@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2020;26(1):93-99
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2020;26(1):93-99
Evaluation the Cognitive and Behavioral Inhibition of Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Mozafari M. (*1)(*1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzhra University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzhra University, Dehe Vanak Street, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1993893973Phone: +98 (21) 85692303
Fax: +98 (21) 85692851
mmozafari419@gmail.com
Article History
Received: March 1, 2020Accepted: July 18, 2020
ePublished: August 17, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims
Inhibition, which is defined as one's ability to monitor and control responses, is one of the most important executive actions that become defective after a traumatic brain injury. Due to the direct effect of this ability on people's quality of life, the purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive and behavioral inhibition in patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) one year after their injury with healthy individuals.
Instrument & Methods In this descriptive causal-comparative study, which was conducted from February 2017 to October 2018, 48 male patients with MTBI in the age range of 30 to 55 years old who were hospitalized in the ICU of Shohadaye Haftome Tir Hospital in Shahr-e-Rey and in the Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran during the past year as a test group and 64 healthy men with a similar age range as a control group were selected by convenience sampling method. Both groups were evaluated by stroop test and collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using multivariable analyze of variance.
Findings The mean scores of congruent reaction time, incongruent reaction time and congruent error number (p<0.05), and incongruent error number, score of interference and error responses sum (p<0.01) in patient with MTBI was significantly higher than healthy people.
Conclusion MTBI after one year can disrupt the function of the frontal lobe of the brain and affect the executive functions under the command of this area, especially on the cognitive and behavioral inhibition of patients.
Instrument & Methods In this descriptive causal-comparative study, which was conducted from February 2017 to October 2018, 48 male patients with MTBI in the age range of 30 to 55 years old who were hospitalized in the ICU of Shohadaye Haftome Tir Hospital in Shahr-e-Rey and in the Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran during the past year as a test group and 64 healthy men with a similar age range as a control group were selected by convenience sampling method. Both groups were evaluated by stroop test and collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using multivariable analyze of variance.
Findings The mean scores of congruent reaction time, incongruent reaction time and congruent error number (p<0.05), and incongruent error number, score of interference and error responses sum (p<0.01) in patient with MTBI was significantly higher than healthy people.
Conclusion MTBI after one year can disrupt the function of the frontal lobe of the brain and affect the executive functions under the command of this area, especially on the cognitive and behavioral inhibition of patients.
CITATION LINKS
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[11]Kozak KM. Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries and Their Implications on Changes in Event Related Potentials: A look into Visual Gating (P50) [Dissertation]. New York City: City University of New York; 2018.
[12]Hung Y, Gaillard SL, Yarmak P, Arsalidou M. Dissociations of cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and emotional interference: Voxelwise ALE meta‐analyses of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(10):4065-82.
[13]Nigg JT. On inhibition/disinhibition in develop mental psychopathology: views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychol Bull. 2000;126(2):220-46.
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[16]Richard-Devantoy S, Gorwood P, Annweiler C, Olié J-P, Le Gall D, Beauchet O. Suicidal behaviours in affective disorders: a defcit of cognitive inhibition? Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(4):254-62.
[17]Fox NA, Henderson HA, Marshall PJ, Nichols KE, Ghera MM. Behavioral inhibition: Linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:235-62.
[18]Harsányi A, Csigó K, Rajkai C, Demeter G, Németh A, Racsmány M. Two types of impairments in OCD: Obsessions, as problems of thought suppression; compulsions, as behavioral-executive impairment. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215(3):651-8.
[19]Huizenga HM, van Bers BM, Plat J, van den Wildenberg WP, van der Molen MW. Task complexity enhances response inhibition deficits in childhood and adolescent attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. Biol psychiatry. 2009;65(1):39-45.
[20]Curry I, Luk JW, Trim RS, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC, et al. Impulsivity dimensions and risky sex behaviors in an at-risk young adult sample. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47(2):529-36.
[21]Miner MH, Romine RS, Raymond N, Janssen E, MacDonald III A, Coleman E. Understanding the personality and behavioral mechanisms defining hypersexuality in men who have sex with men. J Sex Med. 2016;13(9):1323-31.
[22]Rodriguez-Nieto G, Emmerling F, Dewitte M, Sack AT, Schuhmann T. The role of inhibitory control mechanisms in the regulation of sexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav. 2019;48(2):481-94.
