@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2015;21(1):45-51
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2015;21(1):45-51
Hypolipidemic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Turnip (Brassica rapa) Root in Hyperlipidemic Rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Vafaeinejad S. (1 )Serki E. (2)
Hassanpour Fard M. (3 )
Hosseini M. (* )
(* ) Experimental Medicine Research Center, Deputy of Research & Technology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
(1 ) Anatomy Department, Medicine Faculty, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
(2) Biochemistry Department, Medicine Faculty, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
(3 ) Physiology & Pharmacology Department, , , , , Medicine Faculty, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ghaffari Street, Birjand, IranPhone: +985632395360
Fax: +985632433001
mehranhosseiny@yahoo.co.in
Article History
Received: September 30, 2014Accepted: February 18, 2015
ePublished: April 16, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
Turnip is one of the most consumed medicinal plants that seem to have
advantageous efficacy on hyperlipidemia. The present work was undertaken to
evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root on
hyperlipidemic rats.
Materials & Methods In this experimental study 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups; normal control, hyperlipidemic control (1ml normal saline once a day), Atorvastatin (10mg/kg of body weight per day) and aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root groups (200 and 400mg/kg of body weight per day) were treated for 10 days. After 18h fasting in 11th day, hyperlipidemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of triton WR1339 (300mg/kg of body weight) in all groups except normal control. 24 hours after injection, blood collection was done and plasma analyzed for lipid profiles. Data was compared between group s by ANOVA and Tukey tests in SPSS 18 software.
Findings Aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root inhibited the elevation of plasma total cholesterol level at the dose of 200mg/kg of body weight. The extract also decreased LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemic rats significantly but in compare to normal control group these levels were significantly high (p<0.05).
Conclusion The consumption of turnip may act as a potent antihyperlipidemic nutrient for patients with dyslipidemia, cardiovascular and diabetes diseases.
Materials & Methods In this experimental study 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups; normal control, hyperlipidemic control (1ml normal saline once a day), Atorvastatin (10mg/kg of body weight per day) and aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root groups (200 and 400mg/kg of body weight per day) were treated for 10 days. After 18h fasting in 11th day, hyperlipidemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of triton WR1339 (300mg/kg of body weight) in all groups except normal control. 24 hours after injection, blood collection was done and plasma analyzed for lipid profiles. Data was compared between group s by ANOVA and Tukey tests in SPSS 18 software.
Findings Aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root inhibited the elevation of plasma total cholesterol level at the dose of 200mg/kg of body weight. The extract also decreased LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemic rats significantly but in compare to normal control group these levels were significantly high (p<0.05).
Conclusion The consumption of turnip may act as a potent antihyperlipidemic nutrient for patients with dyslipidemia, cardiovascular and diabetes diseases.
CITATION LINKS
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[7]Rye KA, Bursill CA, Lambert G, Tabet F, Barter PJ. The metabolism and anti-atherogenic properties of HDL. J Lipid Res. 2009;50Suppl:S195-200.
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[10]Li SY, Chang CQ, Ma FY, Yu CL. Modulating effects of chlorogenic acid on lipids and glucose metabolism and expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in golden hamsters fed on high fat diet. Biomed Environ Sci. 2009;22(2):122-9.
[11]Yang X, Yang L, Zheng H. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit in hyperlipidaemia rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(8- 9):2374-9.
[12]Who launches the first global strategy on traditional and alternative medicine. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2002;10(4):145-56.
[13]Chansouria JPN, Ray AB, Hemalatha S. Medicinal plants: Hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, and antiatherosclerotic properties. Lucknow: International Book Distributing Co; 2006.
[14]Russo VM. Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. Crop production science in horticulture 14. Int J Veg Sci. 2008;14(1):93.
[15]Shukia R, Sharma SB, Puri D, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS. Medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Indian J Cli Biochem. 2000;15(Suppl 1):169-77.
[16]Fernandes F, Valentão P, Sousa C, Pereira JA, Seabra RM, Andrade PB. Chemical and antioxidative assessment of dietary turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.). Food Chem. 2007;105(3):1003-10.
