@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(4):263-269
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(4):263-269
Evaluating Effects of Maternal Separation on Morphine-dependency and Spatial Learning and Memory of Rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Hamidi Gh.A. (1)Salami M. (1)
Talaei S.A. (*)
(*) Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
(1) Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IranPhone: 0098 913 362 3240
Fax: 0098 31 5562 1157
talaei@kaums.ac.ir
Article History
Received: February 24, 2018Accepted: September 22, 2018
ePublished: October 10, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Facing maternal separation during early postnatal life leads to disturbances
in the cognitive and neuro-chemical activities of the brain. The aim of this study
was to investigate the effects of maternal separation on spatial learning and
memory of morphine-dependent rats
Materials & Methods This experimental study was carried out on 40 male Wistar rats of 45 days old. Animals were divided into control group (CO), morphine dependent (MD) and 3 group of rats which maternally separated during 1 (MS1), 2 (MS2) and 3 weeks (MS3) after birth. Except CO rats, the other groups were subcutaneously injected 10 mg/kg morphine every 12 hours for 10 days. At the 11th day signs of withdrawal syndrome were evaluated and during next 4 consecutive days spatial learning was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM). The rats’ spatial memory retrieval was also estimated at the last day.
Findings Although morphine dependence did not affects spatial learning and memory of rats, but 3 weeks maternal separation caused the animals spend more time and travel more distance to find the hidden platform than to CO group (P<0.001 for both of comparisons). Also, they spent less time and passed less distance in the target quadrant in probe trial (P<0.001 for both of comparisons).
Conclusion In conclusion, maternal separation impairs spatial learning and memory of rats.
Materials & Methods This experimental study was carried out on 40 male Wistar rats of 45 days old. Animals were divided into control group (CO), morphine dependent (MD) and 3 group of rats which maternally separated during 1 (MS1), 2 (MS2) and 3 weeks (MS3) after birth. Except CO rats, the other groups were subcutaneously injected 10 mg/kg morphine every 12 hours for 10 days. At the 11th day signs of withdrawal syndrome were evaluated and during next 4 consecutive days spatial learning was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM). The rats’ spatial memory retrieval was also estimated at the last day.
Findings Although morphine dependence did not affects spatial learning and memory of rats, but 3 weeks maternal separation caused the animals spend more time and travel more distance to find the hidden platform than to CO group (P<0.001 for both of comparisons). Also, they spent less time and passed less distance in the target quadrant in probe trial (P<0.001 for both of comparisons).
Conclusion In conclusion, maternal separation impairs spatial learning and memory of rats.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Dalaveri F, Nakhaee N, Esmaeilpour K, Mahani SE, Sheibani V. Effects of maternal separation on nicotine-induced conditioned place preference and subsequent learning and memory in adolescent female rats. Neurosci Lett. 2017;639:151-6.
[3]Lehmann J, Pryce CR, Bettschen D, Feldon J. The maternal separation paradigm and adult emotionality and cognition in male and female Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999;64(4):705-15.
[4]Bird CM, Burgess N. The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(3):182-94.
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[6]Lippmann M, Bress A, Nemeroff CB, Plotsky PM, Monteggia LM. Long-term behavioural and molecular alterations associated with maternal separation in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;25(10):3091-8.
[7]Hall FS, Wilkinson LS, Humby T, Robbins TW. Maternal deprivation of neonatal rats produces enduring changes in dopamine function. Synapse. 1999;32(1):37-43.
[8]Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2(2):119-28.
[9]Fodor A, Timar J, Zelena D. Behavioral effects of perinatal opioid exposure. Life Sci. 2014;104(1-2):1-8.
[10]Rozisky JR, Laste G, De Macedo IC, Santos VS, Krolow R, Noschang C, et al. Neonatal morphine administration leads to changes in hippocampal BDNF levels and antioxidant enzyme activity in the adult life of rats. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(3):494-503.
[11]Farahmandfar M, Kadivar M, Naghdi N. Possible interaction of hippocampal nitric oxide and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II on reversal of spatial memory impairment induced by morphine. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;751:99-111.
[12]Zarrinkalam E, Heidarianpour A, Salehi I, Ranjbar K, Komaki A. Effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise on learning and memory after morphine withdrawal in rats. Life Sci. 2016;157:19-24.
[13]Davis CP, Franklin LM, Johnson GS, Schrott LM. Prenatal oxycodone exposure impairs spatial learning and/or memory in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2010;212(1):27-34.
