@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(3):229-235
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(3):229-235
Comparison the Protective Effects of L-Carnitine and Acetyl L-Carnitine on Blood Glucose and Lipid Peroxidation Level in Diabetic Rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Hajinezhad M.R. (*)Hajian Sh. (1)
Saghayei S. (1)
Samzadeh-Kermani A.R. (2)
Nabavi R. (3)
(*) Basic Science Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
(1) Basic Science Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
(2) Chemistry Department, Basic Science Faculty, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
(3) Pathobiology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Basic Science Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of Zabol, Bonjar Ave, Zabol, Iran. Postal Code: 98613-35856Phone: +985422323567
Fax: +985422323567
hajinezhad@uoz.ac.ir
Article History
Received: October 24, 2015Accepted: May 10, 2016
ePublished: June 30, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
New medications with less side-effect are increasingly noticed now a day. L-Carnitine and Acetyl L-Carnitine reduce the secondary side-effects of Type I diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of the materials on the blood glucose and the lipid per-oxidation of the liver and brain tissues in the diabetic rats.
Materials & Methods In the experimental study, 50 male Wistar rats were studied. The rats were randomly divided into five groups including control (the healthy rats), negative control (the diabetic rats), and three treatment diabetic groups. The diabetic groups received 110mg/Kg alloxan via injection to become diabetic. The treatment groups received L-Carnitine, Acetyl L-Carnetine, and L-Carnetine with Acetyl L-Carnetine (300mg/Kg) as gavage for 30 days. The lipid per-oxidation, the serum glucose, the lipid profile, and the liver enzymes were measured at the end of the experiment. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey complementary test.
Findings The fasting blood concentration, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, the serum liver enzymes, and the level of the liver tissue malondialdehyde significantly decreased in treatment diabetic group than diabetic group without any treatment, while HDL level increased as well (p<0.05). The brain tissue malondialdehyde and the serum HDL decreased and increased due to the administration of Acetyl L-Carnitine, respectively. Nevertheless, it affected no other parameter significantly. The positive effects of L-Carnitine were reduced by the administration of Acetyl L-Carnitin with L-Carnitine.
Conclusion The administration of L-Carnitine further reduces the secondary side-effects of diabetes than Acetyl L-Carnitine. In addition, simultaneous administration of the materials is not recommended.
Materials & Methods In the experimental study, 50 male Wistar rats were studied. The rats were randomly divided into five groups including control (the healthy rats), negative control (the diabetic rats), and three treatment diabetic groups. The diabetic groups received 110mg/Kg alloxan via injection to become diabetic. The treatment groups received L-Carnitine, Acetyl L-Carnetine, and L-Carnetine with Acetyl L-Carnetine (300mg/Kg) as gavage for 30 days. The lipid per-oxidation, the serum glucose, the lipid profile, and the liver enzymes were measured at the end of the experiment. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey complementary test.
Findings The fasting blood concentration, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, the serum liver enzymes, and the level of the liver tissue malondialdehyde significantly decreased in treatment diabetic group than diabetic group without any treatment, while HDL level increased as well (p<0.05). The brain tissue malondialdehyde and the serum HDL decreased and increased due to the administration of Acetyl L-Carnitine, respectively. Nevertheless, it affected no other parameter significantly. The positive effects of L-Carnitine were reduced by the administration of Acetyl L-Carnitin with L-Carnitine.
Conclusion The administration of L-Carnitine further reduces the secondary side-effects of diabetes than Acetyl L-Carnitine. In addition, simultaneous administration of the materials is not recommended.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Panchal SK, Poudyal H, Ward LC, Waanders J, Brown L. Modulation of tissue fatty acids by L-carnitine attenuates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats. Food Funct. 2015;6(8):2496-506.
[3]Parandak K, Arazi H, Khoshkhahesh F, Nakhostin-Roohi B. The effect of two-week l-carnitine supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage. Asian J Sports Med. 2014;5(2):123-8.
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[5]Cruciani RA, Dvorkin E, Homel P, Culliney B, Malamud S, Shaiova L, et al. L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: A preliminary analysis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004;1033:168-76.
[6]Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A review on the role of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005;59(7):365-73.
[7]Chen J, Zeng L, Xia T, Li S, Yan T, Wu S, et al. Toward a biomarker of oxidative stress: A fluorescent probe for exogenous and endogenous malondialdehyde in living cells. Anal Chem. 2015;87(16):8052-6.
[8]Shaker ME, Houssen M, Abo-Hashem EM, Ibrahim TM. Comparison of vitamin E, L-carnitine and melatonin in ameliorating carbon tetrachloride and diabetes induced hepatic oxidative stress. J Physiol Biochem. 2009;65(3):225-33.
