@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(2):137-143
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(2):137-143
Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Interval Training on Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Insulin Resistance Index in Diabetic Mellitus Type 2 Women
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Motallebi F. (*)Shakerian S. (1)
Ranjbar R. (1)
(*) Exercise Physiology Department, Physical Education Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(1) Exercise Physiology Department, Physical Education Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Physical Education Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Golestan Boulevard, Ahvaz, IranPhone: +986133369512
Fax: +986113336316
fmotallebi.67@gmail.com
Article History
Received: June 22, 2015Accepted: January 2, 2016
ePublished: March 5, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
Any increase in the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) implies improper glucose control in the diabetic persons. Based on the evidences, a reduction in HbA1c prevents the long-term side-effects of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week aerobic alternate exercises on HbA1c and insulin resistance index in women with type II diabetes.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study, 30 women with type II diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital were studied in 2012 The subjects were selected via available sampling, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The aerobic program consisted of 8-week pedaling on an ergometer bicycle with an intensity of 68 to 80% of maximum power (3days per week). Fasting blood sampling was done before and after the exercise sessions in all the subjects. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17 software using dependent T and covariance analysis test.
Findings Following 8-week aerobic alternate exercises, there was no significant reduction in HbA1c and fasting glucose in experimental group (p>0.05). Nevertheless, there were significant reductions in serum insulin and insulin resistance (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between fasting glucose and HbA1c amounts in experimental and control groups. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between serum insulin and insulin resistance in both groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion 8-week aerobic alternate exercises with an increasing intensity affect serum insulin level and insulin resistance index in the women with type II diabetes. Nevertheless, the exercises do not considerably affect fasting blood glucose and HbA1c amount.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study, 30 women with type II diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital were studied in 2012 The subjects were selected via available sampling, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The aerobic program consisted of 8-week pedaling on an ergometer bicycle with an intensity of 68 to 80% of maximum power (3days per week). Fasting blood sampling was done before and after the exercise sessions in all the subjects. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17 software using dependent T and covariance analysis test.
Findings Following 8-week aerobic alternate exercises, there was no significant reduction in HbA1c and fasting glucose in experimental group (p>0.05). Nevertheless, there were significant reductions in serum insulin and insulin resistance (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between fasting glucose and HbA1c amounts in experimental and control groups. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between serum insulin and insulin resistance in both groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion 8-week aerobic alternate exercises with an increasing intensity affect serum insulin level and insulin resistance index in the women with type II diabetes. Nevertheless, the exercises do not considerably affect fasting blood glucose and HbA1c amount.
CITATION LINKS
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[10]Mourier A, Gautier JF, De Kerviler E, Bigard AX, Villette JM, Garnier JP, et al. Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM: Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):385-91.
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[13]Schwingshackl L, Missbach B, Dias S, König J, Hoffmann G. Impact of different training modalities on glycaemic control and blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetol. 2014;57(9):1789-97.
[14]Bloem CJ, Chang AM. Short-term exercise improves β-cell function and insulin resistance in older people with impaired glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2008;93(2):387-92.
[15]DaCosta D, Dritsa M, Ring A, Fitzcharles MA. Mental health status and leisure-time physical activity contribute to fatigue intensity in patients with spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Care Res. 2004;51(6):1004-8.
[16]Nojima H, Watanabe H, Yamane K, Kitahara Y, Sekikawa K, Yamamoto H, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metab. 2008; 57(2):170-6.
[17]Snowling NJ1, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(11):2518-27.
[18]Lindström J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemiö K, et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: Follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet. 2006;368(9584):1673-9.
[19]Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increase the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(4):1439-47.
[20]Babraj JA, Vollaard NB, Keast C, Guppy FM, Cottrell G, Timmons JA. Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. BMC Endocr Disord. 2009;9(3):1-8.
[21]Burgomaster KA, Howarth KR, Phillips SM, Rakobowchuk M, Macdonald MJ, McGee SL, et al. Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):151-60.
[22]Giannopoulou I, Ploutz-Snyder L, Carhart R, Weinstock R, Fernhall B, Goulopoulou S, et al. Exercise is required for visceral fat loss in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(3):1511-8.
[23]Balducci S, Zanuso S, Cardelli P, Salvi L, Bazuro A, Pugliese L, et al. Effect of high-versus low-intensity supervised aerobic and resistance training on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes; the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49297.
[24]Aly FA. Adiponectin response to supervised aerobic training in type II diabetic patients. Asian Biomed. 2015;8(5):597-602.
[25]Terada T, Friesen A, Chahal BS, Bell GJ, McCargar LJ, Boulé NG. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of high intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99(2):120-9.
[26]Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, Johannsen N, Johnson W, Kramer K, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2010;304(20):2253-62.
[27]Karstoft K, Winding K, Knudsen SH, James NG, Scheel MM, Olesen J, et al. Mechanisms behind the superior effects of interval vs continuous training on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetolo. 2014;57(10):2081-93.
[28]Little JP, Gillen JB, Percival ME, Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA, Punthakee Z, et al. Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(6):1554-60.