[17]Prassas I, Diamandis EP. Novel therapeutic applications of cardiac glycosides. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7(11):926-35.
[18]Alam MA, Sernia C, Brown L. Ferulic acid improves cardiovascular and kidney structure and function in hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013;61(3):240-9.
[19]Ardiansyah, Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H, Koseki T, Komai M. Novel effects of a single administration of ferulic acid on the regulation of blood pressure and the hepatic lipid metabolic profile in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(8):2825- 30.
[20]Suzuki A, Kagawa D, Fujii A, Ochiai R, Tokimitsu I, Saito I. Short- and long-term effects of ferulic acid on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15(4Pt1):351-7.
[21]Wang B, Ouyang J, Liu Y, Yang J, Wei L, Li K, et al. Sodium ferulate inhibits atherosclerogenesis in hyperlipidemia rabbits. Journal Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43(4):549-54.
[22]Silambarasan T, Manivannan J, Priya MK, Suganya N, Chatterjee S, Raja B. Sinapic acid protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury and H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells against oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;456(4):853-9.
[23]Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2011;1(1):98- 106.
[24]Živković J, Mujić I, Nikolić G, Vidović S, Mujić A. Extraction and analysis of condensed tannins in Castanea Sativa Mill. J Cent Eur Agric. 2009;10(3):283-8.
[25]Chen J, Li X. Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from mulberry leaves in triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic mice. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(Suppl 1):290-4.
[26]Da Rocha JT, Sperança A, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Hypolipidaemic activity of orally administered diphenyl diselenide in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidaemia in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;61(12):1673-9.
[27]Ferreira JM, Sousa DF, Dantas MB, Fonseca SG, Menezes DB, Martins AM, et al. Effects of Bixa orellana L. seeds on hyperlipidemia. Phytother Res. 2013;27(1):144-7.
[28]Harnafi H, Serghini Caid H, Bouanani NH, Aziz M, Amrani S. Hypolipemic activity of polyphenol-rich extracts from Ocimum basilicum in Triton WR-1339- induced hyperlipidemic mice. Food Chem. 2008;108(1):205-12.
[29]Kourounakis AP, Victoratos P, Peroulis N, Stefanou N, Yiangou M, Hadjipetrou L, et al. Experimental hyperlipidemia and the effect of NSAIDs. Exp Mol Pathol. 2002;73(2):135-8.
[30]Kremmer T, Holczinger L. Effect of vincristine on triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1974;23(23):3317-21.
[31]Pérez C, Canal JR, Romero A, Torres MD. Experimental hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia in rats. Acta Physiologica Hungarica. 1999; 86(1): 57-68.
[32]Sharma RD. Effect of various isoflavones on lipid levels in triton-treated rats. Atheroscler. 1979;33(3):371-5.
[33]Shattat G, Al-Qirim R, Al-Hiari Y, Sheikha GA, Al- Qirim T, El-Huneidi W, et al. Synthesis and antihyperlipidemic evaluation of N-(benzoylphenyl)-5- fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives in triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Mol. 2010;15(9):5840-9.
[34]Friedman M, Byers SO. The mechanism responsible for the hypercholesteremia induced by triton WR-1339. J Exp Med. 1953;97(1):117-30.
[35]Hayashi H, Niinobe S, Matsumoto Y, Suga T. Effects of triton WR-1339 on lipoprotein lipolytic activity and lipid content of rat liver lysosomes. J Biochem. 1981;89(2):573-9.
[36]Roitelman J, Olender EH, Bar-Nun S, Dunn WA Jr, Simoni RD. Immunological evidence for eight spans in the membrane domain of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: Implications for enzyme degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 1992;117(5):959-73.
[37]Bertges LC, Mourão Jr CA, Souza JB, Cardoso VAC. Hyperlipidemia induced by Triton WR1339 (Tyloxapol) in wistar rats. Rev Bras Cien Med Saúde. 2011;1(1):32–4.
