@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(2):125-132
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(2):125-132
Rate and Associated Factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Elderly Survivors of Bombardment in Ilam City, Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Rostamizadeh A. (1)Abolfathi Momtaz Y. (*1)
Foroughan M. (1)
(1) Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Koodakyar Street, Daneshjoo Boulevard, Velenjak Square, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1985713834.Phone: +98 (21) 71732256
Fax: +98 (21) 22180154
yabolfathi@gmail.com
Article History
Received: January 26, 2020Accepted: May 18, 2020
ePublished: June 17, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims
The psychological effects of war, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may persist for years after the war. The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder and its related factors in the elderly survivors of the bombing in Ilam.
Instrument & Methods The present study was performed by retrospective cohort method on 227 elderly survivors of the imposed war living in Ilam City, Iran, in 2019 who were selected by multi-stage proportional random sampling. The NSESSS-PTSD instrument was used to measure post-traumatic stress disorder. Used descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA, and Correlation) for data analysis by SPSS 23 software.
Findings The mean age of the elderly participating in the study was 66.67±7.16 years. 54.2% of participants were female. There was a significant relationship between marital status, employment, witnessing injuries and deaths, age at wartime and gender, and post-traumatic stress disorder. There was a significant relationship between current chronic patients and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Conclusion 16.3% of the elderly survivors of the bombing of the Iran-Iraq war in Ilam have post-traumatic stress disorder.
Instrument & Methods The present study was performed by retrospective cohort method on 227 elderly survivors of the imposed war living in Ilam City, Iran, in 2019 who were selected by multi-stage proportional random sampling. The NSESSS-PTSD instrument was used to measure post-traumatic stress disorder. Used descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA, and Correlation) for data analysis by SPSS 23 software.
Findings The mean age of the elderly participating in the study was 66.67±7.16 years. 54.2% of participants were female. There was a significant relationship between marital status, employment, witnessing injuries and deaths, age at wartime and gender, and post-traumatic stress disorder. There was a significant relationship between current chronic patients and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Conclusion 16.3% of the elderly survivors of the bombing of the Iran-Iraq war in Ilam have post-traumatic stress disorder.
CITATION LINKS
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[28]Shin SM, Kim HJ, Liw L, Kim S. Depression and PTSD in Pashtun women in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Asian Nurs Res. 2009;3(2):90-8.
[29]Khodabakhshi-Koolaee A, Froozani AF. A comparison between loneliness and death anxiety among active and inactive elderly male living in nursing homes in Yazd. Nurs J Vulnerable. 2018;5(16):1-15. [Persian]
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[31]Kessler RC, Rose S, Koenen KC, Karam EG, Stang PE, Stein DJ, et al. How well can post‐traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre‐trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(3):265-74.
[32]Halligan R, Whitburn SC. Mental pathology based on clinical perspectives on mental disorders DSM-IV-TR. Seyed Mohammadi Y, translator. Tehran: Ravan Publisher; 2005. [Persian]
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[34]Psychiatry. 2010;56(3):288-97.
[35]Narimani M, Zahed A, Basharpoor S. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in hospital emergency nurses and fire department workers in Uremia city. J Res Behav Sci. 2010;8(1):69-74. [Persian]
[36]Miri MR, Salehiniya H, Tiyuri A, Bahlgerdi M, Taghizadeh AA. Prevalence of mental disorders and its related factors among elderly of Birjand, 2014. J Geriatr Nurs. 2016;2(2):94-103. [Persian]
[37]Cook JM, Riggs DS, Thompson R, Coyne JC, Sheikh JI. Posttraumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among world war II ex-prisoners of war. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18(1):36-45.
[38]Vaccarino V, Goldberg J, Rooks C, Shah AJ, Veledar E, Faber TL, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and incidence of coronary heart disease: A twin study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(11):970-8.
[39]Saeidi P. Effectiveness of biofeedback-relaxation on depression, anxiety and blood glucose in type i diabetic patients. J Clin Psychol. 2016;8(4):7.
[40]Solter V, Thaller V, Karlovic D, Crnkovic D. Elevated serum lipids in veterans with combat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Croat Med J. 2002;43(6):685-9.
[41]Maia DB, Marmar CR, Mendlowicz MV, Metzler T, Nóbrega A, Peres MC, et al. Abnormal serum lipid profile in Brazilian police officers with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008;107(1-3):259-63.
[42]Sadgi M, Roafza HR, Yazdga S, Khani A, Aadgan NS. Is stress levels linked to impaired blood lipids? Esfahan healthy heart program. Behav Sci Res. 2012;9(5):382-8. [Persian]
[43]Fakhari A, Ebrahimzadeh M, Shiva S, Fekrat S, Mohammadpoorasl A. Effect of mental stress on serum triglyceride level. Res J Biol Sci. 2007;2(4):476-8.
