@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2018;10(2):61-67
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2018;10(2):61-67
Effect of Self-compassion Training on Cognitive Flexibility and Meaning in Life in Individuals Faced with Mine Explosion Leading to Maim
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Sadeghi M. (1)Shafiei M. (*)
Mobasher A. (2)
(*) Psychology Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
(2) Educational Management Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Central organization of Lorestan University, 5 km Road of Tehran, Khorramabad City, Lorestan Province. Postal Code: 44316-68151 - PO Box: 465Phone: +98 (66) 33120627
Fax: +98 (66) 33120627
masumeh.shafiei62@gmail.com
Article History
Received: November 2, 2017Accepted: December 3, 2017
ePublished: April 10, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Individuals faced with an injury do not have the flexibility approach in dealing with stress and do not seek a new meaning for life. Regarding the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on cognitive flexibility and meaning of life in individuals faced with mine explosion leading to maim.
Materials & Methods In this experimental study with pre-test post-test design with control group, 40 people faced with mine explosion leading to maim, who were supported by martyr foundation of Gilan-e-Gharb in the first half of 2017, were randomly selected, using simple sampling method. They were divided into the experimental and control groups, each consisting of 20 people. A cognitive flexibility questionnaire and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) were used for data collection. Eight sessions of self-compassion training were performed for the experimental group. The data were analyzed, using SPSS 21 software by multivariate covariance analysis.
Findings After modifying the pre-test scores, the mean scores of cognitive flexibility (F=11.22) and sub-components of perception of control (F=13.16), perception of several solutions (F=5.64) and mean scores of meaning in life (F=13.24), and the sub-components of the current meaning in life (F=3.78) and search for meaning in life (F=19.07) were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion The treatment focused on self-compassion was effective for improving the cognitive flexibility and meaning in life in people faced with mine explosion leading to maim.
Materials & Methods In this experimental study with pre-test post-test design with control group, 40 people faced with mine explosion leading to maim, who were supported by martyr foundation of Gilan-e-Gharb in the first half of 2017, were randomly selected, using simple sampling method. They were divided into the experimental and control groups, each consisting of 20 people. A cognitive flexibility questionnaire and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) were used for data collection. Eight sessions of self-compassion training were performed for the experimental group. The data were analyzed, using SPSS 21 software by multivariate covariance analysis.
Findings After modifying the pre-test scores, the mean scores of cognitive flexibility (F=11.22) and sub-components of perception of control (F=13.16), perception of several solutions (F=5.64) and mean scores of meaning in life (F=13.24), and the sub-components of the current meaning in life (F=3.78) and search for meaning in life (F=19.07) were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion The treatment focused on self-compassion was effective for improving the cognitive flexibility and meaning in life in people faced with mine explosion leading to maim.
CITATION LINKS
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[25]Caldwell JG, Krug MK, Carter CS, Minzenberg MJ. Cognitive control in the face of fear: Reduced cognitive-emotion flexibility in women with a history of child abuse. J Aggress, Maltreat Trauma. 2014;23(5):454-72.
[26]Dick AM, Niles BL, Street AE, Dimartion DM, Mitchell SK. Examining mechanisms of change in a yoga intervention for women: The influence of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotion regulation on PTSD symptom. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70(12):1170-82.
[27]Steger MF, Frazier PO, Shigehiro KM. The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(1):80-93.
[28]Melton AMA, Schuenberg SE. On the measurement of meaning: Logotherapy’s empirical contributions to humanistic psychology. J Humanist Psychol. 2008;36(1):31-44.
[29]Feldman DB, Snyder CR. Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal-directed thinking and life meaning. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(3):401-21.
[30]Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Rothbaum BO. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1993;6(4):459-73.
[31]Park J, Baumeister RF. Meaning in life and adjustment to daily stressors. J Pos Psychol. 2017;12(4):333-41.
