@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(3):173-179
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(3):173-179
Comparison of Self-Differentiation and Interpersonal Forgiveness between Veterans'- and Non-Veterans' Spouses
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Bashardoust S. (*1)Bagheri Matin P. (1)
(*1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen , Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Khameneei Boulevard, Roudehen, Iran. Postal Code: 3973188981Phone: +98 (21) 76505894
Fax: +98 (21) 76507665
sibashardoust@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: September 14, 2020Accepted: January 5, 2021
ePublished: March 7, 2021
ABSTRACT
Aims
This study aimed to identify the differences between interpersonal forgiveness and self-differentiation in veterans'- and non-veterans' spouses.
Instrument & Methods The present study is non-experimental and conducted by the causal-comparative method in all the spouses of 25% of the veterans referred to the Damavand Martyrs and Veterans Affairs Foundation, the spouses of non-veterans living in Damavand in 2020. A total of 80 people (40 veterans' spouses and 40 non-veterans' spouses) were randomly selected. The research instruments included the self-differentiation scale and interpersonal forgiveness scale. Multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the data.
Findings There was a significant difference between the two groups of veterans 'and non-veterans' spouses in the component of my status from their differentiation variable (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed for the components of emotional responsiveness, emotional fault, and integration with others (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in reconnection and revenge control components, control of suffering, and realistic understanding of the interpersonal forgiveness variable (p>0.05).
Conclusion Veterans' spouses are more capable than non-veterans spouses of maintaining their individuality and independence in intimate relationships with others, as well as the balance between reason and emotion.
Instrument & Methods The present study is non-experimental and conducted by the causal-comparative method in all the spouses of 25% of the veterans referred to the Damavand Martyrs and Veterans Affairs Foundation, the spouses of non-veterans living in Damavand in 2020. A total of 80 people (40 veterans' spouses and 40 non-veterans' spouses) were randomly selected. The research instruments included the self-differentiation scale and interpersonal forgiveness scale. Multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the data.
Findings There was a significant difference between the two groups of veterans 'and non-veterans' spouses in the component of my status from their differentiation variable (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed for the components of emotional responsiveness, emotional fault, and integration with others (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in reconnection and revenge control components, control of suffering, and realistic understanding of the interpersonal forgiveness variable (p>0.05).
Conclusion Veterans' spouses are more capable than non-veterans spouses of maintaining their individuality and independence in intimate relationships with others, as well as the balance between reason and emotion.
Keywords:
Interpersonal Forgiveness ,
Self-Differentiation ,
Veterans' Spouses ,
Non-Veterans' Spouses ,
CITATION LINKS
[1]Jamshidiha Gh, Hamidi N. Feminine experience of war. J Women Res.2008;5(2):81-108. [Persian]
[2]Yahyazadeh H, Masoumzdeh N. Studing the issues of veteran's wives life. Soc Dev Welf Plan. 2017;7(28):97-121. [Persian]
[3]Kakania M, Naderi R. Comparison of life expectancy, quality of life and marital satisfaction of imposed war veterans' wives and ordinary people. 1th International Conference on Management Patterns in the Age of Progress, 2017 Apr 2; Tehran, Iran. Tehran: Civilica; 2017. p. 71-9. [Persian]
[4]Vafaei T, Khosravi S, Moein L. The comparison between communication patterns of devotee spouses and normal person’s spouses. Iran J War Public Health. 2010;2(1):20-6. [Persian]
[5]Vafaei T, Khosravi S. The comparison between mental health of devotees spouses and normal persons spouses. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(4):9-13. [Persian]
[6]Amiri M, Salimi H, Mirzamani M, Hashmian K, Karami Nia R, Adib M. Comparison of psychological profile of working wives of spinal cord amputated veterans with working women in normal society. J Knowl Behav. 2007;14(22):59-67. [Persian]
[7]Cabrera-Sanchez P, Friedlander ML. Optimism, self-differentiation, and perceived posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Predictors of satisfaction in female military partners. Couple Fam Psychol Res Pract. 2017;6(4):235-46.
[8]Lahav Y, Stein JY, Solomon, Z. Keeping a healthy distance: Self-differentiation and perceived health among ex-prisoners-of-war's wives. J Psychosom Res. 2016;2(3):61-8.
