@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2019;8(1):27-32
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2019;8(1):27-32
Determinants of Helmet Use by Motorcycle Riders in Qom, Iran, Using the Protection Motivation Theory
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Rahimi T. (1)Shojaei S. (*)
(*) Hospital Research Development Committee, Nekoei-Hedayati-Forghani Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
(1) Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Hospital Research Development Committee, Nekoei-Hedayati-Forghani Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Ayatollah Taleghani Street, Qom, IranPhone: +98 (25) 31331602
Fax: +98 (25) 31331622
sarallahshojaei@gmail.com
Article History
Received: September 27, 2018Accepted: November 11, 2018
ePublished: December 31, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
The use of helmets plays an important role in preventing head and neck injuries. The aim of this study was to measure the constructs of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in using helmets by motorcycle riders in Qom, Iran.
Materials & Methods This cross sectional study was conducted on 326 motorcycle riders in Qom in 2017. Relative classification sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 53 items. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software, using one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis.
Findings The mean and standard deviation of the participants' age was 32.79±11.95 years. The perceived severity, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and perceived rewards could predict 50% of the protection motivation changes, and the protection motivation predicted 21% of behavioral changes in motorcycle riders use of helmets.
Conclusion Protection motivation theory can be used as a framework for assessing factors affecting using or not using helmets by motorcycle riders.
Materials & Methods This cross sectional study was conducted on 326 motorcycle riders in Qom in 2017. Relative classification sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 53 items. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software, using one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis.
Findings The mean and standard deviation of the participants' age was 32.79±11.95 years. The perceived severity, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and perceived rewards could predict 50% of the protection motivation changes, and the protection motivation predicted 21% of behavioral changes in motorcycle riders use of helmets.
Conclusion Protection motivation theory can be used as a framework for assessing factors affecting using or not using helmets by motorcycle riders.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Keall MD, Newstead S. Analysis of factors that increase motorcycle rider risk compared to car driver risk. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;49:23-9.
[2] Word Health Organization. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 [Internet]. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. Available frome: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/.
[3]Tavakoli Kashani A, Rabieyan R, Besharati MM. Modeling the effect of operator and passenger characteristics on the fatality risk of motorcycle crashes. J Inj Violence Res. 2016;8(1):35-42.
[4]Haqverdi MQ, Seyedabrishami S, Groeger JA. Identifying psychological and socio-economic factors affecting motorcycle helmet use. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;85:102-10.
[5]Sadeghi Bazargani H, Saadati M, Rezapour R, Abedi L. Determinants and barriers of helmet use in Iranian motorcyclists: a systematic review. J Inj Violence Res. 2017;9(1): 61-7.
[6]Galanis DJ, Ly CL, Wong LL, Steinemann S, Rosen L. Helmet use among motorcycle and moped riders injured in Hawaii: Final medical dispositions from a linked database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(5):743-8.
[7] Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R, Boufous S, Blows S, Lo SK. Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2008;(1):Cd004333.
[8]Sreedharan J, Muttappillymyalil J, Divakaran B, Haran JC. Determinants of safety helmet use among motorcyclists in Kerala, India. J Inj Violence Res. 2010;2(1):49-54.
[9]Oruogi MA, Charkazi A, Hazavehei SM, Moazeni M. Practice of motorcycle drivers on helmet use based on health belief model in khomein city. J Health. 2012;3(2):24-31. [Persian]
[10]Ranney ML, Mello MJ, Baird JB, Chai PR, Clark MA. Correlates of motorcycle helmet use among recent graduates of a motorcycle training course. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(6):2057-62.
[11]Brijs K, Brijs T, Sann S, Trinh TA, Wets G, Ruiter RAC. Psychological determinants of motorcycle helmet use among young adults in Cambodia. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2014;26:273-90.
[12]Papadakaki M, Tzamalouka G, Orsi C, Kritikos A, Morandi A, Gnardellis C, et al. Barriers and facilitators of helmet use in a Greek sample of motorcycle riders: Which evidence?. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2013;18:189-98.
[13] Hung DV, Stevenson MR, Ivers RQ. Barriers to, and factors associated, with observed motorcycle helmet use in Vietnam. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40(4):1627-33.
[14]Fallah Zavareh M, Mohamadi Hezaveh A, Nordfjærn T. Intention to use bicycle helmet as explained by the Health Belief Model, comparative optimism and risk perception in an Iranian sample. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2018;54:248-63.