[14]Pourmotabbed A, Nedaei SE, Mehrabinasab E. Assessment of the role of NMDA receptors located in hippocampal CA1 area on the effects of oral morphine dependency on spatial learning and memory in rat. Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;10(2):115-23. [Persian]
[15]Zhang Y, Brownstein AJ, Buonora M, Niikura K, Ho A, Correa da Rosa J, et al. Self administration of oxycodone alters synaptic plasticity gene expression in the hippocampus differentially in male adolescent and adult mice. Neuroscience. 2015;285:34-46.
[16]Yang L, Pan Z, Zhou L, Lin S, Wu K. Continuously changed genes during postnatal periods in rat visual cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2009;462(2):162-5.
[17]Calabrese E, Badea A, Watson C, Johnson GA. A quantitative magnetic resonance histology atlas of postnatal rat brain development with regional estimates of growth and variability. Neuroimage. 2013;71:196-206.
[18]Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y, Akhavan MM, Semnanian S, Safari M. Voluntary exercise ameliorates cognitive deficits in morphine dependent rats: the role of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2011;96(3):479-91.
[19]Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Takhtfiroozeh SM, Talaei SAR. The effect of elaeagnus angustifolia water extract on Scopolamine-Induced memory impairment in rats. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2014;22(95):101-11. [Persian]
[20]Arbabi E, Hamidi G, Talaei SA, Salami M. Estrogen agonist genistein differentially influences the cognitive and motor disorders in an ovariectomized animal model of Parkinsonism. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2016;19(12):1285-91.
[21]Oitzl MS. Workel JO, Fluttert M, Frosch F, De Kloet ER. Maternal deprivation affects behaviour from youth to senescence: amplification of individual differences in spatial learning and memory in senescent Brown Norway rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2000;12(10):3771-80.
[22]Hays SL, McPherson RJ, Juul SE, Wallace G, Schindler AG, Chavkin C, et al. Long-term effects of neonatal stress on adult conditioned place preference (CPP) and hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res. 2012;227(1):7-11.
[23]Hensch TK. Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(11):877-88.
[24]Morishita H, Hensch TK. Critical period revisited: impact on vision. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008;18(1):101-7.
[25]Lu L, Shepard JD, Scott Hall FS, Shaham Y. Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;27(5):457-91.
[26]Han H, Dong Z, Jia Y, Mao R, Zhou Q, Yang Y, et al. Opioid addiction and withdrawal differentially drive long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9666.
[27]Li Z, Wu CF, Pei G, Xu NJ. Reversal of morphine-induced memory impairment in mice by withdrawal in Morris water maze: Possible involvement of cholinergic system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001;68(3):507-13.
[28]Cao LQ, Wen J, Liu ZQ. Opioid μ receptors mediate the stress-induced spatial reference memory impairment. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2015;67(2):173-80. [Chinese]
[29]Lambert NA, Harrison NL, Teyler TJ. Evidence for mu opiate receptors on inhibitory terminals in area CA1 of rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 1991;124(1):101-4.
[30]McQuiston AR, Saggau P. Mu-opioid receptors facilitate the propagation of excitatory activity in rat hippocampal area CA1 by disinhibition of all anatomical layers. J Neurophysiol. 2003;90(3):1936-48.
[31]Miladi Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y. Effects of morphine dependence on the performance of rats in reference and working versions of the water maze. Physiol Behav. 2008;93(3):622-7.
[32]Sousa VC, Vital J, Costenla AR, Batalha VL, Sebastio AM, Ribeiro JA, et al. Maternal separation impairs long term-potentiation in CA1-CA3 synapses and hippocampal-dependent memory in old rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35(7):1680-5.
[2]Dalaveri F, Nakhaee N, Esmaeilpour K, Mahani SE, Sheibani V. Effects of maternal separation on nicotine-induced conditioned place preference and subsequent learning and memory in adolescent female rats. Neurosci Lett. 2017;639:151-6.
[3]Lehmann J, Pryce CR, Bettschen D, Feldon J. The maternal separation paradigm and adult emotionality and cognition in male and female Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999;64(4):705-15.
[4]Bird CM, Burgess N. The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(3):182-94.
[5]Roceri M, Hendriks W, Racagni G, Ellenbroek BA, Riva MA. Early maternal deprivation reduces the expression of BDNF and NMDA receptor subunits in rat hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(6):609-16.
[6]Lippmann M, Bress A, Nemeroff CB, Plotsky PM, Monteggia LM. Long-term behavioural and molecular alterations associated with maternal separation in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;25(10):3091-8.
[7]Hall FS, Wilkinson LS, Humby T, Robbins TW. Maternal deprivation of neonatal rats produces enduring changes in dopamine function. Synapse. 1999;32(1):37-43.
[8]Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2(2):119-28.
