@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(4):283-289
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(4):283-289
Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Training and Green Tea Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Inactive Overweight Women
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Fathei M. (*)Khairabadi S. (1)
Ramezani F. (2)
Hejazi K. (1)
(*) Sport Physiology Department, Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(2) Sport Physiology Department, Sports Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti Teacher Training College, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Paradise Daneshgah, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. Post Code: 91779-48979Phone: +98 (51) 18833910
Fax: +98 (51) 18829580
dr.mfathei@gmail.com
Article History
Received: October 16, 2015Accepted: May 10, 2016
ePublished: October 1, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
Physical activities, as well as diet, are known as the truest scientific methods to reduce the signs of the cardio-vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8–week aerobic trainings and green tea supplementation on some of the cardio-vascular risk factors in the obese inactive women.
Materials & Methods In the semi-experimental study, 40 obese inactive women, who were residents of Mashhad Township, were studied in 2015. The subjects, selected via purposeful available sampling method, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 per group). The groups were green tea, aerobic training, aerobic training and green tea supplementation, and control groups. 8-week training program consisted of three 45- to 60-minute sessions per week. Green tea was consumed by green tea group three times a day after each meal. The composed group underwent both interventions, while control group underwent no intervention. Data was analyzed by SPSS 15 software using correlated T test and one-way ANOVA.
Findings Mean total cholesterol level was significantly changed in green tea, aerobic training, and composed groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean triglyceride level was significantly changed in green tea and aerobic training groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean low density lipoprotein was significantly changed in green tea and composed groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean high-density lipoprotein was significantly changed only in aerobic group in posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). In addition, mean concentration of C-reactive protein was significantly reduced in aerobic training (p=0.01) and composed (p=0.04) groups.
Conclusion 8 weeks aerobic training, green tea consumption, and their composition reduce the cardiovascular risk factors in inactive obese women in a relatively similar manner.
Materials & Methods In the semi-experimental study, 40 obese inactive women, who were residents of Mashhad Township, were studied in 2015. The subjects, selected via purposeful available sampling method, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 per group). The groups were green tea, aerobic training, aerobic training and green tea supplementation, and control groups. 8-week training program consisted of three 45- to 60-minute sessions per week. Green tea was consumed by green tea group three times a day after each meal. The composed group underwent both interventions, while control group underwent no intervention. Data was analyzed by SPSS 15 software using correlated T test and one-way ANOVA.
Findings Mean total cholesterol level was significantly changed in green tea, aerobic training, and composed groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean triglyceride level was significantly changed in green tea and aerobic training groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean low density lipoprotein was significantly changed in green tea and composed groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean high-density lipoprotein was significantly changed only in aerobic group in posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). In addition, mean concentration of C-reactive protein was significantly reduced in aerobic training (p=0.01) and composed (p=0.04) groups.
Conclusion 8 weeks aerobic training, green tea consumption, and their composition reduce the cardiovascular risk factors in inactive obese women in a relatively similar manner.
CITATION LINKS
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[25]Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, et al. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1527-33.
[26]Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R. Beneficial effects of green tea: A review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(2):79-99.
[27]Abe I, Seki T, Umehara K, Miyase T, Noguchi H, Sakakibara J, et al. Green tea polyphenols: Novel and potent inhibitors of squalene epoxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;268(3):767-71.
[28]Bursill CA, Roach PD. A green tea catechin extract upregulates the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor in rats. Lipids. 2007;42(7):621-7.
[29]Dastani M, Rashid Lamir A, Rashid Lamir Sh, Saadatnia A, Ebrahimnia M. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on hsCRP and resistin levels in menopause women. Eur J Experiment Biol. 2013;3(4):43-7.
[30]Serban C, Sahebkar A, Antal D, Ursoniu S, Banach M. Effects of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr. 2015;31(9):1061-71.
[31]Christopherson J, Sumer V, Kirkendal D, Jones M. Effects of exercise detraining on lipid storage in rats. Trans Ill St Acad Sci. 1999;92(3&4):203-9.
[32]Gomes F, Telo DF, Souza HP, Nicolau JC, Halpern A, Serrano CV Jr. Obesity andcoronary arterydisease: Role of vascular inflammation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(2):255-61.
[33]Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Franzoni F, et al. Physicalactivity prevents age-related impairment innitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circ. 2000;101(25):2896-901.
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[35]Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercisetraining-induced alterations in skeletal muscleantioxidant capacity: A brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(7):987-97.
[36]Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1999;281(18):1722-7.
[2]Atashak S, Azarbayjani MA, Sharafi H. Effect of three-month progressive resistance training on leptin and Interleukin-6 concentration in obese men. Pajoohandeh. 2011;16(4):154-61. [Persian]
[3]Saghebjoo M, Ghanbari Niaki A, Rajabi H, Rahbarizadeh F, Hedayati M. The influence of circuit resistance training intensity on ghrelin to obestatin ratio of plasma in healthy young women. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;12(6):626-32. [Persian]
[4]Hughes S. Novel cardiovascular risk factors. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2003;18(2):131-8.
