@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(1):29-34
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(1):29-34
Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Inhaling on Wheezing and Respiratory Rate in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Hosseinzadeh Yonesi E. (1 )Mircheraghi S.F. (2 )
Mohammdzadeh Moghadam H. (3 )
Mojalli M. (* )
(* ) Nursing Department, Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
(1 ) Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
(2 ) Internal Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
(3 ) Community Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: June 21, 2017Accepted: November 8, 2017
ePublished: January 11, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Today, different drugs are used to treat Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD). These drugs not only impose costs on the patient, but also have many side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thymus vulgaris inhaling on wheezing and respiratory rate in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Materials & Methods The present randomized, controlled, single blind clinical trial was performed on 60 patients with AECOPD referred to Emergency Department of 22 Bahman Hospital in Gonabad, Iran in 2016. The patients were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups based on the permutation blocks method. The intervention group received T. vulgaris 1% inhaling as much as 5ml for 15 minutes through inhaling treatment mask, and the control group used distilled water inhaling for the same amount and duration with inhaling treatment mask. The patients' respiration rate and wheezing for both groups were recorded for 1 minute. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22, using Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test.
Findings In the intervention group after the inhaling, the mean respiratory rate decreased significantly compared to before the intervention (p=0.001). The reduction in wheezing intensity was also significant in the intervention group (p=0.001).
Conclusion Thymus vulgaris inhaling is effective in reduction of wheezing and respiratory rate in patients with AECOPD.
Materials & Methods The present randomized, controlled, single blind clinical trial was performed on 60 patients with AECOPD referred to Emergency Department of 22 Bahman Hospital in Gonabad, Iran in 2016. The patients were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups based on the permutation blocks method. The intervention group received T. vulgaris 1% inhaling as much as 5ml for 15 minutes through inhaling treatment mask, and the control group used distilled water inhaling for the same amount and duration with inhaling treatment mask. The patients' respiration rate and wheezing for both groups were recorded for 1 minute. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22, using Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test.
Findings In the intervention group after the inhaling, the mean respiratory rate decreased significantly compared to before the intervention (p=0.001). The reduction in wheezing intensity was also significant in the intervention group (p=0.001).
Conclusion Thymus vulgaris inhaling is effective in reduction of wheezing and respiratory rate in patients with AECOPD.
Keywords:
Thymus Vulgaris,
Inhaling ,
Wheezing,
Respiratory Rate,
Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
CITATION LINKS
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[13]Mackay AJ, Hurst JR. COPD exacerbations: Causes, prevention, and treatment. Med Clin North Am. 2012;96(4):789-809.
[14]Feng CG, Zhang LX, Liu X. Progress in research of aldose reductase inhibitors in traditional medicinal herbs. China J Chin Ater Med. 2005;30(19):1496-500.
[15]Keyhanmanesh R, Ahmadi M, Jeddy S, Bagban H, Mirzaei Bavil F, Alipour MR, et al. Effect of vitamin C on tracheal responsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model of guinea pig. Physiol Pharmacol. 2013;17(1):101-15. [Persian]
[16]Mularski RA, White chu F, Overbay D, Miller L, Asch S, Ganzini L. Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. 2006;21(6):607-12.
[17]Naghdi Badi H, Makkizadeh M. Review of common thyme. J Med Plant. 2003;3(7):1-12. [Persian]
[18]Rota MC, Herrera A, Martínez RM, Sotomayor JA, Jordán MJ. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils. Food Control. 2008;19(7):681-7.
[19]Motz VA, Young LM, Kinder DH. The effect of abiotic growing conditions on antibiosis by extracts of' Thymus vulgaris. Australian J Med Herbal. 2010;22(4):140-5.
[20]Šegvić Klarić M, Kosalec I, Mastelić J, Piecková E, Pepeljnak S. Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007;44(1):36-42.
[21]Kemmerich B. Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of dry extracts of thyme herb and primrose root in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(9):607-15.
[22]Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs and cosmetics. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 1996. p. 649.
[23]Sweetman SC. Martindale: The complete drug reference. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2005. p. 1755.
[24]Patton JS, Byron PR. Inhaling medicines: Delivering drugs to the body through the lungs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6(1):67-74.
[25]Varshosaz J, Minaiyan M, Sami M. Comparing the inhalable and parenteral forms of erytheropoietin in enhancement of reticulocytes count. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2014;31(264):2031-41. [Persian]
[26]Azarmi S, Roa Wh, Löbenberg R. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles for the treatment of lung diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(8):863-75.
[27]Boskabady Mh, Aslani Mr, Kiani S. Relaxant effect of Thymus vulgaris on guinea‐pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). Phytother Res. 2006;20(1):28-33.
[28]Van Den Broucke Co, Lemli Ja. Spasmolytic activity of the flavonoids from Thymus vulgaris. Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1983;5(1):9-14.
