@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2018;10(4):221-226
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2018;10(4):221-226
Comparison of Mature, Immature, and Neurotic Defense Mechanisms in Veterans and Normal People
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Kazemian R. (1)Abolmaali Alhosseini (*)
(*) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Psychology Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Postal Code: 3973188981Phone: +98 (21) 76509813
Fax: +98 (21) 76509813
abolmaali@riau.ac.ir
Article History
Received: October 20, 2017Accepted: April 28, 2018
ePublished: October 11, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
The stresses and fears experienced by veterans affect their use of defense mechanisms. The aim of this study was to compare the mature, immature, and neurotic defense mechanisms in veterans and normal people.
Instrument & Methods In the present causal-comparative retrospective study, the statistical population included veterans supported by the Martyr Foundation and Issargaran affairs in Tehran 1395, and normal people over the age of 25 living in Tehran. In this study, 40 veterans were selected from Sarallah Rehabilitation Hospital, Sadr Psychiatric Hospital, and Niyayesh Psychiatric Hospital and 40 normal people were selected from the husbands of female students of the Center for Behavioral Cognition by convenience sampling method. The Defense Style Questionnaire was used as a research tool and the data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software through multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferonni post hoc test
Findings By controlling the effect of age, there was a significant difference in the use of various defense mechanisms between veterans and normal people (p<0.01). The difference between the mean scores of using the mature and immature defense mechanisms was significant in the two groups (p<0.01). Veterans used more immature defense mechanisms than normal people and used less mature defense mechanisms. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of neurotic defense mechanisms in the two groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion Veterans use more mature and immature defense mechanisms than normal people, but they do not differ in the use of neurotic defense mechanisms.
Instrument & Methods In the present causal-comparative retrospective study, the statistical population included veterans supported by the Martyr Foundation and Issargaran affairs in Tehran 1395, and normal people over the age of 25 living in Tehran. In this study, 40 veterans were selected from Sarallah Rehabilitation Hospital, Sadr Psychiatric Hospital, and Niyayesh Psychiatric Hospital and 40 normal people were selected from the husbands of female students of the Center for Behavioral Cognition by convenience sampling method. The Defense Style Questionnaire was used as a research tool and the data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software through multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferonni post hoc test
Findings By controlling the effect of age, there was a significant difference in the use of various defense mechanisms between veterans and normal people (p<0.01). The difference between the mean scores of using the mature and immature defense mechanisms was significant in the two groups (p<0.01). Veterans used more immature defense mechanisms than normal people and used less mature defense mechanisms. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of neurotic defense mechanisms in the two groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion Veterans use more mature and immature defense mechanisms than normal people, but they do not differ in the use of neurotic defense mechanisms.
Keywords:
Defense Mechanisms ,
Mature Defense Mechanisms,
Immature Defense Mechanisms,
Neurotic Defense Mechanisms,
Veterans ,
CITATION LINKS
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[15]Khodayarian M, Vaezi A, Jalapour S, Jalalpour T, Haji Hosseini H. The survey of quality of life in spinal cord injured people in Yazd in 2014. J Mil Caring Sci. 2015;1(2):88-98. [Persian]
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[17] Valiente C, Swanson J, Eisenberg N. Linking students’ emotions and academic achievement: When and why emotions matter. Child Dev Perspect. 2012;6(2):129-35.
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[22] Cramer P. Defense mechanisms in psychology today, further processes for adaptation. Am Psychol. 2000;55(6):637-46.
[23] Ehtesham Zadeh P, Pasha R, Samimi Z. The comparison of defense mechanisms of the production personnel, repair parts (direct revival) and administrative staff of Khuzestan steel company. J Soc Psychol (New Find Psychol). 2012;7(24):21-33. [Persian]
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[28]Andrews G, Singh M, Bond M. The defense style questionnaire. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(4):246-56.
[29]Dedic G. Defense mechanisms in soldiers during the period of adaptation to the military environment. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2000;57(4):393-401. [Serbian]
[30]Zoccali R, Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Cedro C, Campolo D, Pandolfo G, et al. The role of defense mechanisms in the modulation of anger experience and expression: Gender differences and influence on self-report measures. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;43(6):1426-36.
[31]Besharat MA. Defense mechanisms in patients with major depression, anxiety disorders, and normal individuals: A comparative study. Res Clin Psychol Couns. 2013;3(1):41-54. [Persian]
[32]Aflakseir A. The role of social support and coping strategies on mental health of a group of Iranian disabled war veterans. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010;5(3):102-7.