[9]Dekel R. Couple forgiveness, self-differentiation and secondary traumatization among wives of former POWs. J Soc Person Relatsh. 2010;4(7):924-37.
[10]Bowen M. Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson; 1993.
[11]Hooper LM, DePuy V. Community sample mediating and moderating effects of differentiation of self on depression symptomatology in a rural community sample. Fam J Counsel Ther Coupl Fam. 2010;18(4):358-68.
[12]Goldman BD, Wade N. Comparison of forgiveness and anger-reduction group treatments: A randomized controlled trial. Psychother Res. 2012;22(5):604-20.
[13]Noll LK, Clark CA, Skowron EA. Multigenerational links between mothers’experiences of autonomy in childhood and preschoolers’ respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Variations by maltreatment status. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(4 Pt 2):1443-60.
[14]Bowen M. Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In: American Orthopsychiatric Association. Family therapy: Theory and practice. Guerin PJ, editor. New York: Gardner Press; 1976.
[15]Haefner J. An application of Bowen family systems theory. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2014;35(11):835-41.
[16]Bowen M, Kerr ME. Family evaluation. New York: W. W. Norton; 2009.
[17]Priest J B. Examining differentiation of self as a mediator in the biobehavioral family model. J Marital Fam Ther. 2017;45(1):161-75.
[18]Reeve JM. Motivation and Emotion. 6th Edition. Seyed Mohammadi Y, editor. Tehran: Virayesh; 2016. [Persian]
[19]Schultz D, Schultz S. Theories of personality. 10th Edition. Seyed Mohammadi Y, editor. Tehran: Virayesh; 2013. [Persian]
[20]Quintana-Orts C, Rey L. Forgiveness and cyberbullying in adolescence: Does willingness to forgive help minimize the risk of becoming a cyberbully? Comput Human Behav. 2018;81(1):209-14.
[21]Webb JR, Toussaint L, Conway-Williams E. Forgiveness and health: Psycho- spiritual integration and the promotion of better healthcare. J Health Care Chaplain. 2012;18(1-2):57-73.
[22]Van Rensburg JE, Raubenheimer JE. Does forgiveness mediate the impact of school bullying on adolescent mental health? J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2015:27(1):25-39.
[23]Watson H, Rapee R, Todorov N. Forgiveness reduces anger in a school bullying context. J Interpers Violence. 2015;32(11):1642-57.
[24]Gordon KC, Baucom DH. A multitheoretical intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. J Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1999;6(4):382-99.
[25]Parsafar S, Namdari K, Hashemi SE, Mehrabi HA. The relationship between religious commitment, unforgiveness and forgiveness styles with the mental health. Couns C Psychother. 2015;6(23):139-62. [Persian]
[26]Shakibaee T, Esmaeili M, Karami A. Effectiveness differentiation of self on mental health after divorce. J Train Psychol. 2007;2(7):115-31. [Persian]
[27]Delavar A. Research methods in psychology and educational sciences. 14th Edition. Tehran: Virayesh; 2019. [Persian]
[28]Skowron EA, Schmitt TA. Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. J Marital Fam Ther. 2003;29(2):209-22.
[29]Ehteshamzadeh P, Ahadi H, Enayati M, Heidari A. Structure and validity of a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2011;16(4):433-55.[Persian]
[30]Skowron EA, Friedlander ML. The differentiation of self inventory: Development and initaial validation. J Couns Psychol. 1998;45(3):235-46.
[31]Sanaei B. Family and marriage scales. 2nd Edition. Theran: Basat; 2008. [Persian]
[32]Kazemian S, Delavar A. Investigating the relationship between self-differentiation and attitudes toward addiction in married men. J Discip Discip Secur. 2012;4(4):105-15. [Persian]
[33]Younesi F. Standardization and determination of psychometric properties of self-differentiation test among people aged 25-50 years [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabei University; 2006. [Persian]
[34]Solomon Z, Dekel R, Zerach G, Horesh D. Differentiation of the self and posttraumatic symptomatology among ex‐POWs and their wives. J Marital Fam Ther. 2009;35(1):60-73.
[35]Patrick S, Sells JN, Giordano FG, Tollerud TR. Intimacy, differentiation, and personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. Fam J. 2007;15(4):359-67.