[29]Meister A, Bernhardt G, Christoffel V, Buschauer A. Antispasmodic activity of Thymus vulgaris extract on the isolated guinea-pig trachea: Discrimination between drug and ethanol effects. Planta Med. 1999;65(6):512-6.
[30]Bayat M, Shahsavari S. Evaluation of effectiveness of Thyme CW (Oral drop) on the improvement of Ku rdistan. J Mil Med. 2006;7(4):293-7. [Persian]
[31]- Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Salmani G. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss extracts in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(3):379-85.
[32]Jaffary F, Ghannadi A, Siah Poush A. Antiinflammatory activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss. J Res Med Sci. 2000;5(4):1-5. [Persian]
[33]Boskabady Mh, Gholami Mhtaj L. Effect of the Zataria multiflora on systemic inflammation of experimental animals model of COPD. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:802189.
[34]Akbari S. Antifungal activity of Thymus valgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. Against fluconazol-resistant and susceptible Candida albicans isolates. J Med Plants. 2007;1(Suppl 3):53-62. [Persian]
[35]Imelouane B, Amhamdi H, Wathelet JP, Ankit M, Khedid K, El Bachiri A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. Int J Nagric Biol. 2009;11(2):205-8.
[36]Fachini Queiroz FC, Kummer R, Estevao Silva CF, Carvalho MD, Cunha JM, Grespan R, et al. Effects of Thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2012;2012: Article ID 657026.
[37]Boskabady MH, Kaveh M, Eftekhar N, Nemati A. Zataria multiflora Boiss and Carvacrol affect β2-Adrenoceptors of guinea Pig trachea. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2011;2011:Article ID 857124.
[38]Jafari Z, Boskabady MH, Pouraboli I, Babazade B. Zataria multiflora Boiss inhibits muscarinic receptors of incubated tracheal smooth muscle with propranolol. J Phytomed. 2011;1(1):7-13. [Persian]
[39]Salmalian H, Saghebi R, Moghadamnia AA, Bijani A, Faramarzi M, Amiri FN, et al. Comparative effect of Thymus vulgaris and ibuprofen on primary dysmenorrhea: A triple-blind clinical study. Caspian J Intern Med. 2014;5(2):82-8.
[40]Iravani M. Clinical effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil on primary dysmenorrhea. J Med Plant. 2009;2(30):54-60. [Persian]
[41]Babaei M, Abarghoei ME, Ansari R, Vafaei AA, Taherian AA, Akhavan MM, et al. Antispasmodic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris on the guinea-pig ileum. Nat Prod Res. 2008;22(13):1143-50.
[42]Roozbahani N, Jabbari Z, Yazdi S. The comparison of Shirazi Thymus vulgaris and mefenamic acid effects on primary dysmenorrhea. Arak Med Univ J. 2006;8(3):23-7. [Persian]
[2]Jokar Z, Mohammadi F, Khankeh HR, Fallah Tafti S. Effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation on fatigue in patients with COPD. J Fac Nurs Midwifery, Tehran Univ Med Sci (Hayat). 2013;18(5):64-72. [Persian]
[3]Kasper Dl, Braunwald E, Hauser S, Longo D, Larry Jameson J, Fauci A. Harrison's principle of internal medicine. 16th edition. New York: McGraw- Hill Professional; 2005. pp. 1547-51.
[4]Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin THR, King TE, Schraufnagel D, Murray JF. Murray and nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine e-book (Volume 2). 4th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. pp. 1116-27.
[5]Heidari M, Fayazi S, Borsi H, Moradbeigi Kh, Akbari Nassaji N. Effect of a self-management program based on 5A model on dyspnea and fatigue severity among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized clinical trial. J Fac Nurs Midwifery, Tehran Univ Med Sci (Hayat). 2015;20(4):89-99. [Persian]
[6]Seyeedrasooli A, Zamanzade V, Giljarian S, Nasiri K, Kalantarih H. The effects of reflexology on breathing rate and blood pressure of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Complement Med J. 2014;3(4):654-65. [Persian]
[7]Varmaghani M, Farzadfar F, Sharifi F, Rashidain A, Moin M, Moradi Lakeh M, et al. Prevalence of asthma, COPD, and chronic bronchitis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Allergy, Asthma Immunol. 2016;15(2):93-104. [Persian]
[8]Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(6):532-55.
[9]Stoller JK. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New England J Med. 2002;346(13):988-94.
[10]Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(4):347-65.
[11]Wedzicha JA, Decramer M, Seemungal TA. The role of bronchodilator treatment in the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1545-54.
[12]Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Carson SS, Lohr KN. Efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of health outcomes. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4(3):253-62.
[13]Mackay AJ, Hurst JR. COPD exacerbations: Causes, prevention, and treatment. Med Clin North Am. 2012;96(4):789-809.
[14]Feng CG, Zhang LX, Liu X. Progress in research of aldose reductase inhibitors in traditional medicinal herbs. China J Chin Ater Med. 2005;30(19):1496-500.