[38]Rony KA, Ajith TA, Nima N, Janardhanan KK. Hypolipidemic activity of Phellinus rimosus against triton WR-1339 and high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014;37(2):482-92.
[39]Schurr PE, Schultz JR, Parkinson TM. Triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats as an animal model for screening hypolipidemic drugs. Lipids. 1972;7(1):68-74.
[40]Akbari F, Ansari Samani R, Karimi A, Mortazaei S, Shahinfard N, Rafieian M. Effect of turnip on glucose and lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Iranian J Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;14(5):492-7. [Persian]
[41]Abo-youssef AM, Mohammed R. Effects of brassica rapa on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats: A comparative study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2013;21(1):1-5.
[42]Jung UJ, Baek NI, Chung HG, Bang MH, Jeong TS, Lee KT, et al. Effects of the ethanol extract of the roots of Brassica rapa on glucose and lipid metabolism in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Clin Nut. 2008;27(1):158-67.
[43]Kim EO, Min KJ, Kwon TK, Um BH, Moreau RA, Choi SW. Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives isolated from corn bran in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1309-16.
[44]Max B, Torrado AM, Moldes AB, Converti A, Domínguez JM. Ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid solubilization by alkaline hydrolysis of the solid residue obtained after acid prehydrolysis of vine shoot prunings: Effect of the hydroxide and pH. Biochem Eng J. 2009;43(2):129-34.
[45]Ou S, Kwok KCh. Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods. J Sci Food Agric. 2004;84(11):1261-9.
[46]Ou Sh, Luo Y, Xue F, Huang C, Zhang N, Liu Z. Seperation and purification of ferulic acid in alkalinehydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse by activated charcoal adsorption/anion macroporous resin exchange chromatography. J Food Eng. 2007;78(4):1298-304.
[47]Zhao Z, Egashira Y, Sanada H. Ferulic acid is quickly absorbed from rat stomach as the free form and then conjugated mainly in liver. J Nut. 2004;134(11):3083-8.
[48]Son MJ, Rico CW, Nam SH, Kang MY. Influence of oryzanol and ferulic acid on the lipid metabolism and antioxidative status in high fat-fed mice. J Clin Biochem Nut. 2010;46(2):150-6.
[49]Adam A, Crespy V, Levrat-Verny MA, Leenhardt F, Leuillet M, Demigné C, et al. The bioavailability of ferulic acid is governed primarily by the food matrix rather than its metabolism in intestine and liver in rats. J Nut. 2002;132(7):1962-8.
[50]Kanchana G, Shyni WJ, Rajadurai M, Periasamy R. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic effect of sinapic Acid in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetes in albino rats. Global J Pharmacol. 2011;5(1):33-9.
[51]Roy SJ, Mainzen Prince PS. Protective effects of sinapic acid on cardiac hypertrophy, dyslipidaemia and altered electrocardiogram in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;699(1– 3):213-8.
[2]Miller M. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk: The importance of early prevention. QJM. 2009;102(9):657- 67.
[3]Anandhi R, Annadurai T, Anitha TS, Muralidharan AR, Najmunnisha K, Nachiappan V, et al. Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of an extract of the oyster mushroom, pleurotus ostreatus, and its major constituent, chrysin, in triton WR-1339- induced hypercholesterolemic rats. J physiol Biochem. 2013;69(2):313-23.
[4]Katz J, Chaushu G, Sharabi Y. On the association between hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease and severe periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(9):865-8.
[5]Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Berry JD, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-- 2011 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(4):e18-e209.
[6]Chen ZY, Ma KY, Liang Y, Peng Ch, Zuo Y. Role and classification of cholesterol-lowering functional foods. J Functional Foods. 2011;3(2):61-9.
[7]Rye KA, Bursill CA, Lambert G, Tabet F, Barter PJ. The metabolism and anti-atherogenic properties of HDL. J Lipid Res. 2009;50Suppl:S195-200.
[8]Duriez P. Mechanisms of actions of statins and fibrates. Therapie. 2003;58(1):5-14. [French]
[9]Lei YF, Chen JL, Wei H, Xiong CM, Zhang YH, Ruan JL. Hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory properties of Abacopterin A from Abacopteris penangiana in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia mice. Food and Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(12):3206-10.
