@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(1):21-26
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(1):21-26
Comparison of the Effects of 17α-alkyl Steroids and 17β-hydroxy Esters on the Levels of Liver Enzymes and Hematological Factors in Male Bodybuilders
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Attarzadeh Hosseini S.R. (*)Rashid Lamir A. (1)
Dehbashi M. (1)
(*) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Paradise, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. Postal Code: 91779-48979Phone: +985138833910
Fax: +985138829580
attarzadeh@um.ac.ir
Article History
Received: February 4, 2015Accepted: August 3, 2015
ePublished: December 15, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
Nowadays, using the derivatives of steroids has been increased among athletes, despite their vast gradient side effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 17α-alkyl steroids and 17β-hydroxy steroids on levels of liver enzymes and hematological factors in male bodybuilders.
Materials & Methods In this causal comparing study in 2014, 24 male bodybuilders of Mashhad City, Iran, were entered to the study by census method. The samples were divided into three groups (each 8 persons); consumers of oral steroids (17α-alkyl), consumers of injected steroids (17β-hydroxy) and athletes without the experience of using steroids. The blood samples from cubital vein for measurements of the liver enzymes and hematological factors were taken 48 hours after training following 12 hours of overnight fasting. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in SPSS 19 software.
Findings The level of ALT and AST enzymes in the first group were increased over the second (p=0.032) and third (p=0.001) groups significantly. The amount of red blood cells were significantly higher in second group then first and third groups and in first group than control group (p=0.01). The levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin in the first and second groups significantly were higher than third group (p=0.01). However, there were no significant differences in values of lymphocytes, Neutrophils, ALP, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC and PLT between the groups.
Conclusion AST and ALT enzymes merely increase by taking oral steroids (17α-alkyl); however, increase in erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin are expected by taking any form of medication.
Materials & Methods In this causal comparing study in 2014, 24 male bodybuilders of Mashhad City, Iran, were entered to the study by census method. The samples were divided into three groups (each 8 persons); consumers of oral steroids (17α-alkyl), consumers of injected steroids (17β-hydroxy) and athletes without the experience of using steroids. The blood samples from cubital vein for measurements of the liver enzymes and hematological factors were taken 48 hours after training following 12 hours of overnight fasting. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in SPSS 19 software.
Findings The level of ALT and AST enzymes in the first group were increased over the second (p=0.032) and third (p=0.001) groups significantly. The amount of red blood cells were significantly higher in second group then first and third groups and in first group than control group (p=0.01). The levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin in the first and second groups significantly were higher than third group (p=0.01). However, there were no significant differences in values of lymphocytes, Neutrophils, ALP, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC and PLT between the groups.
Conclusion AST and ALT enzymes merely increase by taking oral steroids (17α-alkyl); however, increase in erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin are expected by taking any form of medication.
CITATION LINKS
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[26]Coviello AD, Kaplan B, Lakshman KM, Chen T, Singh AB, Bhasin S. Effects of graded doses of testosterone on erythropoiesis in healthy young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(3):914-9.
[27]Parkinson AB, Evans NA. Anabolic androgenic steroids: A survey of 500 users. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(4):644-51.
[28]Golestani R, Slart RH, Dullaart RP, Glaudemans AW, Zeebregts CJ, Boersma HH, et al. Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: Pathophysiology imaging. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012;42(7):795-803.
[29]Young AJ, Sawka MN, Muza SR, Boushel R, Lyons T, Rock PB, et al. Effects of erythrocyte infusion on VO2max at high altitude. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81(1):252-9.
[30]Tsiara S, Chaidos A, Gouva M, Christou L, Panteli K, Kapsali E, et al. Successful treatment of refractory anemia with a combination regimen containing recombinant human erythropoietin, low-dose methylprednisolone and nandrolone. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2004;23(1):47-52.
[31]Schwingel PA, Cotrim HP, Salles BR, Almeida CE, dos Santos CR Jr, Nachef B, et al. Anabolic‐androgenic steroids: A possible new risk factor of toxicant‐associated fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2011;31(3):348-53.
[32]Nascimento JH, Medei E. Cardiac effects of anabolic steroids: Hypertrophy, ischemia and electrical remodelling as potential triggers of sudden death. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011;11(5):425-9.
[33]Harston GW, Batt F, Fan L, Okell TW, Sheerin F, Littlewood T, et al. Lacunar infarction associated with anabolic steroids and polycythemia: A case report. Case Rep Neurol. 2014;6(1):32-9.
[2]Street C, Antonio J, Cudlipp D. Androgen use by athletes: A reevaluation of the health risks. Can J Appl Physiol. 1996;21(6):421-40.
[3]Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med. 2004;34(8):513-54.
[4]Sobolevsky T, Rodchenkov G. Detection and mass spectrometric characterization of novel long-term dehydrochloromethyltestosterone metabolites in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2012;128(3-5):121-7.
[5]Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, Spiliopoulou C. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat. Toxicol Lett. 2005;158(3):167-75.
[6]Shahidi NT. A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin Ther. 2001;23(9):1355-90.