[44]Buscemi V, Chang W-J, Liston MB, McAuley JH, Schabrun S. The role of psychosocial stress in the development of chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):224.
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[47]Fagelson MA. The association between tinnitus and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Audiol. 2007;16(2):107-17.
[48]Firozeh M, Khaledian Z. Identifying Physical health status and its association with depression among retired staffs of Bojnourd education department. J Geriatr Nurs. 2015;1(3):104-13. [Persian]
[49]Kashdan TB, Morina N, Priebe S. Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo War: Experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(2):185-96.
[50]Khodadadi N, Ghanbari Khanghah A, Mousavi SM, Khaleghdoos T, Moosavi MJ. Related factors to onset of post-traumatic stress disorder after road accidents. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2014;24(2):9-17. [Persian]
[2]Ebadi M, Azrami S, Shafighi S. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). J Army Nurs Fac Iran. 2012;12(2):68-77. [Persian]
[3]Rahnejat AM, Dabbaghi P, Rabiei M, Taghva A, Valipur H, Donyavi V, et al. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder caused by war in veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(1):15-23. [Persian]
[4]Kamalmanesh A, Maredpour A. Evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder among war survivors. Health Res J. 2017;2(2):87-98. [Persian]
[5]Javidi H, Yadollahie M. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2012;3:2-9.
[6]Averill PM, Beck JG. Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A conceptual review. J Anxiety Disord. 2000;14(2):133-56.
[7]Abbasi Z, Mahaki B, Saberi HR. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among firefighters of Isfahan. Occup Med Q J. 2016;8(2):24-36. [Persian]
[8]HojjatiH. Life experiences of wives of traumatized trauma victims: A phenomenological study of hermeneutics [Dissertaition]. Ahvaz: Ahvaz Jundishapur Medical and Health Services, Nursing Midwifery; 2015. [Persian]
[9]Khodaie Ardakani M, Khanjani M, Mirabzadeh A, Bahmani B, Abtahi E, Sadighi G, et al. Effect of exposure to the traumatic event location in war veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(2):10-7. [Persian]
[10]Raghibi M, Shirabadi A, Moallemi S, Narimani M. Demographic characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder in prison inmates of Zahedan, Iran. J Mil Car Sci. 2016;3(1):10-7. [Persian]
[11]Khodaei Ardakani MR, Khanjani MS, Mirab Zadeh A, Bahmani B, Abtahi E, Sedighi G, et al. Investigating the impact of exposure to a traumatic event place on reducing PTSD symptoms caused by war. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;22(4):10-7. [Persian]
[12]Ahmadi K, Habibi M, Shahi R, Moradi A, Habibi M, Khoshkam S, et al. Research findings, limitations, and orientations in the field of veterans’ mental health. J Mil Med. 2013;14(4):251-60. [Persian]
[13]Koenen KC, Stellman SD, Sommer Jr JF, Stellman JM. Persisting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship to functioning in Vietnam veterans: A 14year followup. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(1):49-57.
[14]Rona RJ, Jones M, Iversen A, Hull L, Greenberg N, Fear NT, et al. The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on impairment in the UK military at the time of the Iraq war. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(6):649-55.
[15]Trepasso-Grullon E. Differences among ethnic groups in trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Grad Stud J Psychol. 2012;14:102-12.
[16]Xue C, Ge Y, Tang B, Liu Y, Kang P, Wang M, et al. A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0120270.
[17]Najafy M, Mohammadyfar MA, Dabiri S, Erfani N, Kamary AA. The comparison of the quality of life of the war veterans families with/without post traumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(3):27-35. [Persian]
[18]Glaesmer H, Gunzelmann T, Braehler E, Forstmeier S, Maercker A. Traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder among elderly Germans: Results of a representative population-based survey. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(4):661-70.
[19]Barati M, Fathi Y, Soltanian A, Moeini B. Mental health condition and health promoting behaviors among elders in Hamadan. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care. 2012;20(3):12-22. [Persian]
[20]Azizi M, Gavanmard GH. Stress management, history and theories. National Conference on New World Achievements in Education, Psychology, Law and Socio-Cultural Studies, Zaraghan Branch of Islamic Azad University, 2018. Tehran: Civilica; 2018. [Persian]
[21]Shiri Mohammadabadi A, Yazdkhasti F, Dadgari A. Determining the major stressful events in elderly people and their relation with depession and cognitive decline. TOLOOE BEHDASHT. 2015;13(6):139-51. [Persian]
[22]Sahraei M. History of Defa-e-Moqadas in Ilam Province, 1980-1988. Tehran: Fatahan; 2011. [Persian]
[23]LeBeau R, Mischel E, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Friedman M, Craske M. Dimensional assessment of post traumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1-2):143-7.