[15]Keyhanmanesh R, Ahmadi M, Jeddy S, Bagban H, Mirzaei Bavil F, Alipour MR, et al. Effect of vitamin C on tracheal responsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model of guinea pig. Physiol Pharmacol. 2013;17(1):101-15. [Persian]
[16]Mularski RA, White chu F, Overbay D, Miller L, Asch S, Ganzini L. Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. 2006;21(6):607-12.
[17]Naghdi Badi H, Makkizadeh M. Review of common thyme. J Med Plant. 2003;3(7):1-12. [Persian]
[18]Rota MC, Herrera A, Martínez RM, Sotomayor JA, Jordán MJ. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils. Food Control. 2008;19(7):681-7.
[19]Motz VA, Young LM, Kinder DH. The effect of abiotic growing conditions on antibiosis by extracts of' Thymus vulgaris. Australian J Med Herbal. 2010;22(4):140-5.
[20]Šegvić Klarić M, Kosalec I, Mastelić J, Piecková E, Pepeljnak S. Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007;44(1):36-42.
[21]Kemmerich B. Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of dry extracts of thyme herb and primrose root in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(9):607-15.
[22]Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs and cosmetics. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 1996. p. 649.
[23]Sweetman SC. Martindale: The complete drug reference. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2005. p. 1755.
[24]Patton JS, Byron PR. Inhaling medicines: Delivering drugs to the body through the lungs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6(1):67-74.
[25]Varshosaz J, Minaiyan M, Sami M. Comparing the inhalable and parenteral forms of erytheropoietin in enhancement of reticulocytes count. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2014;31(264):2031-41. [Persian]
[26]Azarmi S, Roa Wh, Löbenberg R. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles for the treatment of lung diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(8):863-75.
[27]Boskabady Mh, Aslani Mr, Kiani S. Relaxant effect of Thymus vulgaris on guinea‐pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). Phytother Res. 2006;20(1):28-33.
[28]Van Den Broucke Co, Lemli Ja. Spasmolytic activity of the flavonoids from Thymus vulgaris. Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1983;5(1):9-14.
[29]Meister A, Bernhardt G, Christoffel V, Buschauer A. Antispasmodic activity of Thymus vulgaris extract on the isolated guinea-pig trachea: Discrimination between drug and ethanol effects. Planta Med. 1999;65(6):512-6.
[30]Bayat M, Shahsavari S. Evaluation of effectiveness of Thyme CW (Oral drop) on the improvement of Ku rdistan. J Mil Med. 2006;7(4):293-7. [Persian]
[31]- Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Salmani G. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss extracts in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(3):379-85.
[32]Jaffary F, Ghannadi A, Siah Poush A. Antiinflammatory activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss. J Res Med Sci. 2000;5(4):1-5. [Persian]
[33]Boskabady Mh, Gholami Mhtaj L. Effect of the Zataria multiflora on systemic inflammation of experimental animals model of COPD. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:802189.
[34]Akbari S. Antifungal activity of Thymus valgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. Against fluconazol-resistant and susceptible Candida albicans isolates. J Med Plants. 2007;1(Suppl 3):53-62. [Persian]
[35]Imelouane B, Amhamdi H, Wathelet JP, Ankit M, Khedid K, El Bachiri A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. Int J Nagric Biol. 2009;11(2):205-8.
[36]Fachini Queiroz FC, Kummer R, Estevao Silva CF, Carvalho MD, Cunha JM, Grespan R, et al. Effects of Thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2012;2012: Article ID 657026.
[37]Boskabady MH, Kaveh M, Eftekhar N, Nemati A. Zataria multiflora Boiss and Carvacrol affect β2-Adrenoceptors of guinea Pig trachea. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2011;2011:Article ID 857124.
[38]Jafari Z, Boskabady MH, Pouraboli I, Babazade B. Zataria multiflora Boiss inhibits muscarinic receptors of incubated tracheal smooth muscle with propranolol. J Phytomed. 2011;1(1):7-13. [Persian]
[39]Salmalian H, Saghebi R, Moghadamnia AA, Bijani A, Faramarzi M, Amiri FN, et al. Comparative effect of Thymus vulgaris and ibuprofen on primary dysmenorrhea: A triple-blind clinical study. Caspian J Intern Med. 2014;5(2):82-8.
[40]Iravani M. Clinical effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil on primary dysmenorrhea. J Med Plant. 2009;2(30):54-60. [Persian]
[41]Babaei M, Abarghoei ME, Ansari R, Vafaei AA, Taherian AA, Akhavan MM, et al. Antispasmodic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris on the guinea-pig ileum. Nat Prod Res. 2008;22(13):1143-50.
[42]Roozbahani N, Jabbari Z, Yazdi S. The comparison of Shirazi Thymus vulgaris and mefenamic acid effects on primary dysmenorrhea. Arak Med Univ J. 2006;8(3):23-7. [Persian]