@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(1):33-39
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(1):33-39
Relationship of Spirituality and Forgiveness with Family Cohesion and Adaptability in Veterans
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Beygi A. (*)Mohammadifar M.A. (1)
Najafi M. (1)
Rezayi A.M. (1)
(*) Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Bayat Street, Kalpoosh Zone, Mayamei, Semnan. Postal Code: 3638141459Phone: +982332636332
Fax: +982332636332
ali.beygi@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: November 4, 2015Accepted: March 5, 2016
ePublished: April 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
The war damages affect not only the veterans, but also their family performances including family cohesion and adaptability. Therefore, investigating the veterans’ family cohesion and adaptability is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between spirituality and forgiveness and marital cohesion and adaptability.
Instrument & Methods In the descriptive-correlational study, 105 veterans enrolled by Shahrood and Mayamey Martyrs and Veterans Foundation and their spouses were studied in 2014. The subjects were selected using chain sampling. Data was collected using spiritual experience scale, forgiveness scale, and marital adaptability and cohesion scale. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression.
Findings Maximum correlation coefficients were between life meaningfulness (r=0.37) and religious social activities (r=0.37) and family cohesion. In addition, maximum correlation coefficient was between religious social activities (r=0.40) and family adaptability (p<0.01). Totally, 27% of family cohesion variance was explained by connection to God (15%), realistic understanding (10%), and control and forgiveness (2%). In addition, 18% of family adaptability were explained by religious and social activities (10%), realistic understanding (4%), and control and forgiveness (4%; p<0.05).
Conclusion Enhancement of spirituality and forgivness in the veterans and their spouses leads to higher family cohesion and adaptability.
Instrument & Methods In the descriptive-correlational study, 105 veterans enrolled by Shahrood and Mayamey Martyrs and Veterans Foundation and their spouses were studied in 2014. The subjects were selected using chain sampling. Data was collected using spiritual experience scale, forgiveness scale, and marital adaptability and cohesion scale. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression.
Findings Maximum correlation coefficients were between life meaningfulness (r=0.37) and religious social activities (r=0.37) and family cohesion. In addition, maximum correlation coefficient was between religious social activities (r=0.40) and family adaptability (p<0.01). Totally, 27% of family cohesion variance was explained by connection to God (15%), realistic understanding (10%), and control and forgiveness (2%). In addition, 18% of family adaptability were explained by religious and social activities (10%), realistic understanding (4%), and control and forgiveness (4%; p<0.05).
Conclusion Enhancement of spirituality and forgivness in the veterans and their spouses leads to higher family cohesion and adaptability.
CITATION LINKS
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[20]Adams GS, Zou X, Inesi ME, Pilluta MM. Forgiveness is not always divine: When expressing forgiveness makes others avoid you. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2015;126:130-41.
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[26]Lawler-Row KA, Hyatt-Edwards L, Wuensch KL, Karremans JC. Forgiveness and health: The role of attachment. Personal Relatsh. 2011;18(2):170-83.
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[28]Karaırmak Ö, Güloğlu B. Forgiveness and PTSD among veterans: The mediating role of anger and negative affect. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219(3):536-42.
[29]Chapman AR. Truth commissions and intergroup forgiveness: The case of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, peace and conflict. J Peace Psychol. 2007;13(1):51-69.
[30]McCullough ME. Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, andlinks to well-being. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2000;19(1):43-55.
[31]Hirsch JK, Webb JR, Jeglic EL. Forgiveness, depression, and suicidal behavior among a diverse sample of college students. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67(9):896-906.
[32]Wivliet CV, Phipps KA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC. Posttraumatic mental and physical health correlates of forgiveness and religious coping in military veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2004;17(3):269-73.
[33]Exline JJ, Baumeister RF. Expressing forgiveness and repentance. Benefits and barriers. McCullough ME, Pargament KI, Thoresen CE, Editors. New York: Guilford Press; 2000. pp. 133-55.
[34]Exline JJ, Worthington EL Jr, Hill P, McCullough ME. Forgiveness and justice: A research agenda for social and personality psychology. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2003;7(4):337-48.
[35]Ghobari Banab B, Lavasani M, Mohammadi M. The construct of spirituality experience scale. J Psychol. 2005;9(3):261-78. [Persian]
[36]Ehteshamzadeh P, Ahadi H, Enayati MS, Heidari A. Construct and validation of a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2011;16(4):443-55.
[37]Olson DH. Commentary: Three-dimensional circumplex model and revised scoring of FACES III. Fam Process. 1991;30(1):74-9.
[38]Behnammoghadam A, Hashemi T, Birami M, Yaryan S. The relationship of between marital satisfaction with religious beilefs, emotional intelligence and coping strategies in veterans and physical handicaps. Iran J War Public Health. 2014:6(4):131-6. [Persian]
[39]Mattis JS, Hammond WP, Grayman N, Bonacci M, Brennan W, Cowie S, et al. The social production of altruism: Motivations for caring action in a low-income urban community. Am J Community Psychol. 2009;43(1-2):71-84.
[2]Ray SL, Vanstone M. The impact of PTSD on veterans family relationships: An interperative phenomenological inquiry. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(6):838-47.
[3]White RF, Steele L, O'Callaghan JP, Sullivan K, Binns JH, Golomb BA, et al. Recent research on Gulf War illness and other health problems in veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: Effects of toxicant exposures during deployment. Cortex. 2016;74:449-75.
[4]Binns JH, Bloom FE, Bunker JA, Crawford F, Golomb BA, Graves JC, et al. Gulf War illness and the health of Gulf War veterans: Research update and recommendations, 2009-2013. Boston, MA: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.
