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(12):2005-11.
[14]Mohaghegh-Motlagh SJ, Momtazi S, Musavi-Nasab SN, Arab A, Saburi E. Post-traumatic stress disorder in male chemical injured war veterans compared to non-chemical war Veterans. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2014;56(6):361-8. [Persian]
[15]Behdani F, Fayazi Bordbar MR, Heirani P, Talebi M, Kohestani L. Psychiatric symptoms in chemical and somatic combat veterans. J Mil Med. 2009;11(1):31-5. [Persian]
[16]Abbasi S, Mehdizadeh S, Payami Bousari M. Relationship between general health level and sleep quality in chemical warfare victims with bronchiolitis obliterans. J Mil Med. 2012;14(1):15-9. [Persian]
[17]Tavallaie SA, Asari Sh, Nagafi M, Habibi M, Ghaneie M. Study of sleep quality in chemical-warfare-agents exposed veterans. J Mil Med. 2005;6(4):241-8. [Persian]
[18]Vafaie B, Seidi A. Study of the prevalence and intensity of depression in 100 devotees with chemical and non-chemical war injuies (30-70%) of imposed war in Tabriz. J Mil Med. 2003;5(2):105-10. [Persian]
[19]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
[20]Madarshahiean F. Comparison of coping with direct and indirect consequences of war stress in later life between chemical and physical war injureds. J Mil Med. 2003;5(2):117-20. [Persian]
[21]Movaghar AR. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Tehran: National Survey of Mental Health Symposium; 2010-2011. p. 8. [Persian]
[22]Najafi B, Arzaghi M, Fakhrzadeh H, Sharifi F, Shoaei S, Alizadeh M, et al. Mental health status and related factors in aged population: Urban health equity assessment and response tool (Urban- HEART) study in Tehran. Iran J Diabetes Metabolism. 2013;13(1):62-73. [Persian]
[23]Fahimi M, Kamali M, Saeedi H. Comparison of quality of life and depression in veterans and non-veterans with below knee traumatic amputation. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(4):143-9. [Persian]
[24]Khademi MJ, Gharib M, Rashedi V. Prevalence of depression in the amputated patients concerning demographic variables. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(2):12-7. [Persian]
[25]Afrooz GhA, Vismeh AA. Evaluation of the relationship between depression of veteran’s sons and their relationship with fathers. J Psychol Educ. 2001;31(2):35-50. [Persian]
[2]Jafari F, Guitynavard F, Soroush MR, Muosavi B. Quality of life in chemical war victims with sever pulmonary damage. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(1):46-52. [Persian]
[3]Ebadi A, Ahmadi F, Ghanei M, Kazemnejad A. Concept and quality of life construct elements in chemical injured: A qualitative study. J Mil Med. 2010;12(1):7-12. [Persian]
[4]Khateri Sh, Ghanei M, Keshavarz , Soroush MR, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34,000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occu Environ Med. 2003;45(11):1136-43.
[5]Rahnama P, Ghazanfari Z, Naghizadeh MM, Soroush MR, Ghazanfari T. Long- term effects of sulfur mustard on quality of sleep 20 years after exposure (Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study). Iran J War Public Health. 2012;5(1):45-49. [Persian]
[6]Razavi SM, Salamati P, Saghafinia M, Abdollahi M. A review on delayed toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2012;20:51.
[7]Alamdar L, Ghazanfari T, Salimi H. Apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chemical victims; 25 years after exposure to Mustard Gas. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(1):1-6. [Persian]
[8]Priebe S, Bogic M, Ajdukovic D, Franciskovic T, Galeazzi GM, Kucukalic A, et al. Mental disorders following war in the Balkans, a study in 5 countries. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):518-28.
[9]Jillian FI, Malcolm RS, Mark CC, Andrew BF, Dean PM, Helen LK, et al. War-related psychological stressors and risk of psychological disorders in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Br J Psychol. 2004;185(2):116-26.
[10]Karen HS, Daniel B, Christian RM, Saunak S, Charles M. Mental health disorders among 103 788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at department of veterans affairs facilities. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(5):476-82.
[11]Brian E, Thomas ND, Raina E, Arthur B. Comorbidity and course of psychiatric disorders in a community sample of former prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(12):1740-45.
[12]Jones E, Hyams KC, Wessely S. Screening for vulnerability to psychological disorders in the military: An historical survey. J Med Screen. 2003;10(1):40-6.
[13]Vivian K. Impact of war, religiosity and ideology on PTSD and psychiatric disorders in adolescents from Gaza Strip and South Lebanon. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(12):2005-11.
[14]Mohaghegh-Motlagh SJ, Momtazi S, Musavi-Nasab SN, Arab A, Saburi E. Post-traumatic stress disorder in male chemical injured war veterans compared to non-chemical war Veterans. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2014;56(6):361-8. [Persian]
[15]Behdani F, Fayazi Bordbar MR, Heirani P, Talebi M, Kohestani L. Psychiatric symptoms in chemical and somatic combat veterans. J Mil Med. 2009;11(1):31-5. [Persian]
[16]Abbasi S, Mehdizadeh S, Payami Bousari M. Relationship between general health level and sleep quality in chemical warfare victims with bronchiolitis obliterans. J Mil Med. 2012;14(1):15-9. [Persian]
[17]Tavallaie SA, Asari Sh, Nagafi M, Habibi M, Ghaneie M. Study of sleep quality in chemical-warfare-agents exposed veterans. J Mil Med. 2005;6(4):241-8. [Persian]
[18]Vafaie B, Seidi A. Study of the prevalence and intensity of depression in 100 devotees with chemical and non-chemical war injuies (30-70%) of imposed war in Tabriz. J Mil Med. 2003;5(2):105-10. [Persian]
[19]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
[20]Madarshahiean F. Comparison of coping with direct and indirect consequences of war stress in later life between chemical and physical war injureds. J Mil Med. 2003;5(2):117-20. [Persian]
[21]Movaghar AR. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Tehran: National Survey of Mental Health Symposium; 2010-2011. p. 8. [Persian]
[22]Najafi B, Arzaghi M, Fakhrzadeh H, Sharifi F, Shoaei S, Alizadeh M, et al. Mental health status and related factors in aged population: Urban health equity assessment and response tool (Urban- HEART) study in Tehran. Iran J Diabetes Metabolism. 2013;13(1):62-73. [Persian]
[23]Fahimi M, Kamali M, Saeedi H. Comparison of quality of life and depression in veterans and non-veterans with below knee traumatic amputation. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(4):143-9. [Persian]
[24]Khademi MJ, Gharib M, Rashedi V. Prevalence of depression in the amputated patients concerning demographic variables. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(2):12-7. [Persian]
[25]Afrooz GhA, Vismeh AA. Evaluation of the relationship between depression of veteran’s sons and their relationship with fathers. J Psychol Educ. 2001;31(2):35-50. [Persian]