[9]Fodor A, Timar J, Zelena D. Behavioral effects of perinatal opioid exposure. Life Sci. 2014;104(1-2):1-8.
[10]Rozisky JR, Laste G, De Macedo IC, Santos VS, Krolow R, Noschang C, et al. Neonatal morphine administration leads to changes in hippocampal BDNF levels and antioxidant enzyme activity in the adult life of rats. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(3):494-503.
[11]Farahmandfar M, Kadivar M, Naghdi N. Possible interaction of hippocampal nitric oxide and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II on reversal of spatial memory impairment induced by morphine. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;751:99-111.
[12]Zarrinkalam E, Heidarianpour A, Salehi I, Ranjbar K, Komaki A. Effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise on learning and memory after morphine withdrawal in rats. Life Sci. 2016;157:19-24.
[13]Davis CP, Franklin LM, Johnson GS, Schrott LM. Prenatal oxycodone exposure impairs spatial learning and/or memory in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2010;212(1):27-34.
[14]Pourmotabbed A, Nedaei SE, Mehrabinasab E. Assessment of the role of NMDA receptors located in hippocampal CA1 area on the effects of oral morphine dependency on spatial learning and memory in rat. Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;10(2):115-23. [Persian]
[15]Zhang Y, Brownstein AJ, Buonora M, Niikura K, Ho A, Correa da Rosa J, et al. Self administration of oxycodone alters synaptic plasticity gene expression in the hippocampus differentially in male adolescent and adult mice. Neuroscience. 2015;285:34-46.
[16]Yang L, Pan Z, Zhou L, Lin S, Wu K. Continuously changed genes during postnatal periods in rat visual cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2009;462(2):162-5.
[17]Calabrese E, Badea A, Watson C, Johnson GA. A quantitative magnetic resonance histology atlas of postnatal rat brain development with regional estimates of growth and variability. Neuroimage. 2013;71:196-206.
[18]Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y, Akhavan MM, Semnanian S, Safari M. Voluntary exercise ameliorates cognitive deficits in morphine dependent rats: the role of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2011;96(3):479-91.
[19]Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Takhtfiroozeh SM, Talaei SAR. The effect of elaeagnus angustifolia water extract on Scopolamine-Induced memory impairment in rats. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2014;22(95):101-11. [Persian]
[20]Arbabi E, Hamidi G, Talaei SA, Salami M. Estrogen agonist genistein differentially influences the cognitive and motor disorders in an ovariectomized animal model of Parkinsonism. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2016;19(12):1285-91.
[21]Oitzl MS. Workel JO, Fluttert M, Frosch F, De Kloet ER. Maternal deprivation affects behaviour from youth to senescence: amplification of individual differences in spatial learning and memory in senescent Brown Norway rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2000;12(10):3771-80.
[22]Hays SL, McPherson RJ, Juul SE, Wallace G, Schindler AG, Chavkin C, et al. Long-term effects of neonatal stress on adult conditioned place preference (CPP) and hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res. 2012;227(1):7-11.
[23]Hensch TK. Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(11):877-88.
[24]Morishita H, Hensch TK. Critical period revisited: impact on vision. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008;18(1):101-7.
[25]Lu L, Shepard JD, Scott Hall FS, Shaham Y. Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;27(5):457-91.
[26]Han H, Dong Z, Jia Y, Mao R, Zhou Q, Yang Y, et al. Opioid addiction and withdrawal differentially drive long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9666.
[27]Li Z, Wu CF, Pei G, Xu NJ. Reversal of morphine-induced memory impairment in mice by withdrawal in Morris water maze: Possible involvement of cholinergic system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001;68(3):507-13.
[28]Cao LQ, Wen J, Liu ZQ. Opioid μ receptors mediate the stress-induced spatial reference memory impairment. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2015;67(2):173-80. [Chinese]
[29]Lambert NA, Harrison NL, Teyler TJ. Evidence for mu opiate receptors on inhibitory terminals in area CA1 of rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 1991;124(1):101-4.
[30]McQuiston AR, Saggau P. Mu-opioid receptors facilitate the propagation of excitatory activity in rat hippocampal area CA1 by disinhibition of all anatomical layers. J Neurophysiol. 2003;90(3):1936-48.
[31]Miladi Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y. Effects of morphine dependence on the performance of rats in reference and working versions of the water maze. Physiol Behav. 2008;93(3):622-7.
[32]Sousa VC, Vital J, Costenla AR, Batalha VL, Sebastio AM, Ribeiro JA, et al. Maternal separation impairs long term-potentiation in CA1-CA3 synapses and hippocampal-dependent memory in old rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35(7):1680-5.