@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(4):191-197
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(4):191-197
Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence, Perceived Stress and Perceived Social Support with Subjective Well-Being in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); A Case Study of Ardabil Province
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Narimani M. (1)Einy S. (*)
Tagavy R. (2)
(*) Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
(2) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Psychology and Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah Street, Ardabil, IranPhone: +98 (45) 33262678
Fax: +98 (45) 33511508
sanaz.einy@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: June 7, 2017Accepted: August 20, 2017
ePublished: November 6, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Subjective well-being is a key constructs of mental health and it is very important to identify the factors that influence it. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to predict the subjective well-being of post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans based on spiritual intelligence, perceived stress and perceived social support.
Instrument & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study, 120 veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), hospitalized in Isar psychiatric hospital of Ardabil, were studied in 2017. The convenience sampling method was employed to select the veterans. The instruments, including posttraumatic stress disorder checklist military version (PCL-M), subjective well-being scale, spiritual intelligence scale of king, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) and perceived stress scale were used to collect the required information. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis.
Findings The subjective well-being in the veterans with PTSD showed positive correlations with spiritual intelligence (r=0.91; p<0.01) and perceived social support (r=0.82; p<0.01), while it was negatively correlated with perceived stress (r=-0.63; p<0.051). In total, 76% variance of subjective well-being scores in the veterans with PTSD were predicted by spiritual intelligence, perceived social support and perceived stress (p<0.01). Aaccording to the beta coefficients, spiritual intelligence was the strongest variable to predict the subjective well-being in the veterans with PTSD.
Conclusion High levels of spiritual intelligence and perceived social support, as well as low level of perceived stress, improve the subjective well-being in the veterans with PTSD.
Instrument & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study, 120 veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), hospitalized in Isar psychiatric hospital of Ardabil, were studied in 2017. The convenience sampling method was employed to select the veterans. The instruments, including posttraumatic stress disorder checklist military version (PCL-M), subjective well-being scale, spiritual intelligence scale of king, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) and perceived stress scale were used to collect the required information. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis.
Findings The subjective well-being in the veterans with PTSD showed positive correlations with spiritual intelligence (r=0.91; p<0.01) and perceived social support (r=0.82; p<0.01), while it was negatively correlated with perceived stress (r=-0.63; p<0.051). In total, 76% variance of subjective well-being scores in the veterans with PTSD were predicted by spiritual intelligence, perceived social support and perceived stress (p<0.01). Aaccording to the beta coefficients, spiritual intelligence was the strongest variable to predict the subjective well-being in the veterans with PTSD.
Conclusion High levels of spiritual intelligence and perceived social support, as well as low level of perceived stress, improve the subjective well-being in the veterans with PTSD.
Keywords:
Spiritual Intelligence ,
Perceived Stress ,
Perceived Social,
Subjective Well-Being ,
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,
Veterans,
CITATION LINKS
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[25]Ratcliff CG, Barrera TL, Petersen NJ, Sansgiry SH, Kauth MR, Kunik ME, et al. Recognition of anxiety, depression and PTSD in patients with COPD and CHF: Who gets missed?. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017;47:61-7.
[26]Fliege H, Rose M, Arck P, Walter OB, Kocalevent RD, Weber C, et al. The perceived stress questionnaire (PQS) reconsidered: Validation and reference value from different clinical and healthy adult samples. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(1):78-88.
[27]Tehrani H, Rakhshani T, Shojaee Zadeh D, Hosseini SM, Bagheriyan S. Analyzing the relationship between job stress to mental health, personality type and stressful life events of the nurses occupied in tehran 115 emergency. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(3):272-3.
[28]- Conner KM, Vaishnavi S, Davidson JR, Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH. Perceived stress in anxiety disorders and the general population: A study of the Sheehan stress vulnerability scale. Psychiat Res. 2007;151(3):249-54.