[36]Patrick S, Sells JN, Giordano FG, Tollerud TR. Intimacy, differentiation, and personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. Fam J. 2007;15(4):359-67.
[37]Salimi Sh, Azad Marzabadi A, Amiri M, Taghavi M. Wife of a veteran with psychiatric or chemical war problems: A preliminary report from Iran. J New Educ Ideas. 2008;4(4):55-72. [Persian]
[38]Ahmadpour Khorami A. Comparison of emotional intelligence and differentiation in drug-dependent adolescents and normal adolescents [Dissertation]. Marvdasht: Islamic Azad University; 2015. [Persian]
[39]Corey G. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. 20th Edition. Seyed Mohammadi Y, editor. Tehran: Arasbaran; 2019. [Persian]
[40]Drake JR. Differentiation of self inventory-short form: Creation & initial evidence of construct validity [Dissertation]. Kansas: University of Missouri; 2011.
[41]Beygi A, Mohammadifar M, Najafi M, Rezayi A. Relationship of spirituality and forgiveness with family cohesion and adaptability in veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2016;8(1):33-9. [Persian]
[42]Mehmankhah Someesaraei F. The role of interpersonal forgiveness and cognitive emotion regulation in predicting marital adjustment of wives of veterans hospitalized in psychiatric hospitals in Rasht [Dissertation]. Rasht: Islamic Azad University; 2019.
[2]Yahyazadeh H, Masoumzdeh N. Studing the issues of veteran's wives life. Soc Dev Welf Plan. 2017;7(28):97-121. [Persian]
[3]Kakania M, Naderi R. Comparison of life expectancy, quality of life and marital satisfaction of imposed war veterans' wives and ordinary people. 1th International Conference on Management Patterns in the Age of Progress, 2017 Apr 2; Tehran, Iran. Tehran: Civilica; 2017. p. 71-9. [Persian]
[4]Vafaei T, Khosravi S, Moein L. The comparison between communication patterns of devotee spouses and normal person’s spouses. Iran J War Public Health. 2010;2(1):20-6. [Persian]
[5]Vafaei T, Khosravi S. The comparison between mental health of devotees spouses and normal persons spouses. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(4):9-13. [Persian]
[6]Amiri M, Salimi H, Mirzamani M, Hashmian K, Karami Nia R, Adib M. Comparison of psychological profile of working wives of spinal cord amputated veterans with working women in normal society. J Knowl Behav. 2007;14(22):59-67. [Persian]
[7]Cabrera-Sanchez P, Friedlander ML. Optimism, self-differentiation, and perceived posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Predictors of satisfaction in female military partners. Couple Fam Psychol Res Pract. 2017;6(4):235-46.
[8]Lahav Y, Stein JY, Solomon, Z. Keeping a healthy distance: Self-differentiation and perceived health among ex-prisoners-of-war's wives. J Psychosom Res. 2016;2(3):61-8.
[9]Dekel R. Couple forgiveness, self-differentiation and secondary traumatization among wives of former POWs. J Soc Person Relatsh. 2010;4(7):924-37.
[10]Bowen M. Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson; 1993.
[11]Hooper LM, DePuy V. Community sample mediating and moderating effects of differentiation of self on depression symptomatology in a rural community sample. Fam J Counsel Ther Coupl Fam. 2010;18(4):358-68.
[12]Goldman BD, Wade N. Comparison of forgiveness and anger-reduction group treatments: A randomized controlled trial. Psychother Res. 2012;22(5):604-20.
[13]Noll LK, Clark CA, Skowron EA. Multigenerational links between mothers’experiences of autonomy in childhood and preschoolers’ respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Variations by maltreatment status. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(4 Pt 2):1443-60.
[14]Bowen M. Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In: American Orthopsychiatric Association. Family therapy: Theory and practice. Guerin PJ, editor. New York: Gardner Press; 1976.
[15]Haefner J. An application of Bowen family systems theory. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2014;35(11):835-41.
[16]Bowen M, Kerr ME. Family evaluation. New York: W. W. Norton; 2009.
[17]Priest J B. Examining differentiation of self as a mediator in the biobehavioral family model. J Marital Fam Ther. 2017;45(1):161-75.