[24]Rafiey H, Alipour F, LeBeau R, Salimi Y, Sayad M. Evaluating the Persian translation of the national stressful events survey PTSD short scale in a sample of Iranian Earthquake Survivors. J Loss Trauma. 2017;22(8):660-8.
[25]Evren C, Dalbudak E, Aydemir O, Koroglu E, Evren B, Ozen S, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish PTSD-Short Scale in a sample of undergraduate students. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;26(3):294-302.
[26]Van Zelst WH, de Beurs E, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, van Dyck R. Prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults. Psychother Psychosom. 2003;72(6):333-42.
[27]Knaevelsrud C, Böttche M, Pietrzak RH, Freyberger HJ, Renneberg B, Kuwert P. Integrative testimonial therapy: An Internet-based, therapist-assisted therapy for German elderly survivors of the world war II with posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202(9):651-8.
[28]Shin SM, Kim HJ, Liw L, Kim S. Depression and PTSD in Pashtun women in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Asian Nurs Res. 2009;3(2):90-8.
[29]Khodabakhshi-Koolaee A, Froozani AF. A comparison between loneliness and death anxiety among active and inactive elderly male living in nursing homes in Yazd. Nurs J Vulnerable. 2018;5(16):1-15. [Persian]
[30]Ahmadi K, Reshadatjoo M, Karami GR. Evaluation of PTSD in Sardasht survivors of chemical warfare. Urmia Med J. 2010;21(1):1-9. [Persian]
[31]Kessler RC, Rose S, Koenen KC, Karam EG, Stang PE, Stein DJ, et al. How well can post‐traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre‐trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(3):265-74.
[32]Halligan R, Whitburn SC. Mental pathology based on clinical perspectives on mental disorders DSM-IV-TR. Seyed Mohammadi Y, translator. Tehran: Ravan Publisher; 2005. [Persian]
[33]Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadok psychiatric summary: Based on DSM-5. New York City: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2019.
[34]Psychiatry. 2010;56(3):288-97.
[35]Narimani M, Zahed A, Basharpoor S. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in hospital emergency nurses and fire department workers in Uremia city. J Res Behav Sci. 2010;8(1):69-74. [Persian]
[36]Miri MR, Salehiniya H, Tiyuri A, Bahlgerdi M, Taghizadeh AA. Prevalence of mental disorders and its related factors among elderly of Birjand, 2014. J Geriatr Nurs. 2016;2(2):94-103. [Persian]
[37]Cook JM, Riggs DS, Thompson R, Coyne JC, Sheikh JI. Posttraumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among world war II ex-prisoners of war. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18(1):36-45.
[38]Vaccarino V, Goldberg J, Rooks C, Shah AJ, Veledar E, Faber TL, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and incidence of coronary heart disease: A twin study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(11):970-8.
[39]Saeidi P. Effectiveness of biofeedback-relaxation on depression, anxiety and blood glucose in type i diabetic patients. J Clin Psychol. 2016;8(4):7.
[40]Solter V, Thaller V, Karlovic D, Crnkovic D. Elevated serum lipids in veterans with combat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Croat Med J. 2002;43(6):685-9.
[41]Maia DB, Marmar CR, Mendlowicz MV, Metzler T, Nóbrega A, Peres MC, et al. Abnormal serum lipid profile in Brazilian police officers with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008;107(1-3):259-63.
[42]Sadgi M, Roafza HR, Yazdga S, Khani A, Aadgan NS. Is stress levels linked to impaired blood lipids? Esfahan healthy heart program. Behav Sci Res. 2012;9(5):382-8. [Persian]
[43]Fakhari A, Ebrahimzadeh M, Shiva S, Fekrat S, Mohammadpoorasl A. Effect of mental stress on serum triglyceride level. Res J Biol Sci. 2007;2(4):476-8.
[44]Buscemi V, Chang W-J, Liston MB, McAuley JH, Schabrun S. The role of psychosocial stress in the development of chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):224.
[45]Samani S, Ghaljahi M. Relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and occupational stress among carpet weavers in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, in 2017. J Health Res Commun. 2018;4(2):23-32. [Persian]
[46]Molla Agha Babaei AH, Yazdi M, Karimi Zeverdegani S, Barakat S. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its relationship with occupational stress among workers at a steel industry. Iran Occup Health. 2016;13(3):63-72. [Persian]
[47]Fagelson MA. The association between tinnitus and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Audiol. 2007;16(2):107-17.
[48]Firozeh M, Khaledian Z. Identifying Physical health status and its association with depression among retired staffs of Bojnourd education department. J Geriatr Nurs. 2015;1(3):104-13. [Persian]
[49]Kashdan TB, Morina N, Priebe S. Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo War: Experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(2):185-96.
[50]Khodadadi N, Ghanbari Khanghah A, Mousavi SM, Khaleghdoos T, Moosavi MJ. Related factors to onset of post-traumatic stress disorder after road accidents. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2014;24(2):9-17. [Persian]