[29]Azizi A, Mohammadkhani P, Abbasi P. Association of thought control strategies and beliefs about worry with stress symptoms among war veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(2):35-46. [Persian]
[30]Delavar A. Theoretical and practical research in the humanities and social sciences. Teharn: Roshd Press; 2011. [Persian]
[31]Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane T. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. 9th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Hisser Studies. San Antonio. 1993.
[32]Goodarzi MA. Reliability and validity of post traum atic stress disorder Mississippi scale. J Psychol 2003;7(2):135-78. [Persian]
[33]Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71-5.
[34]Shokri O, Kadivar P, Daneshvar Pour Z. Gender differences in subjective well-being: Role of personality traits . Iran J Psychiat Clin Psychol. 2007;13(3):280-9. [Persian]
[35]King DB. Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model and measure [Dissertation]. Canada: Trent University; 2008.
[36]Sharif Nia H, Haghdoost AA, Ebadi A, Soleimani MA, Yaghoobzadeh A, Abbaszadeh A, et al. Psychometric Properties of the King Spiritual Intelligence questionnaire (KSIQ) in Physical Veterans of Iran-Iraq Warfare. J Mil Med. 2015;3(17):145-53. [Persian]
[37]Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41.
[38]Salimi A, Jowkar B, Nikpoor R. Internet connections in life: The role of perceived social support and loneliness in internet use. J psychol stud. 2009;5(3):81-102. [Persian]
[39]Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstin R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-96.
[40]Behroozy N, Shahani Yeylaq M, Pourseyed SM. Relationship between perfectionism, perceived stress and social support with academic burnout. J Manage Syst. 2013;5(20):83-102. [Persian]
[41]Hoseindokht A, Fathi Ashtiani A, Taghizadeh ME. The relationship of spiritual intelligence and spiritual well-being with life quality and marital satisfaction. J Psychol Relig.2013;6(2):57-74. [Persian]
[42]King LA, Hicks JA, Krull JL, Del Gaiso AK. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. J Perso Soc Psychol. 2006;90(1):179-96.
[43]Carmody J, Reed G, Kristellerc J, Merriam P. Mindfulness, spirituality and health-related symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(4):393-403.
[44]Steger MF, Kawabata Y, Shimai S, Keiko O. The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. J Res Perso. 2008;42(3):660-78.
[45]Borjali M, Bagiyan MS, Bakhti M, Abbasi M. The encouragement training based on adlerian approach and the social and emotional well-being of boarding school students. Q J Fam Res. 2014;10(4):83-100. [Persian]
[46]Besser A, Neria Y. The effects of insecure attachment orientations and perceived social support on posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among civilians exposed to the 2009 Israel–Gaza war: A follow-up Cross-Lagged panel design study. J Res Perso. 2010;44(3):335-41.
[47]Freedman SA, Gilad M, Ankri Y, Roziner I, Shalev AY. Social relationship satisfaction and PTSD: Which is the chicken and which is the egg?. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2015;6. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28864.
[48]Friedlander LJ, Reid GJ, Shupak N, Cribbie RA. Social support, self-esteem, and stress as predictors of adjustment to University among first –year under graduates. J Coll Student Dev. 2007;48(3):259-74.
[49]Landman Peeters KM, Hartman CA, Van Der Pompe G, Den Boer JA, Minderaa RB, Ormel J. Gender differences in the relation between social support, problems in parent-offspring communication and depression and anxiety. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(11):2549-59.
[50]Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Sinha R. Childhood maltreatment, perceived stress and stress-related coping in recently abstinent cocaine dependent adults. Psychol Addict Behav. 2007;21(2):233-8.
[2]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5. 5th edition. Rezaei F, Fakhraee A, Charismatic A, lotus A, Hashemi Azar J, Shamloo F, translators. United States: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
[3]Karami GR, Amiri M, Ameli J, Kachooei H, Ghoddoosi K, Saadat AR, et al. Psychological hcalth status of mustard gas cxposcd vctcrans. J Mil Med. 2006;8(1):1-7. [Persian]
[4]Tennant C. Life events, stress and depression: a review of recent findings. Aust N Z J Psychiat. 2002;36(2):173-82.