[32]Schroder K, Jorgensen JS, Lamont RF, Hvidt NC. Blame and guilt-a mixed methods study of obstetricians' and midwives experiences and existential considerations after involvement in traumatic childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2016;95(7):735-45.
[33]Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cogn Ther Res. 2010;34(3):241-53.
[34]Leung RC, Zakzanis KK. Brief report: Cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorders: A quantitative review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(10):2628-45.
[35]Steger MF, Oishi Sh. Is a life without meaning satisfying? The moderating role of the search for meaning in satisfaction with life judgments. J Posit Psychol. 2011;6(3):173-80.
[36]Gilbert P. Introducing comp-assion-focused therapy. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2009;15(3):199-208.
[37]Allen AB, Leary MR. Self‐Compassion, stress, and coping. Soci Personal Psychol Compass. 2010;4(2):107-18.
[38]Reddy SD, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de Silva B, Pace TW, Cole SP, et al. Cognitiv e-based compassion training: A promising prevention strategy for at-risk adolescents. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(2):219-30.
[39]Halifax J. The precious necessity of compassion. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41(1):146-53.
[40]Neff KD, Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(1):28-44.
[41]Bennett Goleman T. Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Harmony; 2002.
[42]Gloudemans HA, Schalk RM, Reynaert W. The relationship between critical thinking skills and self-efficacy beliefs in mental health nurses. Nurse Educ Today. 2013;33(3):275-80.
[43]Wood JJ, Drahota A, Sze K, Har K, Chiu A, Langer DA. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized, controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50(3):224-34.
[44]Neff KD, Hseih YP, Dejitthirat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and cop ing with academic failure. J Self Identit. 2005;4(3):263-87.
[45]Terry LM, Leary M. Self-compassion, self-regulation and health. J Self Identit. 2011;10(3):352-62.
[2]Zoghi MR, Sohrabi F, Borjali A, Delavar A. The effectiveness of coping skills instruction based on cognitive-behavior on war related posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in veterans. Mil Psychol. 2011;2(5):1-16. [Persian]
[3]Mirzaei J, Karami Gh. Guideline of post traumatic stress disorder PTSD (Therapy & practice). Tehran: Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center; 2007. [Persian]
[4]Yavari A, Esfandiari E, Masoumi M, Saeedi H, Allami M. Consideration of chronic pain and current prosthetic satisfaction in above knee amputees. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(2):53-8. [Persian]
[5]Mousavi B, Soroush MR, Masoumi M, Ganjparvar Z, Montazeri A. Quality of life in spouses of war related bilateral lower limb amputees. Daneshvar Med. 2010;17(84):11-8. [Persian]
[6]Hafner BJ, Sanders JE. Considerations for development of sensing and monitoring tools to facilitate treatment and care of persons with lower-limb loss: A review. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(1):1-14.
[7]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). 4th edition. Missouri: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. pp. 165-73.
[8]Elbogen EB, Fuller S, Johnson SC, Brooks S, Kinneer P, Calhoun PS, et al. Improving risk assessment of violence among military veterans: An evidence-based approach for clinical decision-making. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(6):595-607.
[9]Neff KD. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. J Self Identit. 2003;2(2):85-101.
[10]Neff KD. The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Hum Dev. 2009;52(4):211-4.
[11]MacBeth A, Gumley A. Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(6):545-52.
[12]Yarnell LM, Neff KD. Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and wellbeing. J Self Identit. 2013;12(2):146-59.
[13]Pace TWW, Teniz Negi L, Adame DD, Cole PS, Sivilli TI, Brown DT, et al. Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(1):87-98.
[14]Gilbert P, Procter S. Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clin Psychol Psychother.2006;13(6):353-79.
[15]Neff KD, Kirkpatrick KL, Rude SS. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. J Res Pers. 2007;41(1):139-54.
[16]Gilbert P, Irons C. Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame andself-attacking. In: Gilbert P, editor. Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. New York: Routledge; 2005. pp. 263-325.