[7]Marocolo M, Maior AS, Katayama PL, da Mota GR, Neto OB, de Assis A, et al. Anabolic steroid treatment induces cardiac autonomic dysfunction in rats: Time-course of heart rate variability. Am J Biomed Eng. 2013;3(3):54-62.
[8]Hajimoradi B, Kazerani H. Echocardiographic findings in power athletes abusing anabolic androgenic steroids. Asian J Sports Med. 2013;4(1):10-4.
[9]Graham MR, Grace FM, Boobier W, Hullin D, Kicman A, Cowan D, et al. Homocysteine induced cardiovascular events: A consequence of long term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(7): 644-8.
[10]Peters MA, Phelps L. Body image dissatisfaction and distortion, steroid use, and sex differences in college age bodybuilders. Psychol Sch. 2001;38(3):283-9.
[11]Neri M, Bello S, Bonsignore A, Cantatore S, Riezzo I, Turillazzi E, et al. Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and liver toxicity. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011;11(5):430-7.
[12]Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Mamerow MM, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D. The anabolic response to resistance exercise and a protein-rich meal is not diminished by age. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15(5):376-81.
[13]Dorry K, Nedaeinia R, Hemayatkhah Jahromie V, Naderian M. The effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid drugs consumption on blood factors in Jahrom. Med Lab J. 2010;4(1):21-29. [Persian]
[14]Jalilian F, Allahverdipour H, Moeini B, Barati B, Moghimbeigi A, Hatamzadeh N. Relation of self-efficacy and perceived behavior control on gym users’ anabolic steroid use related behaviors. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci. 2012;19(1):45-52. [Persian]
[15]Frahm KA, Lumia AR, Fernandez E, Strong R, Roberts JL, McGinnis MY. Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids and social subjugation on behavior and neurochemistry in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011;97(3):416-22.
[16]Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: A guide for clinicians. Can Med Assoc J. 2005;172(3):367-79.
[17]Socas L, Zumbado M, Perez-Luzardo O, Ramos A, Perez C, Hernandez J, et al. Hepatocellular adenomas associated with anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in bodybuilders: A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(5):27-35.
[18]Arazi H, Hosseini R. The prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse, knowledge and attitue of their side effects, and attitude toward them among the bodybuilding athletes in Rasht. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2012;20(80):34-41. [Persian]
[19]Allahverdipour H, Jalilian F, Shaghaghi A. Vulnerability and the intention to anabolic steroids use among Iranian gym users: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47(3):309-17.
[20]Martin NM, Abu Dayyeh BK, Chung RT. Anabolic steroid abuse causing recurrent hepatic adenomas and hemorrhage. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(28):4573-5.
[21]Stimac D, Milic S, Dintinjana RD, Kovac D, Ristic S. Androgenic/Anabolic steroid-induced toxic hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35(4):350-2.
[22]Timcheh-Hariri A, Balali-Mood M, Aryan E, Sadeghi M, Riahi-Zanjani B. Toxic hepatitis in a group of 20 male body-builders taking dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(10):3826-32.
[23]Filipowicz R, Greene T, Wei G, Cheung AK, Raphael KL, Baird BC, et al. Associations of serum skeletal alkaline phosphatase with elevated C-reactive protein and mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(1):26-32.
[24]Chahla E, Hammami MB, Befeler AS. Hepatotoxicity associated with anabolic androgenic steroids present in over-the-counter supplements: A case series. Int J Appl. 2014;4(3):75-82.
[25]Welder AA, Robertson JW, Melchert RB. Toxic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids in primary rat hepatic cell cultures. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 1995;33(4):187-95.
[26]Coviello AD, Kaplan B, Lakshman KM, Chen T, Singh AB, Bhasin S. Effects of graded doses of testosterone on erythropoiesis in healthy young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(3):914-9.
[27]Parkinson AB, Evans NA. Anabolic androgenic steroids: A survey of 500 users. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(4):644-51.
[28]Golestani R, Slart RH, Dullaart RP, Glaudemans AW, Zeebregts CJ, Boersma HH, et al. Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: Pathophysiology imaging. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012;42(7):795-803.
[29]Young AJ, Sawka MN, Muza SR, Boushel R, Lyons T, Rock PB, et al. Effects of erythrocyte infusion on VO2max at high altitude. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81(1):252-9.
[30]Tsiara S, Chaidos A, Gouva M, Christou L, Panteli K, Kapsali E, et al. Successful treatment of refractory anemia with a combination regimen containing recombinant human erythropoietin, low-dose methylprednisolone and nandrolone. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2004;23(1):47-52.
[31]Schwingel PA, Cotrim HP, Salles BR, Almeida CE, dos Santos CR Jr, Nachef B, et al. Anabolic‐androgenic steroids: A possible new risk factor of toxicant‐associated fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2011;31(3):348-53.
[32]Nascimento JH, Medei E. Cardiac effects of anabolic steroids: Hypertrophy, ischemia and electrical remodelling as potential triggers of sudden death. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011;11(5):425-9.
[33]Harston GW, Batt F, Fan L, Okell TW, Sheerin F, Littlewood T, et al. Lacunar infarction associated with anabolic steroids and polycythemia: A case report. Case Rep Neurol. 2014;6(1):32-9.