[15]Chen MF. Extending the protection motivation theory model to predict public safe food choice behavioural intentions in Taiwan. Food Control. 2016;68:145-52.
[16]Morowatisharifabad M, Hadi Varnamkhavasti L, Zare M, Fallahzadeh H, Karimiankakolaki Z. Study of determinants of lung cancer protective behaviors in esfahan steel company workers based on protection motivation theory. Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2017;16(3):67-80. [Persian]
[17]Kaviani Ah, Roozbahani N, Khorsandi M. The assessment of the protection motivation theory construct of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2016;24(4):229-37. [Persian]
[18]Plotnikoff RC, Rhodes RE, Trinh L. Protection motivation theory and physical activity: a longitudinal test among a representative population sample of Canadian adults. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(8):1119-34.
[19]Dowd AJ, Jung ME, Chen MY, Beauchamp MR. Prediction of adherence to a gluten-free diet using protection motivation theory among adults with coeliac disease. J Human Nutr Diet. 2016;29(3):391-8.
[20]Morowatisharifabad MA, Momeni Sarvestani M, Barkhordari Firoozabadi A, Fallahzadeh H. Predictors of unsafe driving in yazd city, based on protection motivation theory in 2010. Horiz Med Sci. 2012;17(4):49-59. [Persian]
[21]Yazdanpanah M, Merdasi GR. Predicting Helmet Use Among Farmers Motorcycle Drivers in Shushtar District Through Psychological Models. J Rural Res. 2017;8(4):675-88. [Persian]
[22]Karl FM, Smith J, Piedt S, Turcotte K, Pike I. Applying the health action process approach to bicycle helmet use and evaluating a social marketing campaign. Inj Prev. 2018;24(4):288-295.
[23]Lajunen T, Rasanen M. Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the health belief model, theory of planned behavior and the locus of control. J Safe Res. 2004;35(1):115-23.
[24]Germeni E, Lionis C, Davou B, Petridou ET. Understanding reasons for non-compliance in motorcycle helmet use among adolescents in Greece. Injury prevention. Inj Prev. 2009;15(1):19-23.
[25]Quine L, Rutter DR, Arnold L. Predicting and understanding safety helmet use among schoolboy cyclists: A comparison of the theory of planned behaviour and the health belief model. Psychol Health. 1998;13(2):251-69.
[26]Morowati Sharifabad MA, Momeni Sarvestani M, Barkhordari Firoozabadi A, Fallahzadeh H. Perceived rewards of unsafe driving and perceived costs of safe driving as predictors of driving status in Yazd. Health Sys Res. 2011;7(4):422-33. [Persian]
[27]Wadhwaniya S, Gupta S, Mitra S, Tetali S, Josyula LK, Gururaj G, et al. A comparison of observed and self-reported helmet use and associated factors among motorcyclists in Hyderabad city, India. Public Health. 2017;144S:S62-9.
[28]Khan I, Khan A, Aziz F, Islam M, Shafqat S. Factors associated with helmet use among motorcycle users in Karachi, Pakistan. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(4):384-7.
[2] Word Health Organization. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 [Internet]. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. Available frome: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/.
[3]Tavakoli Kashani A, Rabieyan R, Besharati MM. Modeling the effect of operator and passenger characteristics on the fatality risk of motorcycle crashes. J Inj Violence Res. 2016;8(1):35-42.
[4]Haqverdi MQ, Seyedabrishami S, Groeger JA. Identifying psychological and socio-economic factors affecting motorcycle helmet use. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;85:102-10.
[5]Sadeghi Bazargani H, Saadati M, Rezapour R, Abedi L. Determinants and barriers of helmet use in Iranian motorcyclists: a systematic review. J Inj Violence Res. 2017;9(1): 61-7.
[6]Galanis DJ, Ly CL, Wong LL, Steinemann S, Rosen L. Helmet use among motorcycle and moped riders injured in Hawaii: Final medical dispositions from a linked database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(5):743-8.
[7] Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R, Boufous S, Blows S, Lo SK. Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2008;(1):Cd004333.
[8]Sreedharan J, Muttappillymyalil J, Divakaran B, Haran JC. Determinants of safety helmet use among motorcyclists in Kerala, India. J Inj Violence Res. 2010;2(1):49-54.