[23]Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF. Self-regulation and sexual restraint: Dispositionally and temporarily poor self-regulatory abilities contribute to failures at restraining sexual behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2007;33(2):173-86.
[24]Bancroft J, Janssen E, Carnes L, Goodrich D, Strong D, Long JS. Sexual activity and risk taking in young heterosexual men: The relevance of sexual arousability, mood, and sensation seeking. J Sex Res. 2004;41(2):181-92.
[25]Hummer TA, Kronenberger WG, Wang Y, Mathews VP. Decreased prefrontal activity during a cognitive inhibition task following violent video game play: a multi-week randomized trial. Psychol Popul Media Cult. 2019;8(1):63-75.
[26]Friedman NP, Miyake A. The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent-variable analysis. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2004;133(1):101-35.
[27]Baird AD, Wilson SJ, Bladin PF, Saling MM, Reutens DC. Neurological control of human sexual behaviour: insights from lesion studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry .2007;78(10):1042-9.
[28]Konrad K, Gauggel S, Manz A, Schöll M. Inhibitory control in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Brain Inj. 2000;14(10):859-75.
[29]Yu K, Seal ML, Reyes J, Godfrey C, Anderson V, Adamson C, et al. Brain volumetric correlates of inhibition and cognitive flexibility 16 years following childhood traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 2018;96(4):642-51.
[30]Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Haar CV, Meconi A, Vink R, van Donkelaar P, et al. The potential for animal models to provide insight into mild traumatic brain injury: translational challenges and strategies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;76(Pt B):396-414.
[31]Sharp DJ, Jenkins PO. Concussion is confusing us all. Pract Neurol. 2015;15(3):172-86.
[32]Marschner L, Schreurs A, Lechat B, Mogensen J, Roebroek A, Ahmed T, et al. Single mild traumatic brain injury results in transiently impaired spatial long-term memory and altered search strategies. Behav Brain Res. 2019;365:222-30.
[33] McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, Cantu RC, Dvořák J, Echemendia RJ, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2012. J Athl Train. 2013;48(4):554-75.
[34]Panwar N, Purohit D, Sinha VD, Joshi M. Evaluation of extent and pattern of neurocognitive functions in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury patients by using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score as a screening tool: an observational study from India. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;41:60-5.
[35]Losoi H, Silverberg ND, Wäljas M, Turunen S, Rosti-Otajärvi E, Helminen M, et al. Recovery from mild traumatic brain injury in previously healthy adults. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(8):766-76.
[36]Theadom A, Starkey N, Barker-Collo S, Jones K, Ameratunga S, Feigin V, et al. Population-based cohort study of the impacts of mild traumatic brain injury in adults four years post-injury. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191655.
[37]Grandhi R, Tavakoli S, Ortega C, Simmonds MJ. A review of chronic pain and cognitive, mood, and motor dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury: complex, comorbid, and/or overlapping conditions? Brain Sci. 2017;7(12):160.
[38]Lansdell G, Saunders B, Eriksson A, Bunn R, Baidawi S. ‘I am not drunk, I have an ABI’: findings from a qualitative study into systematic challenges in responding to people with acquired brain injuries in the justice system. Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2018;25(5):737-58.
[39]Vasquez BP, Tomaszczyk JC, Sharma B, Colella B, Green RE. Longitudinal recovery of executive control functions after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: examining trajectories of variability and ex-Gaussian parameters. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2018;32(3):191-9.
[40]Erdodi LA, Sagar S, Seke K, Zuccato BG, Schwartz ES, Roth RM. The Stroop test as a measure of performance validity in adults clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(6):755-66.
[41]Schmidt RA, Lee TD, Winstein C, Wulf G, Zelaznik HN. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. 6th Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, Inc.; 2018.
[42]Sekely A, Zakzanis KK. Predictive validity of the neuropsychological assessment battery-screening module for assessing real-world disability in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Psychol Inj Law. 2018;11(3):233-43.
[43]Sours C, Kinnison J, Padmala S, Gullapalli RP, Pessoa L. Altered segregation between task-positive and task-negative regions in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12(3):697-709.
[44]Woytowicz EJ, Sours C, Gullapalli RP, Rosenberg J, Westlake KP. Modulation of working memory load distinguishes individuals with and without balance impairments following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(2):191-9.