[33] Pietrzak RH, Harpaz-Rotem I, Southwick SM. Cognitive-behavioral coping strategies associated with combat-related PTSD in treatment-seeking OEF-OIF veterans. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(2):251-8.
[34]Bahrami S, Vaez Mousavi MK, Davari F. The level and type of irrational beliefs among athletes in the national disabled athletics team. Middle East J Disabil Stud. 2014;4(2):26-32. [Persian]
[35]Delavar A. Theoretical and practical foundations of research in humanities and social sciences. Tehran: Rooshd; 2017. [Persian]
[36]Heidari Nasab L, Mansour M, Azade Fallah P, Shoeyri MR. Validity and reliability of the defensive styles questionnaire in Iranian samples. Daneshver Raftar. 2007;14(22):11-26. [Persian]
[37] Dortaj F. Epidemiology of substance abuse in war survivors and their relatives. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(3):46-59. [Persian]
[38]Cadigan JM, Klanecky AK, Martens MP. An examination of alcohol risk profiles and co-occurring mental health symptoms among OEF/OIF veterans. Addict Behav. 2017;70:54-60.
[39]Aqdasi AN, Eydi R. A study of the relationship between mental health and confronting procedures among the spinal cord. J Instruct Eval. 2011;4(16):51-67. [Persian]
[40]Afzali MH, Fathi Ashtiani A, Azad Fallah P. Comparison of defense styles & defense mechanisms of patients with obssesive-compulsive disorder & normal people. J Behav Sci. 2008;2(3):245-52. [Persian]
[41]Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW. Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA. 2007;298(18):2141-8.
[42] Besharat MA, Shahidi Sh. What is the relationship between alexithymia and ego defense styles? A correlational study with Iranian students. Asian J Psychiatry. 2011;4(2):145-9.
[43]Zandi S, Shahabi Nejad Z, Borhan A. Predicting defense mechanisms based on big five personality traits among university students. Zanco J Med Sci. 2017;18(56):21-32. [Persian]
[2]Ghafouri Fard M, Payami Bousari M, Heydari Soomee AR. A survey on various dimensions of adjustment status among warfare Veterans with one eye blindness. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(2):64-71. [Persian]
[3] Mc Kinney JM, Hirsch JK, Britton PC. PTSD symptoms and suicide risk in veterans: Serial indirect effects via depression and anger. J Affect Disord. 2017;214:100-7.
[4]Rieson MR, Miri MR, Dastjerdi R, Sharifzadeh GR. Prevalence of mental disorders in Birjand-2010. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2012;19(1):81-7. [Persian]
[5]Khani H, Zamani N, Ghorbani A, Jahangir AH, Jena Abadi H. Mental health status of amputee veterans Mazandaran province, Iran. Iran J War Public Health. 2016;8(3):149-56. [Persian]
[6] Hasani Tabatabai L, Shaker Dioulagh A. Comparison of stress and social support between veterans and non-veterans, case study of Urmia city, Iran. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(3):141-6. [Persian]
[7]Mandani B, Fakhri A. Study of health related quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder war veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(2):18-25. [Persian]
[8]Vinnikov D, Blanc PD, Alilin A, Zutler M, Holty JEC. Fatigue and sleepiness determine respiratory quality of life among veterans evaluated for sleep apnea. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15:48.
[9]Jafari F, Gity Navard F, Soroush MR, Mousavi B. Quality of life in chemical war victims with sever pulmonary damage. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(1):46-52. [Persian]
[10] Gholipour S, Parhizgar Kalat SZ, Gholipour M. Type of injury and quality of life among veterans with disabilities of Kermanshah province. Soc Work Res J. 2017;1(4):66-99. [Persian]
[11]Christensen J, Ipsen T, Doherty P, Langberg H. Physical and social factors determining quality of life for veterans with lower-limb amputation(s): A systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(24):2345-53.
[12]Yavari A, Esfandiari E, Masoumi M, Saeedi H, Allami M. Consideration of chronic pain and current prosthetic satisfaction in above knee amputees. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(2):53-8. [Persian]
[13]Shahriar Sh, Masoumi M, Mousavi B, Soroush MR. Genitourinary disease in war related Bilateral lower limb amputation. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(3):17-24. [Persian]
[14] Manaei Z, Abolmaali Alhossein Kh, Mousavi B. Epidemiology of mental health status of veterans with monocular blindness, case study of Fars province. Iran J War Public Health. 2016;8(4):235-41. [Persian]
[15]Khodayarian M, Vaezi A, Jalapour S, Jalalpour T, Haji Hosseini H. The survey of quality of life in spinal cord injured people in Yazd in 2014. J Mil Caring Sci. 2015;1(2):88-98. [Persian]
[16] Walburg V, Chiaramello S. Link between early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms. Eur Rev Appl Psychol (Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée). 2015;65(5):221-6. [French]
[17] Valiente C, Swanson J, Eisenberg N. Linking students’ emotions and academic achievement: When and why emotions matter. Child Dev Perspect. 2012;6(2):129-35.