[9]Petruzzella V, Baggetto LG, Penin F, Cafagna F, Ruggiero FM, Cantatore P, et al. In vivo effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on succinate oxidation, adenine nucleotide pool and lipid composition of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria from cerebral hemispheres of senescent rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1992;14(2):131-44.
[10]Hajinezhad MR, Davari SA, Esmaeel Zadeh S, Miri HR, Akbari M. Protective effect of hydro alcoholic extract from Prosopis farcta leaves on lipid peroxidation of serum and liver tissue in diabetic rats. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2015;7(2):267-78. [Persian]
[11]Ashraf H, Heydari R, Nejati V, Ilkhanipoor M. Preventive effect of berberis integerrima on the serum levels of glucose and lipids in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2012;2(3):148-55. [Persian]
[12]Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95(2):351-8.
[13]Hajinezhad MR, Esmaeel Zadeh Bahabadi S, Miri HR, Davari SA, Darvish Sargazi M. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Prosopis farcta pod on liver histopathology and malondialdehyde level in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Horizon Med Sci. 2015;21(1):31-6. [Persian]
[14]Yano H, Oyanagi E, Kato Y, Samejima Y, Sasaki J, Utsumi K. L-carnitine is essential to beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acid from mitochondrial membrane by PLA(2). Mol Cell Biochem. 2010;342(1-2):95-100.
[15]Mahfouz MH, Ghanem HM, Mohamed MA. Therapeutic effect of L-carnitine on sialic acid, soluble Fas (sFas) and other biochemical variables in hyperinsulinemic rats. Life Sci J. 2009;6(2):76-84.
[16]Liu J, Head E, Kuratsune H, Cotman CW, Ames BN. Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on carnitine levels, ambulatory activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain of old rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1033:117-31.
[17]Maccari F, Arseni P, Chiodi. Levels of carnitines in brain and other tissues of rats of different ages: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine administration. Exp Gerontol. 1990;25(2):127-34.
[18]Nascimento MA, Higa E, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Oyama LM, Santos RV, et al. Effects of short-term l-arginine supplementation on lipid profile and inflammatory proteins after acute resistance exercise in overweight men. Clin Nutr Espen. 2014;9(3):141-5.
[19]Ali SA, Faddah L, Abdel-Baky A, Bayoumi A. Protective effect of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. Sci Pharm. 2010;78(4):881-6.
[20]Heo YR, Kang CW, Cha YS. L-Carnitine changes the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2001;47(5):329-34.
[21]Irat AM, Aktan F, Ozansoy G. Effects of L‐carnitine treatment on oxidant/antioxidant state and vascular reactivity of streptozotocin-diabetic rat aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003;55(10):1389-95.
[22]
[23]Fernandez I, Tonietti M, Camberos MDC, Bergada I, Schenone A, et al. Acetyl-L-Carnitine and nicotinamide for prevention of type 1 diabetes, I-literature review which gave support to the treatment, II-case report, evaluation of five years treatment. Immunome Res. 2015;11(2):094.
[24]Hino K, Nishikawa M, Sato E, Inoue M. L-carnitine inhibits hypoglycemia-induced brain damage in the rat. Brain Res. 2005;1053(1-2):77-87.
[25]Kaur J, Sharma D, Singh R. Acetyl-L-carnitine enhances Na(+), K(+)-ATPase glutathione-S-transferase and multiple unit activity and reduces lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin concentration in aged rat brain regions. Neurosci Lett. 2001;301(1):1-4.
[26]Kathirvel E, Morgan K, French SW, Morgan TR. Acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid improve mitochondrial abnormalities and serum levels of liver enzymes in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):932-41.
[27]Aydogdu N, Atmaca G, Yalcin O, Taskiran R, Tastekin E, Kaymak K. Protective effects of L-carnitine on myoglobinuric acute renal failure in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33(1-2):119-24.
[2]Panchal SK, Poudyal H, Ward LC, Waanders J, Brown L. Modulation of tissue fatty acids by L-carnitine attenuates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats. Food Funct. 2015;6(8):2496-506.
[3]Parandak K, Arazi H, Khoshkhahesh F, Nakhostin-Roohi B. The effect of two-week l-carnitine supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage. Asian J Sports Med. 2014;5(2):123-8.
[4]Kobayashi A, Masumura Y, Yamazaki N. L-Carnitine treatment for congestive heart failure: Experimental and clinical study. Jpn Circ J. 1992;56(1):86-94.
