@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(1):9-14
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(1):9-14
Relationship among Mental Toughness, Stress Coping Styles and Optimism in Veteran and Disabled Volleyball Players
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Salman Z. (*)Pooraghaei Ardekani Z. (1)
Hossein Fahimi T. (1)
(*) Motion Behavior Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Motion Behavior Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, In Front of the Olympic Hotel, Hakim Highway West, Tehran. Postal Code: 1485743411Phone: +98 (21) 44118630
Fax: +98 (21) 44118629
z_salman2005@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: May 17, 2016Accepted: November 19, 2016
ePublished: March 10, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Many and different tensions that the veteran and disabled athletes always experience during their lives take part in their mental activities. Therefore, one of the most effective methods in the prevention of their mental disorders is to find out the psychological factors that resolve the veteran athletes’ behavioral disorders and problems. The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between mental toughness, the stress coping styles, and optimism in the veteran and disabled athletes of the Iranian Sitting Volleyball Super-League.
Instrument & Methods In the correlational descriptive study, 70 male veteran and disable volleyball athletes of the Iranian Sitting Volleyball Super-League were studied in 2014. The subjects were purposefully selected. Data was collected by athlete mental toughness, stress coping styles, and the life-orientation revised test questionnaires. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using correlational Spearman correlation and simple linear regression tests.
Findings The mental toughness significantly correlated with the stress coping styles and the problem-focused, intuitional, and avoidance styles. More than 8% of the changes in the stress coping styles was explained by the mental toughness. The optimism significantly correlated by the mental toughness and the confidence and control components. In addition, more than 18% of the mental roughness changes was explained by the optimism. However, the optimism significantly correlated with the intuitional stress coping style only.
Conclusion The tougher veteran and disabled volleyball athletes cope with stress through better styles. In addition, it is possible to improve mental toughness through the optimism skills trainings.
Instrument & Methods In the correlational descriptive study, 70 male veteran and disable volleyball athletes of the Iranian Sitting Volleyball Super-League were studied in 2014. The subjects were purposefully selected. Data was collected by athlete mental toughness, stress coping styles, and the life-orientation revised test questionnaires. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using correlational Spearman correlation and simple linear regression tests.
Findings The mental toughness significantly correlated with the stress coping styles and the problem-focused, intuitional, and avoidance styles. More than 8% of the changes in the stress coping styles was explained by the mental toughness. The optimism significantly correlated by the mental toughness and the confidence and control components. In addition, more than 18% of the mental roughness changes was explained by the optimism. However, the optimism significantly correlated with the intuitional stress coping style only.
Conclusion The tougher veteran and disabled volleyball athletes cope with stress through better styles. In addition, it is possible to improve mental toughness through the optimism skills trainings.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Sheard M, Golby J, van Wersch A. Progress toward construct validation of the sports mental toughness questionnaire (SMTQ). Eur J Psychol Assess. 2009;25(3):186-93.
[3]Jones G. What is this thing called mental toughness? an investigation of elite sport performers. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002;14(3):205-18.
[4]Kaiseler M, Polman R, Nicholls A. Mental toughness, stress, stress appraisal, coping, and coping effectiveness in sport. Personal Individ Differ. 2009;47(7):728-33.
[5]Clough P, Earle K, Sewell D. Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In: Cockerill I, editor. Solutions in sport psychology. London: Thomson Publishing; 2002. pp. 32-45.
[6]Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR, Backhouse SH. Mental toughness, optimism, and coping among athletes. Person Individ Differ. 2008;44(5):1182-92.
[7]Besharat M. Psychometric properties of the sport stress coping styles scale. Olympics. 2007;15(3):95-105. [Persian]
[8]Hystad SW. Exploring gender equivalence and bias in a measure of psychological hardiness. Int J Psychol Stud. 2012;4(4):69-79.
[9]Nasir M. The relationship between coping strategies and resilience and optimism in the city of Dezful secondary school students. J Soc Psychol. 2010;5(16):55-68. [Persian]
[10]Gould D, Dieffenbach K, Moffett A. Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002;14(3):172-204.
[11]Nes LS, Segerstrom SC. Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytical review. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2006;10(3):235-51.
[12]Gilak M, Mohammadi A, Bagheri B. The relationship of resiliency and self-concept with self-efficacy of handicapped females: the mediating role of creativity. Dev Pschol. 2013;9(35):307-15. [Persian]
[13]Aslankhan MA, Abdoli B, Zamani Sani SH, Fathi Rezaie Z. Emotional intelligence in athletes disabilities. J Iran Psychol. 2009;6(21):15-24. [Persian]
[14]Penna P. G, Burden S. A, Richard G. E. Are elite athletes with disabilities mentally tougher than able-bodied competitors?. Proceedings of the 3rd International Biennial SELF Research Conference. Sydney: University of Western Sydney; 2004.
[15]Kashani V. Comparing men and women athletes mentally tough individual contact and non-contact disciplines at different levels of skill [Dissertation]. Tehran: University of Tehran; 2010. [Persian]
[16]Yoo J. Factorial validity of the coping scale for Korean athletes. Int J Sport Psychol. 2000;31(3):391-404.
[17]Tasaddoghi Z. The styles of coping with stress in team and individual athletes based on gender and championship level. Ann Appl Sport Sci. 2013;1(1):23-7.
[18]Scheier MF, Carver CS. Optimism coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychol. 1985;4(3):219-47.
[19]Scheier MF, Carver CS. On the power of positive thinking: The benefits of being optimistic. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1993;2(1):26-30.
[20]Taati F, Shekari O, shahidi SH. Optimism mediating role in the relationship between educational experience and respond to these stressful experiences. Contemp Psychol. 2013;8(1):73-90. [Persian]
[21]Mousavi Nasab SM, Taghavi SM. Optimism-pessimism and coping strategies: prediction of psychological adjustment in adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2007;12(4):380-9. [Persian]
[22]Davari R. The relationship between creativity and emotional intelligence to cope with stress styles. Andishe va Raftar. 2007;2(6):49-62. [Persian]
[23]Khodayari Fard M, Ghobari Bonab B, Shokouhi Yekta M. The domain of psychological researches on religion. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2001;6(4):45-53. [Persian]
[24]Madrigal L, Hamill S, Gill DL. Mind over matter: The development of the mental toughness scale (MTS). Sport Psychol. 2013;27(1):62-77.
[25]Newland A, Newton M, Finch L, Harbke CR, Podlog L. Moderating variables in the relationship between mental toughness and performance in basketball. J Sport Health Sci. 2013;2(3):184-92.
[26]Levy A, Nicholls A, Polman R. Cognitive appraisals in sport: The direct and moderating role of mental toughness. Int J Appl Psychol. 2012;2(4):71-6.
[27]Campbell E, Jones G. Sources of stress experienced by elite male wheelchair basketball players. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2002;19(1):82-99.
[28]Zomorrodi S. The relationship between optimism and the secretion of cortisol in male and female students at Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University; 2007. [Persian]
[29]Goudarzi MA, Moeini Roudbali Z. The relationship between coping style and mental health among high school students. Daneshvar Raftar. 2006;3(9):23-32. [Persian]
[30]Radi H, Mashayekhi S, Noori N. An inquiry into the relationship of islamic optimism with the depression and ways of coping with the stress among university students. Ravanshenasi va Din. 2012;6(1):31-64. [Persian]