[18]Offer R, Lavie R, Gothelf D, Apter A. Defense mechanisms, negative emotions, and psychopathology in adolescent inpatients. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(1):35-41.
[19]Blackman JS. 101 Defenses: How the mind shields itself. Hove: Psychology Press; 2004.
[20]Malone JC, Cohen S, Liu SR, Vaillant GE, Waldinger RJ. Adaptive midlife defense mechanisms and late-life health. Pers Individ Dif. 2013;55(2):85-9.
[21]Corey G. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2017.
[22] Cramer P. Defense mechanisms in psychology today, further processes for adaptation. Am Psychol. 2000;55(6):637-46.
[23] Ehtesham Zadeh P, Pasha R, Samimi Z. The comparison of defense mechanisms of the production personnel, repair parts (direct revival) and administrative staff of Khuzestan steel company. J Soc Psychol (New Find Psychol). 2012;7(24):21-33. [Persian]
[24]Carlson NR. Psychology: The science of behavior. London: Pearson Education; 2010.
[25]Vaillant GE. Adaptive mental mechanisms, their role in a positive psychology. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):89-98.
[26]Schacter D, Gilbert D, Wegner D, Hood B. Psychology: Second European edition. London: Macmillan International Higher Education; 2015.
[27]Nezami H. Comparison of the type of coping mechanisms with stress with mental health in war veterans of Zahedan in the academic year of 2002-2003 [Dissertation]. Zahedan: Zahedan University of Medical Sciences; 2003. [Persian]
[28]Andrews G, Singh M, Bond M. The defense style questionnaire. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(4):246-56.
[29]Dedic G. Defense mechanisms in soldiers during the period of adaptation to the military environment. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2000;57(4):393-401. [Serbian]
[30]Zoccali R, Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Cedro C, Campolo D, Pandolfo G, et al. The role of defense mechanisms in the modulation of anger experience and expression: Gender differences and influence on self-report measures. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;43(6):1426-36.
[31]Besharat MA. Defense mechanisms in patients with major depression, anxiety disorders, and normal individuals: A comparative study. Res Clin Psychol Couns. 2013;3(1):41-54. [Persian]
[32]Aflakseir A. The role of social support and coping strategies on mental health of a group of Iranian disabled war veterans. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010;5(3):102-7.
[33] Pietrzak RH, Harpaz-Rotem I, Southwick SM. Cognitive-behavioral coping strategies associated with combat-related PTSD in treatment-seeking OEF-OIF veterans. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(2):251-8.
[34]Bahrami S, Vaez Mousavi MK, Davari F. The level and type of irrational beliefs among athletes in the national disabled athletics team. Middle East J Disabil Stud. 2014;4(2):26-32. [Persian]
[35]Delavar A. Theoretical and practical foundations of research in humanities and social sciences. Tehran: Rooshd; 2017. [Persian]
[36]Heidari Nasab L, Mansour M, Azade Fallah P, Shoeyri MR. Validity and reliability of the defensive styles questionnaire in Iranian samples. Daneshver Raftar. 2007;14(22):11-26. [Persian]
[37] Dortaj F. Epidemiology of substance abuse in war survivors and their relatives. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(3):46-59. [Persian]
[38]Cadigan JM, Klanecky AK, Martens MP. An examination of alcohol risk profiles and co-occurring mental health symptoms among OEF/OIF veterans. Addict Behav. 2017;70:54-60.
[39]Aqdasi AN, Eydi R. A study of the relationship between mental health and confronting procedures among the spinal cord. J Instruct Eval. 2011;4(16):51-67. [Persian]
[40]Afzali MH, Fathi Ashtiani A, Azad Fallah P. Comparison of defense styles & defense mechanisms of patients with obssesive-compulsive disorder & normal people. J Behav Sci. 2008;2(3):245-52. [Persian]
[41]Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW. Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA. 2007;298(18):2141-8.
[42] Besharat MA, Shahidi Sh. What is the relationship between alexithymia and ego defense styles? A correlational study with Iranian students. Asian J Psychiatry. 2011;4(2):145-9.
[43]Zandi S, Shahabi Nejad Z, Borhan A. Predicting defense mechanisms based on big five personality traits among university students. Zanco J Med Sci. 2017;18(56):21-32. [Persian]