[9]Oruogi MA, Charkazi A, Hazavehei SM, Moazeni M. Practice of motorcycle drivers on helmet use based on health belief model in khomein city. J Health. 2012;3(2):24-31. [Persian]
[10]Ranney ML, Mello MJ, Baird JB, Chai PR, Clark MA. Correlates of motorcycle helmet use among recent graduates of a motorcycle training course. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(6):2057-62.
[11]Brijs K, Brijs T, Sann S, Trinh TA, Wets G, Ruiter RAC. Psychological determinants of motorcycle helmet use among young adults in Cambodia. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2014;26:273-90.
[12]Papadakaki M, Tzamalouka G, Orsi C, Kritikos A, Morandi A, Gnardellis C, et al. Barriers and facilitators of helmet use in a Greek sample of motorcycle riders: Which evidence?. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2013;18:189-98.
[13] Hung DV, Stevenson MR, Ivers RQ. Barriers to, and factors associated, with observed motorcycle helmet use in Vietnam. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40(4):1627-33.
[14]Fallah Zavareh M, Mohamadi Hezaveh A, Nordfjærn T. Intention to use bicycle helmet as explained by the Health Belief Model, comparative optimism and risk perception in an Iranian sample. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2018;54:248-63.
[15]Chen MF. Extending the protection motivation theory model to predict public safe food choice behavioural intentions in Taiwan. Food Control. 2016;68:145-52.
[16]Morowatisharifabad M, Hadi Varnamkhavasti L, Zare M, Fallahzadeh H, Karimiankakolaki Z. Study of determinants of lung cancer protective behaviors in esfahan steel company workers based on protection motivation theory. Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2017;16(3):67-80. [Persian]
[17]Kaviani Ah, Roozbahani N, Khorsandi M. The assessment of the protection motivation theory construct of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2016;24(4):229-37. [Persian]
[18]Plotnikoff RC, Rhodes RE, Trinh L. Protection motivation theory and physical activity: a longitudinal test among a representative population sample of Canadian adults. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(8):1119-34.
[19]Dowd AJ, Jung ME, Chen MY, Beauchamp MR. Prediction of adherence to a gluten-free diet using protection motivation theory among adults with coeliac disease. J Human Nutr Diet. 2016;29(3):391-8.
[20]Morowatisharifabad MA, Momeni Sarvestani M, Barkhordari Firoozabadi A, Fallahzadeh H. Predictors of unsafe driving in yazd city, based on protection motivation theory in 2010. Horiz Med Sci. 2012;17(4):49-59. [Persian]
[21]Yazdanpanah M, Merdasi GR. Predicting Helmet Use Among Farmers Motorcycle Drivers in Shushtar District Through Psychological Models. J Rural Res. 2017;8(4):675-88. [Persian]
[22]Karl FM, Smith J, Piedt S, Turcotte K, Pike I. Applying the health action process approach to bicycle helmet use and evaluating a social marketing campaign. Inj Prev. 2018;24(4):288-295.
[23]Lajunen T, Rasanen M. Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the health belief model, theory of planned behavior and the locus of control. J Safe Res. 2004;35(1):115-23.
[24]Germeni E, Lionis C, Davou B, Petridou ET. Understanding reasons for non-compliance in motorcycle helmet use among adolescents in Greece. Injury prevention. Inj Prev. 2009;15(1):19-23.
[25]Quine L, Rutter DR, Arnold L. Predicting and understanding safety helmet use among schoolboy cyclists: A comparison of the theory of planned behaviour and the health belief model. Psychol Health. 1998;13(2):251-69.
[26]Morowati Sharifabad MA, Momeni Sarvestani M, Barkhordari Firoozabadi A, Fallahzadeh H. Perceived rewards of unsafe driving and perceived costs of safe driving as predictors of driving status in Yazd. Health Sys Res. 2011;7(4):422-33. [Persian]
[27]Wadhwaniya S, Gupta S, Mitra S, Tetali S, Josyula LK, Gururaj G, et al. A comparison of observed and self-reported helmet use and associated factors among motorcyclists in Hyderabad city, India. Public Health. 2017;144S:S62-9.
[28]Khan I, Khan A, Aziz F, Islam M, Shafqat S. Factors associated with helmet use among motorcycle users in Karachi, Pakistan. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(4):384-7.