[5]Diener E. Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. J Happiness Stud. 2006;7(4):397-404.
[6]Hejazi E, Sadeghi N, Shirzadifard M. The relationship between basic beliefs and perception of parental relationships and students subjective well-being. J School Psychol. 2014;2(4):43-61. [Persian]
[7]Mirzaei Teshnizi P, Pourshahriari M, Sheibani O. Comparison of the effectiveness of subjective well being program and fordyce cognitive behavior method in reduction of depression in high School Students of Isfahan city. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2009;17(4):291-302. [Persian]
[8]Roohi G, Asayesh H, Abbasi A, Ghorbani M. Some Influential factors on life satisfaction in Gorgan Veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(3):13-8. [Persian]
[9]Mercer GT, Molinari V, Wright K, Pinnell C, Amin K, Sadek R. A proposed model of Alzheimer's dementia and PTSD: Pathophysiological processes in coping with traumatic negative affect. Alzheimer's Dement. 2010;6(4):494.
[10]Hashemian S A, Khademi M J. The Survey of Veterans’ Mental Health based on spiritual well-being and life satisfaction. J Mil Med. 2015;16(4):205-9. [Persian]
[11]Emmons RA. Spirituality and intelligence: Problems and prospects. Int J Psychol Relig. 2000;10(1):57-64.
[12]Davidson S. Cultivating spiritual intelligence to heal diseases of meaning. Contemp Nurse. 2002;12(2):103-5.
[13]Calhoun LG, Cann A, Tedeschi RG, McMillan J. A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion and cognitive processing. J Trauma Stress. 2000;13(3):521-7.
[14]Mascaro N, Rosen DH. Existential meaning's role in the enhancement of hope and prevention of depressive symptoms. J pers. 2005;73(4):985-1014.
[15]Sharma V, Marin DB, Koenig HK, Feder A, Lacoviello BM, Southwick SM, et al. Religion, spirituality, and mental health of U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. J Affect Disord. 2017;217:197-204.
[16]Moslem H, Asayesh H, Ghorbani M, Shariaati A, Nasiri H. The relationship of perceived social support, mental health and life satisfaction in martyrs and veterans students of state university in Gorgan. J Res Dev Nurs Midwifery. 2011;8(1):34-41. [Persian]
[17]Gülaçtı F. The effect of perceived social support on subjective well-being. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2010;2(2):3844-9.
[18]Taylor SE, Sherman D, Kim HS, Jarcho J, Takagi K, Dunagan MS. Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why? J of Pers and Soc Psychol. 2004;87(3):354-62.
[19]Allen JP, Moore C, Kuperminc G, Bell K. Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Dev. 1998;69(5);1406-19.
[20]Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: towards a new psychology of trauma.1st edition. New York: Free Press;1992. pp.69-76.
[21]Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analyses. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(1):52-73.
[22]Laffaye C, Cavella S, Drescher K, Rosen C. Relationships among PTSD symptoms, social support, and support source in veterans with chronic PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2008; 21(14):394-401.
[23]Maheux A, Price M. The indirect effect of social support on post-trauma psychopathology via self compassion. Pers Individ Differ. 2016;88:102-7.
[24]Winter L, Moriarty HJ, Short TH. Self-Reported Driving Difficulty in Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury: Its Central Role in Psychological Well-Being. J Inj Funct Rehabilit. 2017;9(9):901-9.
[25]Ratcliff CG, Barrera TL, Petersen NJ, Sansgiry SH, Kauth MR, Kunik ME, et al. Recognition of anxiety, depression and PTSD in patients with COPD and CHF: Who gets missed?. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017;47:61-7.
[26]Fliege H, Rose M, Arck P, Walter OB, Kocalevent RD, Weber C, et al. The perceived stress questionnaire (PQS) reconsidered: Validation and reference value from different clinical and healthy adult samples. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(1):78-88.