[10]Li SY, Chang CQ, Ma FY, Yu CL. Modulating effects of chlorogenic acid on lipids and glucose metabolism and expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in golden hamsters fed on high fat diet. Biomed Environ Sci. 2009;22(2):122-9.
[11]Yang X, Yang L, Zheng H. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit in hyperlipidaemia rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(8- 9):2374-9.
[12]Who launches the first global strategy on traditional and alternative medicine. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2002;10(4):145-56.
[13]Chansouria JPN, Ray AB, Hemalatha S. Medicinal plants: Hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, and antiatherosclerotic properties. Lucknow: International Book Distributing Co; 2006.
[14]Russo VM. Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. Crop production science in horticulture 14. Int J Veg Sci. 2008;14(1):93.
[15]Shukia R, Sharma SB, Puri D, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS. Medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Indian J Cli Biochem. 2000;15(Suppl 1):169-77.
[16]Fernandes F, Valentão P, Sousa C, Pereira JA, Seabra RM, Andrade PB. Chemical and antioxidative assessment of dietary turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.). Food Chem. 2007;105(3):1003-10.
[17]Prassas I, Diamandis EP. Novel therapeutic applications of cardiac glycosides. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7(11):926-35.
[18]Alam MA, Sernia C, Brown L. Ferulic acid improves cardiovascular and kidney structure and function in hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013;61(3):240-9.
[19]Ardiansyah, Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H, Koseki T, Komai M. Novel effects of a single administration of ferulic acid on the regulation of blood pressure and the hepatic lipid metabolic profile in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(8):2825- 30.
[20]Suzuki A, Kagawa D, Fujii A, Ochiai R, Tokimitsu I, Saito I. Short- and long-term effects of ferulic acid on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15(4Pt1):351-7.
[21]Wang B, Ouyang J, Liu Y, Yang J, Wei L, Li K, et al. Sodium ferulate inhibits atherosclerogenesis in hyperlipidemia rabbits. Journal Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43(4):549-54.
[22]Silambarasan T, Manivannan J, Priya MK, Suganya N, Chatterjee S, Raja B. Sinapic acid protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury and H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells against oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;456(4):853-9.
[23]Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2011;1(1):98- 106.
[24]Živković J, Mujić I, Nikolić G, Vidović S, Mujić A. Extraction and analysis of condensed tannins in Castanea Sativa Mill. J Cent Eur Agric. 2009;10(3):283-8.
[25]Chen J, Li X. Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from mulberry leaves in triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic mice. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(Suppl 1):290-4.
[26]Da Rocha JT, Sperança A, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Hypolipidaemic activity of orally administered diphenyl diselenide in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidaemia in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;61(12):1673-9.
[27]Ferreira JM, Sousa DF, Dantas MB, Fonseca SG, Menezes DB, Martins AM, et al. Effects of Bixa orellana L. seeds on hyperlipidemia. Phytother Res. 2013;27(1):144-7.
[28]Harnafi H, Serghini Caid H, Bouanani NH, Aziz M, Amrani S. Hypolipemic activity of polyphenol-rich extracts from Ocimum basilicum in Triton WR-1339- induced hyperlipidemic mice. Food Chem. 2008;108(1):205-12.
[29]Kourounakis AP, Victoratos P, Peroulis N, Stefanou N, Yiangou M, Hadjipetrou L, et al. Experimental hyperlipidemia and the effect of NSAIDs. Exp Mol Pathol. 2002;73(2):135-8.
[30]Kremmer T, Holczinger L. Effect of vincristine on triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1974;23(23):3317-21.
[31]Pérez C, Canal JR, Romero A, Torres MD. Experimental hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia in rats. Acta Physiologica Hungarica. 1999; 86(1): 57-68.
[32]Sharma RD. Effect of various isoflavones on lipid levels in triton-treated rats. Atheroscler. 1979;33(3):371-5.