[5]Cruciani RA, Dvorkin E, Homel P, Culliney B, Malamud S, Shaiova L, et al. L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: A preliminary analysis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004;1033:168-76.
[6]Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A review on the role of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005;59(7):365-73.
[7]Chen J, Zeng L, Xia T, Li S, Yan T, Wu S, et al. Toward a biomarker of oxidative stress: A fluorescent probe for exogenous and endogenous malondialdehyde in living cells. Anal Chem. 2015;87(16):8052-6.
[8]Shaker ME, Houssen M, Abo-Hashem EM, Ibrahim TM. Comparison of vitamin E, L-carnitine and melatonin in ameliorating carbon tetrachloride and diabetes induced hepatic oxidative stress. J Physiol Biochem. 2009;65(3):225-33.
[9]Petruzzella V, Baggetto LG, Penin F, Cafagna F, Ruggiero FM, Cantatore P, et al. In vivo effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on succinate oxidation, adenine nucleotide pool and lipid composition of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria from cerebral hemispheres of senescent rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1992;14(2):131-44.
[10]Hajinezhad MR, Davari SA, Esmaeel Zadeh S, Miri HR, Akbari M. Protective effect of hydro alcoholic extract from Prosopis farcta leaves on lipid peroxidation of serum and liver tissue in diabetic rats. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2015;7(2):267-78. [Persian]
[11]Ashraf H, Heydari R, Nejati V, Ilkhanipoor M. Preventive effect of berberis integerrima on the serum levels of glucose and lipids in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2012;2(3):148-55. [Persian]
[12]Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95(2):351-8.
[13]Hajinezhad MR, Esmaeel Zadeh Bahabadi S, Miri HR, Davari SA, Darvish Sargazi M. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Prosopis farcta pod on liver histopathology and malondialdehyde level in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Horizon Med Sci. 2015;21(1):31-6. [Persian]
[14]Yano H, Oyanagi E, Kato Y, Samejima Y, Sasaki J, Utsumi K. L-carnitine is essential to beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acid from mitochondrial membrane by PLA(2). Mol Cell Biochem. 2010;342(1-2):95-100.
[15]Mahfouz MH, Ghanem HM, Mohamed MA. Therapeutic effect of L-carnitine on sialic acid, soluble Fas (sFas) and other biochemical variables in hyperinsulinemic rats. Life Sci J. 2009;6(2):76-84.
[16]Liu J, Head E, Kuratsune H, Cotman CW, Ames BN. Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on carnitine levels, ambulatory activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain of old rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1033:117-31.
[17]Maccari F, Arseni P, Chiodi. Levels of carnitines in brain and other tissues of rats of different ages: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine administration. Exp Gerontol. 1990;25(2):127-34.
[18]Nascimento MA, Higa E, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Oyama LM, Santos RV, et al. Effects of short-term l-arginine supplementation on lipid profile and inflammatory proteins after acute resistance exercise in overweight men. Clin Nutr Espen. 2014;9(3):141-5.
[19]Ali SA, Faddah L, Abdel-Baky A, Bayoumi A. Protective effect of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. Sci Pharm. 2010;78(4):881-6.
[20]Heo YR, Kang CW, Cha YS. L-Carnitine changes the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2001;47(5):329-34.
[21]Irat AM, Aktan F, Ozansoy G. Effects of L‐carnitine treatment on oxidant/antioxidant state and vascular reactivity of streptozotocin-diabetic rat aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003;55(10):1389-95.
[22]
[23]Fernandez I, Tonietti M, Camberos MDC, Bergada I, Schenone A, et al. Acetyl-L-Carnitine and nicotinamide for prevention of type 1 diabetes, I-literature review which gave support to the treatment, II-case report, evaluation of five years treatment. Immunome Res. 2015;11(2):094.
[24]Hino K, Nishikawa M, Sato E, Inoue M. L-carnitine inhibits hypoglycemia-induced brain damage in the rat. Brain Res. 2005;1053(1-2):77-87.
[25]Kaur J, Sharma D, Singh R. Acetyl-L-carnitine enhances Na(+), K(+)-ATPase glutathione-S-transferase and multiple unit activity and reduces lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin concentration in aged rat brain regions. Neurosci Lett. 2001;301(1):1-4.
[26]Kathirvel E, Morgan K, French SW, Morgan TR. Acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid improve mitochondrial abnormalities and serum levels of liver enzymes in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):932-41.
[27]Aydogdu N, Atmaca G, Yalcin O, Taskiran R, Tastekin E, Kaymak K. Protective effects of L-carnitine on myoglobinuric acute renal failure in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33(1-2):119-24.