[27]Tehrani H, Rakhshani T, Shojaee Zadeh D, Hosseini SM, Bagheriyan S. Analyzing the relationship between job stress to mental health, personality type and stressful life events of the nurses occupied in tehran 115 emergency. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(3):272-3.
[28]- Conner KM, Vaishnavi S, Davidson JR, Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH. Perceived stress in anxiety disorders and the general population: A study of the Sheehan stress vulnerability scale. Psychiat Res. 2007;151(3):249-54.
[29]Azizi A, Mohammadkhani P, Abbasi P. Association of thought control strategies and beliefs about worry with stress symptoms among war veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(2):35-46. [Persian]
[30]Delavar A. Theoretical and practical research in the humanities and social sciences. Teharn: Roshd Press; 2011. [Persian]
[31]Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane T. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. 9th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Hisser Studies. San Antonio. 1993.
[32]Goodarzi MA. Reliability and validity of post traum atic stress disorder Mississippi scale. J Psychol 2003;7(2):135-78. [Persian]
[33]Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71-5.
[34]Shokri O, Kadivar P, Daneshvar Pour Z. Gender differences in subjective well-being: Role of personality traits . Iran J Psychiat Clin Psychol. 2007;13(3):280-9. [Persian]
[35]King DB. Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model and measure [Dissertation]. Canada: Trent University; 2008.
[36]Sharif Nia H, Haghdoost AA, Ebadi A, Soleimani MA, Yaghoobzadeh A, Abbaszadeh A, et al. Psychometric Properties of the King Spiritual Intelligence questionnaire (KSIQ) in Physical Veterans of Iran-Iraq Warfare. J Mil Med. 2015;3(17):145-53. [Persian]
[37]Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41.
[38]Salimi A, Jowkar B, Nikpoor R. Internet connections in life: The role of perceived social support and loneliness in internet use. J psychol stud. 2009;5(3):81-102. [Persian]
[39]Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstin R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-96.
[40]Behroozy N, Shahani Yeylaq M, Pourseyed SM. Relationship between perfectionism, perceived stress and social support with academic burnout. J Manage Syst. 2013;5(20):83-102. [Persian]
[41]Hoseindokht A, Fathi Ashtiani A, Taghizadeh ME. The relationship of spiritual intelligence and spiritual well-being with life quality and marital satisfaction. J Psychol Relig.2013;6(2):57-74. [Persian]
[42]King LA, Hicks JA, Krull JL, Del Gaiso AK. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. J Perso Soc Psychol. 2006;90(1):179-96.
[43]Carmody J, Reed G, Kristellerc J, Merriam P. Mindfulness, spirituality and health-related symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(4):393-403.
[44]Steger MF, Kawabata Y, Shimai S, Keiko O. The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. J Res Perso. 2008;42(3):660-78.
[45]Borjali M, Bagiyan MS, Bakhti M, Abbasi M. The encouragement training based on adlerian approach and the social and emotional well-being of boarding school students. Q J Fam Res. 2014;10(4):83-100. [Persian]
[46]Besser A, Neria Y. The effects of insecure attachment orientations and perceived social support on posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among civilians exposed to the 2009 Israel–Gaza war: A follow-up Cross-Lagged panel design study. J Res Perso. 2010;44(3):335-41.
[47]Freedman SA, Gilad M, Ankri Y, Roziner I, Shalev AY. Social relationship satisfaction and PTSD: Which is the chicken and which is the egg?. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2015;6. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28864.
[48]Friedlander LJ, Reid GJ, Shupak N, Cribbie RA. Social support, self-esteem, and stress as predictors of adjustment to University among first –year under graduates. J Coll Student Dev. 2007;48(3):259-74.
[49]Landman Peeters KM, Hartman CA, Van Der Pompe G, Den Boer JA, Minderaa RB, Ormel J. Gender differences in the relation between social support, problems in parent-offspring communication and depression and anxiety. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(11):2549-59.
[50]Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Sinha R. Childhood maltreatment, perceived stress and stress-related coping in recently abstinent cocaine dependent adults. Psychol Addict Behav. 2007;21(2):233-8.