[45]Bergersen K, Halvorsen JØ, Tryti EA, Taylor SI, Olsen A. A systematic literature review of psycho therapeutic treatment of prolonged symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2017;31(3):279-89.
[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report to congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.
[3]Teasdale GM. Head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(5):526-39.
[4]Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Cancelliere C, Côté P, Hinc apié CA, Kristman VL, et al. Systematic review of the prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury in adults: cognitive, psychiatric, and mortality outcomes: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(3 Suppl):S152-73.
[5]Undurti A, Colasurdo EA, Sikkema CL, Schultz JS, Peskind ER, Pagulayan KF, et al. Chronic hypopituitarism associated with increased postconcussive symptoms is prevalent after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2018;9:72.
[6]Rezaei S , Salehi I, Yousefzadeh S, Mousavi SH, Rahnama N. Changing the personality of the aggressive type and its determinant factors in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2012;16(1):49-62. [Persian]
[7]Muelbl MJ, Slaker ML, Shah AS, Nawarawong NN, Gerndt CH, Budde MD, et al. Effects of mild blast traumatic brain injury on cognitive and addiction related behaviors. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1-14.
[8]Arnould A, Rochat L, Dromer E, Azouvi P, Van der Linden M. Does multitasking mediate the relationships between episodic memory, attention, executive functions and apathetic manifestations in traumatic brain injury? J Neuropsychol. 2018;12(1):101-19.
[9]Owens JA, Spitz G, Ponsford JL, Dymowski AR, Willmott C. An investigation of white matter integrity and attention deficits following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(6):776-83.
[10]Weyandt LL, Willis WG. Executive functions in school‐aged children: Potential efficacy of tasks in discriminating clinical groups. Dev Neuropsychol. 1994;10(1):27-38.
[11]Kozak KM. Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries and Their Implications on Changes in Event Related Potentials: A look into Visual Gating (P50) [Dissertation]. New York City: City University of New York; 2018.
[12]Hung Y, Gaillard SL, Yarmak P, Arsalidou M. Dissociations of cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and emotional interference: Voxelwise ALE meta‐analyses of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(10):4065-82.
[13]Nigg JT. On inhibition/disinhibition in develop mental psychopathology: views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychol Bull. 2000;126(2):220-46.
[14]Henderson HA, Pine DS, Fox NA. Behavioral inhibition and developmental risk: a dual-processing perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(1):207-24.
[15]Clark JM. Contributions of inhibitory mechanism s to unified theory in neuroscience and psychology. Brain Cogn. 1996;30(1):127-52.
[16]Richard-Devantoy S, Gorwood P, Annweiler C, Olié J-P, Le Gall D, Beauchet O. Suicidal behaviours in affective disorders: a defcit of cognitive inhibition? Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(4):254-62.
[17]Fox NA, Henderson HA, Marshall PJ, Nichols KE, Ghera MM. Behavioral inhibition: Linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:235-62.
[18]Harsányi A, Csigó K, Rajkai C, Demeter G, Németh A, Racsmány M. Two types of impairments in OCD: Obsessions, as problems of thought suppression; compulsions, as behavioral-executive impairment. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215(3):651-8.
[19]Huizenga HM, van Bers BM, Plat J, van den Wildenberg WP, van der Molen MW. Task complexity enhances response inhibition deficits in childhood and adolescent attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. Biol psychiatry. 2009;65(1):39-45.
[20]Curry I, Luk JW, Trim RS, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC, et al. Impulsivity dimensions and risky sex behaviors in an at-risk young adult sample. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47(2):529-36.
[21]Miner MH, Romine RS, Raymond N, Janssen E, MacDonald III A, Coleman E. Understanding the personality and behavioral mechanisms defining hypersexuality in men who have sex with men. J Sex Med. 2016;13(9):1323-31.
[22]Rodriguez-Nieto G, Emmerling F, Dewitte M, Sack AT, Schuhmann T. The role of inhibitory control mechanisms in the regulation of sexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav. 2019;48(2):481-94.
[23]Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF. Self-regulation and sexual restraint: Dispositionally and temporarily poor self-regulatory abilities contribute to failures at restraining sexual behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2007;33(2):173-86.