[18]Reeve JM. Motivation and Emotion. 6th Edition. Seyed Mohammadi Y, editor. Tehran: Virayesh; 2016. [Persian]
[19]Schultz D, Schultz S. Theories of personality. 10th Edition. Seyed Mohammadi Y, editor. Tehran: Virayesh; 2013. [Persian]
[20]Quintana-Orts C, Rey L. Forgiveness and cyberbullying in adolescence: Does willingness to forgive help minimize the risk of becoming a cyberbully? Comput Human Behav. 2018;81(1):209-14.
[21]Webb JR, Toussaint L, Conway-Williams E. Forgiveness and health: Psycho- spiritual integration and the promotion of better healthcare. J Health Care Chaplain. 2012;18(1-2):57-73.
[22]Van Rensburg JE, Raubenheimer JE. Does forgiveness mediate the impact of school bullying on adolescent mental health? J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2015:27(1):25-39.
[23]Watson H, Rapee R, Todorov N. Forgiveness reduces anger in a school bullying context. J Interpers Violence. 2015;32(11):1642-57.
[24]Gordon KC, Baucom DH. A multitheoretical intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. J Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1999;6(4):382-99.
[25]Parsafar S, Namdari K, Hashemi SE, Mehrabi HA. The relationship between religious commitment, unforgiveness and forgiveness styles with the mental health. Couns C Psychother. 2015;6(23):139-62. [Persian]
[26]Shakibaee T, Esmaeili M, Karami A. Effectiveness differentiation of self on mental health after divorce. J Train Psychol. 2007;2(7):115-31. [Persian]
[27]Delavar A. Research methods in psychology and educational sciences. 14th Edition. Tehran: Virayesh; 2019. [Persian]
[28]Skowron EA, Schmitt TA. Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. J Marital Fam Ther. 2003;29(2):209-22.
[29]Ehteshamzadeh P, Ahadi H, Enayati M, Heidari A. Structure and validity of a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2011;16(4):433-55.[Persian]
[30]Skowron EA, Friedlander ML. The differentiation of self inventory: Development and initaial validation. J Couns Psychol. 1998;45(3):235-46.
[31]Sanaei B. Family and marriage scales. 2nd Edition. Theran: Basat; 2008. [Persian]
[32]Kazemian S, Delavar A. Investigating the relationship between self-differentiation and attitudes toward addiction in married men. J Discip Discip Secur. 2012;4(4):105-15. [Persian]
[33]Younesi F. Standardization and determination of psychometric properties of self-differentiation test among people aged 25-50 years [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabei University; 2006. [Persian]
[34]Solomon Z, Dekel R, Zerach G, Horesh D. Differentiation of the self and posttraumatic symptomatology among ex‐POWs and their wives. J Marital Fam Ther. 2009;35(1):60-73.
[35]Patrick S, Sells JN, Giordano FG, Tollerud TR. Intimacy, differentiation, and personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. Fam J. 2007;15(4):359-67.
[36]Patrick S, Sells JN, Giordano FG, Tollerud TR. Intimacy, differentiation, and personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. Fam J. 2007;15(4):359-67.
[37]Salimi Sh, Azad Marzabadi A, Amiri M, Taghavi M. Wife of a veteran with psychiatric or chemical war problems: A preliminary report from Iran. J New Educ Ideas. 2008;4(4):55-72. [Persian]
[38]Ahmadpour Khorami A. Comparison of emotional intelligence and differentiation in drug-dependent adolescents and normal adolescents [Dissertation]. Marvdasht: Islamic Azad University; 2015. [Persian]
[39]Corey G. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. 20th Edition. Seyed Mohammadi Y, editor. Tehran: Arasbaran; 2019. [Persian]
[40]Drake JR. Differentiation of self inventory-short form: Creation & initial evidence of construct validity [Dissertation]. Kansas: University of Missouri; 2011.
[41]Beygi A, Mohammadifar M, Najafi M, Rezayi A. Relationship of spirituality and forgiveness with family cohesion and adaptability in veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2016;8(1):33-9. [Persian]
[42]Mehmankhah Someesaraei F. The role of interpersonal forgiveness and cognitive emotion regulation in predicting marital adjustment of wives of veterans hospitalized in psychiatric hospitals in Rasht [Dissertation]. Rasht: Islamic Azad University; 2019.