[5]Herrmann W, Herrmann M, Obeid R. Hyperhomocysteinaemia: A critical review of old and new aspects. Curr Drug Metab. 2007;8(1):17-31.
[6]Cannon RO. Role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease: Focus on the endothelium. Clin Chem. 1998;44(8 Pt 2):1809-19.
[7]Zolfaghary M, Taghian F, Hedayati M. Comparing the effect of green tea extract consumption, aerobic exercise and combination of these two methods on CRP Level in obese women. Razi J Med Sci. 2013;20(110):8-21. [Persian]
[8]Church TS, Barlow CE, Earnest CP, Kampert JB, Priest EL, Blair SN. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(11):1869-76.
[9]Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. Effect of exercise training modality on C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(6):1028-34.
[10]Senthil Kumaran V, Arulmathi K, Sundarapandiyan R, Kalaiselvi P. Attenuation of the inflammatory changes and lipid anomalies by epigallocatechin-3-gallate in hypercholesterolemic diet fed aged rats. Exp Gerontol. 2009;44(12):745-51.
[11]Wang ZY, Das M, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. Interaction of epicatechins derived from green tea with rat hepatic cytochrome P-450. Drug Metab Dispos. 1988;16(1):98-103.
[12]Yoshino K, Hara Y, Sano M, Tomita I. Antioxidative effects of black tea theaflavins and thearubigin on lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Biol Pharm Bull. 1994;17(1):146-9.
[13]Muramatsu K, Fukuyo M, Hara Y. Effect of green tea catechins on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1986;32(6):613-22.
[14]Kris-Etherton PM, Keen CL. Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13(1):41-9.
[15]Maki T, Pham NM, Yoshida D, Yin G, Ohnaka K, Takayanagi R, et al. The relationship of coffee and green tea consumption with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010;48(6):849-54.
[16]Eichenberger P, Mettler S, Arnold M, Colombani PC. No effects of three-week consumption of a green tea extract on time trial performance in endurance-trained men. I Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010;80(1):54-8.
[17]Venables MC, Hulston CJ, Cox HR, Jeukendrup AE. Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):778-84.
[18]Buttar HS, Li T. Ravi N. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2005;10(4):229-49.
[19]Kromhout D, Menotti A, Kesteloot H, Sans S. Prevention of coronary heart disease by diet and lifestyle: Evidence from prospective cross-cultural, cohort, and intervention studies. Circ. 2002;105(7):893-8.
[20]Vakili J, Hosseinpour L. The effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise training along with green tea consumption on the cardiovascular risk factors in obese women. J Pract Stud Biosci Sport. 2015;3(5):78-88. [Persian]
[21]Haghighi AH, Yaghoubi M, Hosseini Kakhk SA. The effect of eight weeks aerobic training and green tea supplementation on body fat percentage and serum lipid profiles in obese and overweight women. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2013;56(4):211-18. [Persian]
[22]Lambers S, Van Laethem C, Van Acker K, Calders P. Influence of combined exercise training on indices of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(6):483-92.
[23]van Loon LJ. Use of intramuscular triacylglycerol as a substrate source during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(4):1170-87.
[24]Rahimi, N., S.M. Marandi, and M. Kargarfard, The effect of eight weeks aquatic training on lipid profile of patients who suffer from type ii diabetes. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2011;29(148):988-96. [Persian]
[25]Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, et al. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1527-33.
[26]Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R. Beneficial effects of green tea: A review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(2):79-99.
[27]Abe I, Seki T, Umehara K, Miyase T, Noguchi H, Sakakibara J, et al. Green tea polyphenols: Novel and potent inhibitors of squalene epoxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;268(3):767-71.
[28]Bursill CA, Roach PD. A green tea catechin extract upregulates the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor in rats. Lipids. 2007;42(7):621-7.
[29]Dastani M, Rashid Lamir A, Rashid Lamir Sh, Saadatnia A, Ebrahimnia M. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on hsCRP and resistin levels in menopause women. Eur J Experiment Biol. 2013;3(4):43-7.
[30]Serban C, Sahebkar A, Antal D, Ursoniu S, Banach M. Effects of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr. 2015;31(9):1061-71.
[31]Christopherson J, Sumer V, Kirkendal D, Jones M. Effects of exercise detraining on lipid storage in rats. Trans Ill St Acad Sci. 1999;92(3&4):203-9.
[32]Gomes F, Telo DF, Souza HP, Nicolau JC, Halpern A, Serrano CV Jr. Obesity andcoronary arterydisease: Role of vascular inflammation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(2):255-61.
[33]Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Franzoni F, et al. Physicalactivity prevents age-related impairment innitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circ. 2000;101(25):2896-901.
[34]
[35]Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercisetraining-induced alterations in skeletal muscleantioxidant capacity: A brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(7):987-97.
[36]Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1999;281(18):1722-7.