[29]Rahimi E, Mousavi Nejad ZS, Rahimi A. Effects of twelve weeks of aerobic training, resistance training or combination of both trainings on the levels of blood sugar, HbA1c and cardiovascular risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes. Int J Appl Exerc Physiol. 2014;3(1):1-11.
[30]Holton DR, Colberg SR, Nunnold T, Parson HK, Vinik AI. The effect of an aerobic exercise training program quality of life in type II diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(5):837-46.
[31]Kirk A, Mutrie N, MacIntyre P, Fisher M. Increasing physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1186-1192.
[2]Carey VJ, Walters EE, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willet WC, Rosner BA, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women, the nurses' health study. Am J Epidmiol. 1997;145(7):614-9.
[3]Aujoulat I, Marcolongo R, Bonadiman L, Deccache A. Reconsidering patient empowerment in chronic illness: A critique of models of self-efficacy and bodily control. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(5):1228-39.
[4]Meenu J, Jadeja Jayendrasinh M, Neeta M. Correlation between HbA1c values and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Based Appl Physiol. 2013;2(1):47-50.
[5]Pibernik-Okanovic M, Prasek M, Poljicanin-Filipovic T, Pavlic-Renar I, Metelko Z. Effects of an empowerment-based psychosocial intervention on quality of life and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;52(2):193-9.
[6]Wei M, Gibbons LW, Mitchell TL, Kampert JB, Lee CD, Blair SN. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(2):89-96.
[7]Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Suppl 1):S11-61.
[8]Group UPDS. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38; UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Br Med J. 1998;317(7160):703-13.
[9]Krishnan S, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR. Physical activity and television watching in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes: The Black Women's Health Study. Am J Epidmiol. 2009;169(4):428-34.
[10]Mourier A, Gautier JF, De Kerviler E, Bigard AX, Villette JM, Garnier JP, et al. Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM: Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):385-91.
[11]Thomas D, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA. Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3(3):CD002968.
[12]Mitranun W, Deerochanawong C, Tanaka H, Suksom D. Continuous vs interval training on glycemic control and macro‐and microvascular reactivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(2):e69-76.
[13]Schwingshackl L, Missbach B, Dias S, König J, Hoffmann G. Impact of different training modalities on glycaemic control and blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetol. 2014;57(9):1789-97.
[14]Bloem CJ, Chang AM. Short-term exercise improves β-cell function and insulin resistance in older people with impaired glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2008;93(2):387-92.
[15]DaCosta D, Dritsa M, Ring A, Fitzcharles MA. Mental health status and leisure-time physical activity contribute to fatigue intensity in patients with spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Care Res. 2004;51(6):1004-8.
[16]Nojima H, Watanabe H, Yamane K, Kitahara Y, Sekikawa K, Yamamoto H, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metab. 2008; 57(2):170-6.
[17]Snowling NJ1, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(11):2518-27.
[18]Lindström J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemiö K, et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: Follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet. 2006;368(9584):1673-9.
[19]Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increase the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(4):1439-47.
[20]Babraj JA, Vollaard NB, Keast C, Guppy FM, Cottrell G, Timmons JA. Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. BMC Endocr Disord. 2009;9(3):1-8.
[21]Burgomaster KA, Howarth KR, Phillips SM, Rakobowchuk M, Macdonald MJ, McGee SL, et al. Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):151-60.
[22]Giannopoulou I, Ploutz-Snyder L, Carhart R, Weinstock R, Fernhall B, Goulopoulou S, et al. Exercise is required for visceral fat loss in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(3):1511-8.
[23]Balducci S, Zanuso S, Cardelli P, Salvi L, Bazuro A, Pugliese L, et al. Effect of high-versus low-intensity supervised aerobic and resistance training on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes; the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49297.
[24]Aly FA. Adiponectin response to supervised aerobic training in type II diabetic patients. Asian Biomed. 2015;8(5):597-602.
[25]Terada T, Friesen A, Chahal BS, Bell GJ, McCargar LJ, Boulé NG. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of high intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99(2):120-9.
[26]Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, Johannsen N, Johnson W, Kramer K, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2010;304(20):2253-62.
[27]Karstoft K, Winding K, Knudsen SH, James NG, Scheel MM, Olesen J, et al. Mechanisms behind the superior effects of interval vs continuous training on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetolo. 2014;57(10):2081-93.
[28]Little JP, Gillen JB, Percival ME, Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA, Punthakee Z, et al. Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(6):1554-60.
[29]Rahimi E, Mousavi Nejad ZS, Rahimi A. Effects of twelve weeks of aerobic training, resistance training or combination of both trainings on the levels of blood sugar, HbA1c and cardiovascular risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes. Int J Appl Exerc Physiol. 2014;3(1):1-11.
[30]Holton DR, Colberg SR, Nunnold T, Parson HK, Vinik AI. The effect of an aerobic exercise training program quality of life in type II diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(5):837-46.
[31]Kirk A, Mutrie N, MacIntyre P, Fisher M. Increasing physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1186-1192.