[17]Ehreta AM, Joormannb J, Berking M. Examining risk and resilience factors for depression: The role of self-criticism and self-compassion. Cogn Emot. 2014;29(8):1496-504.
[18]Seligowski AV, Miron LR, Orcutt HK. Relations among self-compassion, PTSD symptom, and psychological health in a trauma-exposed sample. Mindfulness. 2015;6(5):1033-41.
[19]Miron LR, Sherrill AM, Orcutt HK. Fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexbility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2015;4(1):37-41.
[20]Zeller M, Yoval K, Nitzan Assayag Y, Bernstein A. Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: longitudinal study of at-risk youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(4):645-53.
[21]Halligan SL, Michael T, Clark MD, & Ehlers A. Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(3):419-31.
[22]Canas J, Quesada JF, Antolí A, Fajardo I. Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics. 2003;46(5):482-501.
[23]Haglund ME, Nestadt PS, Cooper NS, Southwick SM, Charney DS. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: Relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2007;19(3):889-920.
[24]Fu F, Chow A. Traumatic exposure and psychological well-being: The moderating role of cognitive flexibility. J Loss Trauma. 2017;22(1):24-35.
[25]Caldwell JG, Krug MK, Carter CS, Minzenberg MJ. Cognitive control in the face of fear: Reduced cognitive-emotion flexibility in women with a history of child abuse. J Aggress, Maltreat Trauma. 2014;23(5):454-72.
[26]Dick AM, Niles BL, Street AE, Dimartion DM, Mitchell SK. Examining mechanisms of change in a yoga intervention for women: The influence of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotion regulation on PTSD symptom. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70(12):1170-82.
[27]Steger MF, Frazier PO, Shigehiro KM. The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(1):80-93.
[28]Melton AMA, Schuenberg SE. On the measurement of meaning: Logotherapy’s empirical contributions to humanistic psychology. J Humanist Psychol. 2008;36(1):31-44.
[29]Feldman DB, Snyder CR. Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal-directed thinking and life meaning. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(3):401-21.
[30]Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Rothbaum BO. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1993;6(4):459-73.
[31]Park J, Baumeister RF. Meaning in life and adjustment to daily stressors. J Pos Psychol. 2017;12(4):333-41.
[32]Schroder K, Jorgensen JS, Lamont RF, Hvidt NC. Blame and guilt-a mixed methods study of obstetricians' and midwives experiences and existential considerations after involvement in traumatic childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2016;95(7):735-45.
[33]Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cogn Ther Res. 2010;34(3):241-53.
[34]Leung RC, Zakzanis KK. Brief report: Cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorders: A quantitative review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(10):2628-45.
[35]Steger MF, Oishi Sh. Is a life without meaning satisfying? The moderating role of the search for meaning in satisfaction with life judgments. J Posit Psychol. 2011;6(3):173-80.
[36]Gilbert P. Introducing comp-assion-focused therapy. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2009;15(3):199-208.
[37]Allen AB, Leary MR. Self‐Compassion, stress, and coping. Soci Personal Psychol Compass. 2010;4(2):107-18.
[38]Reddy SD, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de Silva B, Pace TW, Cole SP, et al. Cognitiv e-based compassion training: A promising prevention strategy for at-risk adolescents. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(2):219-30.
[39]Halifax J. The precious necessity of compassion. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41(1):146-53.
[40]Neff KD, Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(1):28-44.
[41]Bennett Goleman T. Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Harmony; 2002.
[42]Gloudemans HA, Schalk RM, Reynaert W. The relationship between critical thinking skills and self-efficacy beliefs in mental health nurses. Nurse Educ Today. 2013;33(3):275-80.
[43]Wood JJ, Drahota A, Sze K, Har K, Chiu A, Langer DA. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized, controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50(3):224-34.
[44]Neff KD, Hseih YP, Dejitthirat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and cop ing with academic failure. J Self Identit. 2005;4(3):263-87.
[45]Terry LM, Leary M. Self-compassion, self-regulation and health. J Self Identit. 2011;10(3):352-62.