[24]Bancroft J, Janssen E, Carnes L, Goodrich D, Strong D, Long JS. Sexual activity and risk taking in young heterosexual men: The relevance of sexual arousability, mood, and sensation seeking. J Sex Res. 2004;41(2):181-92.
[25]Hummer TA, Kronenberger WG, Wang Y, Mathews VP. Decreased prefrontal activity during a cognitive inhibition task following violent video game play: a multi-week randomized trial. Psychol Popul Media Cult. 2019;8(1):63-75.
[26]Friedman NP, Miyake A. The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent-variable analysis. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2004;133(1):101-35.
[27]Baird AD, Wilson SJ, Bladin PF, Saling MM, Reutens DC. Neurological control of human sexual behaviour: insights from lesion studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry .2007;78(10):1042-9.
[28]Konrad K, Gauggel S, Manz A, Schöll M. Inhibitory control in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Brain Inj. 2000;14(10):859-75.
[29]Yu K, Seal ML, Reyes J, Godfrey C, Anderson V, Adamson C, et al. Brain volumetric correlates of inhibition and cognitive flexibility 16 years following childhood traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 2018;96(4):642-51.
[30]Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Haar CV, Meconi A, Vink R, van Donkelaar P, et al. The potential for animal models to provide insight into mild traumatic brain injury: translational challenges and strategies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;76(Pt B):396-414.
[31]Sharp DJ, Jenkins PO. Concussion is confusing us all. Pract Neurol. 2015;15(3):172-86.
[32]Marschner L, Schreurs A, Lechat B, Mogensen J, Roebroek A, Ahmed T, et al. Single mild traumatic brain injury results in transiently impaired spatial long-term memory and altered search strategies. Behav Brain Res. 2019;365:222-30.
[33] McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, Cantu RC, Dvořák J, Echemendia RJ, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2012. J Athl Train. 2013;48(4):554-75.
[34]Panwar N, Purohit D, Sinha VD, Joshi M. Evaluation of extent and pattern of neurocognitive functions in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury patients by using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score as a screening tool: an observational study from India. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;41:60-5.
[35]Losoi H, Silverberg ND, Wäljas M, Turunen S, Rosti-Otajärvi E, Helminen M, et al. Recovery from mild traumatic brain injury in previously healthy adults. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(8):766-76.
[36]Theadom A, Starkey N, Barker-Collo S, Jones K, Ameratunga S, Feigin V, et al. Population-based cohort study of the impacts of mild traumatic brain injury in adults four years post-injury. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191655.
[37]Grandhi R, Tavakoli S, Ortega C, Simmonds MJ. A review of chronic pain and cognitive, mood, and motor dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury: complex, comorbid, and/or overlapping conditions? Brain Sci. 2017;7(12):160.
[38]Lansdell G, Saunders B, Eriksson A, Bunn R, Baidawi S. ‘I am not drunk, I have an ABI’: findings from a qualitative study into systematic challenges in responding to people with acquired brain injuries in the justice system. Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2018;25(5):737-58.
[39]Vasquez BP, Tomaszczyk JC, Sharma B, Colella B, Green RE. Longitudinal recovery of executive control functions after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: examining trajectories of variability and ex-Gaussian parameters. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2018;32(3):191-9.
[40]Erdodi LA, Sagar S, Seke K, Zuccato BG, Schwartz ES, Roth RM. The Stroop test as a measure of performance validity in adults clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(6):755-66.
[41]Schmidt RA, Lee TD, Winstein C, Wulf G, Zelaznik HN. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. 6th Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, Inc.; 2018.
[42]Sekely A, Zakzanis KK. Predictive validity of the neuropsychological assessment battery-screening module for assessing real-world disability in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Psychol Inj Law. 2018;11(3):233-43.
[43]Sours C, Kinnison J, Padmala S, Gullapalli RP, Pessoa L. Altered segregation between task-positive and task-negative regions in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12(3):697-709.
[44]Woytowicz EJ, Sours C, Gullapalli RP, Rosenberg J, Westlake KP. Modulation of working memory load distinguishes individuals with and without balance impairments following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(2):191-9.
[45]Bergersen K, Halvorsen JØ, Tryti EA, Taylor SI, Olsen A. A systematic literature review of psycho therapeutic treatment of prolonged symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2017;31(3):279-89.