[5]King DW, Taft C, King L, Hammond C, Stone ER. Directionality of the association between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder: A longitudinal investigation. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2006:36(12):2980-92.
[6]Olson D. FACES IV and the Circumplex Model: Validation study. J Marital Fam Ther. 2011:37(1):64-80.
[7]Olson DH, Gorall DM. Circumplex model of marital and family systems. 3rd edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2003. pp. 514-547.
[8]Rada C. Family adaptability and cohesiveness evaluation scale III in Romania. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;127:31-5.
[9]Kamari AA, Najafi M, Rahimian Booger E, Sohrabi F, Jafari N. The relation between family function and veterans’ general health. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(3):26-33. [Persian]
[10]Mohammadyfar MA, Najafi M. Comparison of personality trait and marital satisfaction in veterans with- and without post- traumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(3):101-7. [Persian]
[11]Escher D. How does religion promote forgiveness? Linking beliefs, orientations, and practices. J Sci Stud Relig. 2013;52(1):100-19.
[12]Powers C, Nam RK, Rowatt WC, Hill PC. Associations between humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness. Ree Soc Sci Stud Relig. 2007;18:75-94.
[13]Krause N. Assessing the relationships among race, religion, humility and self-forgiveness: A longitudinal investigation. Adv Life Course Re. 2015;24:66-74.
[14]Tsang G, Stanford M. Forgiveness for intimate partner violence: The influence of victim and offender variables. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;42(4):653-64.
[15]Lambert NM, Dollahite DC. The threefold cord: Marital commitment in religious couples. J Fam Issues. 2008;29(5):592-614.
[16]Mahoney A. Religion in families 1999 to 2009: A relational spirituality framework. J Marriage Fam. 2010;72(4):805-27.
[17]Agate ST, Zabriskie RB, Eggett DL. Praying, playing and successful families. Marriage Fam Rev. 2007;42(2):51-75.
[18]Corkery S, Curran M, Parkman A. Spirituality, sacrifice and relationship quality for expectant cohabitors. Marriage Fam Rev. 2011;47(6):345-62.
[19]Bolton EE, Litz BT, Glenn DM, Orsillo S, Roember L. The impact of homecoming reception on the adaptation of peacekeepers following deployment. Mil Psychol. 2002;14(3):241-51.
[20]Adams GS, Zou X, Inesi ME, Pilluta MM. Forgiveness is not always divine: When expressing forgiveness makes others avoid you. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2015;126:130-41.
[21]Tse W, Yip T. Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others interpersonal adjustment and psychological well being: Implication for interpersonal theory of depression. Personal Individ Differ. 2009;46(3):365-8.
[22]Fincham FD, Beach SR, Davila J. Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18(1):72-81.
[23]Orathinkal J, Vansteenwegen A. The effect of forgiveness on marital satisfaction in relation to marital stability. Contemp Fam Ther. 2006;28(2):251-60.
[24]Lundberg CD. Unifying truths of the world's religions: Practical principles for living and loving in peace. New Fairfield, CT: Heavenlight Press; 2010.
[25]McConnell JM, Dixon DN. Perceived forgiveness by God and self-forgiveness. J Psychol Christ. 2012;31:31-9.
[26]Lawler-Row KA, Hyatt-Edwards L, Wuensch KL, Karremans JC. Forgiveness and health: The role of attachment. Personal Relatsh. 2011;18(2):170-83.
[27]McCullough ME. Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass;2008.
[28]Karaırmak Ö, Güloğlu B. Forgiveness and PTSD among veterans: The mediating role of anger and negative affect. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219(3):536-42.
[29]Chapman AR. Truth commissions and intergroup forgiveness: The case of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, peace and conflict. J Peace Psychol. 2007;13(1):51-69.
[30]McCullough ME. Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, andlinks to well-being. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2000;19(1):43-55.
[31]Hirsch JK, Webb JR, Jeglic EL. Forgiveness, depression, and suicidal behavior among a diverse sample of college students. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67(9):896-906.
[32]Wivliet CV, Phipps KA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC. Posttraumatic mental and physical health correlates of forgiveness and religious coping in military veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2004;17(3):269-73.
[33]Exline JJ, Baumeister RF. Expressing forgiveness and repentance. Benefits and barriers. McCullough ME, Pargament KI, Thoresen CE, Editors. New York: Guilford Press; 2000. pp. 133-55.
[34]Exline JJ, Worthington EL Jr, Hill P, McCullough ME. Forgiveness and justice: A research agenda for social and personality psychology. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2003;7(4):337-48.
[35]Ghobari Banab B, Lavasani M, Mohammadi M. The construct of spirituality experience scale. J Psychol. 2005;9(3):261-78. [Persian]
[36]Ehteshamzadeh P, Ahadi H, Enayati MS, Heidari A. Construct and validation of a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2011;16(4):443-55.
[37]Olson DH. Commentary: Three-dimensional circumplex model and revised scoring of FACES III. Fam Process. 1991;30(1):74-9.
[38]Behnammoghadam A, Hashemi T, Birami M, Yaryan S. The relationship of between marital satisfaction with religious beilefs, emotional intelligence and coping strategies in veterans and physical handicaps. Iran J War Public Health. 2014:6(4):131-6. [Persian]
[39]Mattis JS, Hammond WP, Grayman N, Bonacci M, Brennan W, Cowie S, et al. The social production of altruism: Motivations for caring action in a low-income urban community. Am J Community Psychol. 2009;43(1-2):71-84.