[33]Shattat G, Al-Qirim R, Al-Hiari Y, Sheikha GA, Al- Qirim T, El-Huneidi W, et al. Synthesis and antihyperlipidemic evaluation of N-(benzoylphenyl)-5- fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives in triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Mol. 2010;15(9):5840-9.
[34]Friedman M, Byers SO. The mechanism responsible for the hypercholesteremia induced by triton WR-1339. J Exp Med. 1953;97(1):117-30.
[35]Hayashi H, Niinobe S, Matsumoto Y, Suga T. Effects of triton WR-1339 on lipoprotein lipolytic activity and lipid content of rat liver lysosomes. J Biochem. 1981;89(2):573-9.
[36]Roitelman J, Olender EH, Bar-Nun S, Dunn WA Jr, Simoni RD. Immunological evidence for eight spans in the membrane domain of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: Implications for enzyme degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 1992;117(5):959-73.
[37]Bertges LC, Mourão Jr CA, Souza JB, Cardoso VAC. Hyperlipidemia induced by Triton WR1339 (Tyloxapol) in wistar rats. Rev Bras Cien Med Saúde. 2011;1(1):32–4.
[38]Rony KA, Ajith TA, Nima N, Janardhanan KK. Hypolipidemic activity of Phellinus rimosus against triton WR-1339 and high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014;37(2):482-92.
[39]Schurr PE, Schultz JR, Parkinson TM. Triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats as an animal model for screening hypolipidemic drugs. Lipids. 1972;7(1):68-74.
[40]Akbari F, Ansari Samani R, Karimi A, Mortazaei S, Shahinfard N, Rafieian M. Effect of turnip on glucose and lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Iranian J Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;14(5):492-7. [Persian]
[41]Abo-youssef AM, Mohammed R. Effects of brassica rapa on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats: A comparative study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2013;21(1):1-5.
[42]Jung UJ, Baek NI, Chung HG, Bang MH, Jeong TS, Lee KT, et al. Effects of the ethanol extract of the roots of Brassica rapa on glucose and lipid metabolism in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Clin Nut. 2008;27(1):158-67.
[43]Kim EO, Min KJ, Kwon TK, Um BH, Moreau RA, Choi SW. Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives isolated from corn bran in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1309-16.
[44]Max B, Torrado AM, Moldes AB, Converti A, Domínguez JM. Ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid solubilization by alkaline hydrolysis of the solid residue obtained after acid prehydrolysis of vine shoot prunings: Effect of the hydroxide and pH. Biochem Eng J. 2009;43(2):129-34.
[45]Ou S, Kwok KCh. Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods. J Sci Food Agric. 2004;84(11):1261-9.
[46]Ou Sh, Luo Y, Xue F, Huang C, Zhang N, Liu Z. Seperation and purification of ferulic acid in alkalinehydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse by activated charcoal adsorption/anion macroporous resin exchange chromatography. J Food Eng. 2007;78(4):1298-304.
[47]Zhao Z, Egashira Y, Sanada H. Ferulic acid is quickly absorbed from rat stomach as the free form and then conjugated mainly in liver. J Nut. 2004;134(11):3083-8.
[48]Son MJ, Rico CW, Nam SH, Kang MY. Influence of oryzanol and ferulic acid on the lipid metabolism and antioxidative status in high fat-fed mice. J Clin Biochem Nut. 2010;46(2):150-6.
[49]Adam A, Crespy V, Levrat-Verny MA, Leenhardt F, Leuillet M, Demigné C, et al. The bioavailability of ferulic acid is governed primarily by the food matrix rather than its metabolism in intestine and liver in rats. J Nut. 2002;132(7):1962-8.
[50]Kanchana G, Shyni WJ, Rajadurai M, Periasamy R. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic effect of sinapic Acid in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetes in albino rats. Global J Pharmacol. 2011;5(1):33-9.
[51]Roy SJ, Mainzen Prince PS. Protective effects of sinapic acid on cardiac hypertrophy, dyslipidaemia and altered electrocardiogram in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;699(1– 3):213-8.