@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2018;10(2):85-90
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2018;10(2):85-90
Comparison of Perception of God and Life Expectancy among Veterans with Spinal Cord Injuries, Chemical Veterans, and Ordinary People; A Case Study of Urmia City
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Hasani Tabatabai L. (1)Shaker Dioulagh A. (*)
(*) Psychology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia , Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia , Iran
Correspondence
Address: Human Sciences Faculty, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, 2 Km Road of Salmas, Urmia, IranPhone: +98 (44) 32622043
Fax: +98 (44) 32722664
alishaker2000@gmail.com
Article History
Received: May 29, 2017Accepted: October 17, 2017
ePublished: April 10, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Studies have shown that the perception of God and life expectancy are important in adapting to chronic diseases and their consequences. The purpose of this study was to compare the level of perception of God and life expectancy among the veterans with spinal cord injuries, chemical veterans, and ordinary people.
Instrument & Methods The present study was a causal-comparative study conducted in Urmia in 2016. 30 veterans with spinal cord injuries were selected by census method, 50 chemical veterans were randomly selected and 50 ordinary people were selected by cluster sampling. The research instruments were perception of God Scale and Miller's Hope Questionnaire (MHS). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance analysis, multivariate analysis of variance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test, using SPSS 22 software.
Findings In the total score of perception of God, there was a significant difference between chemical veterans and ordinary people (p=0.001). In the challenge component, there was a significant difference between chemical veterans and ordinary people (p=0.003) and between veterans with spinal cord injuries and ordinary people (p=0/011). Also there was a significant difference in life expectancy between two groups of chemical veterans and veterans with spinal cord injuries (p=0.007).
Conclusion There is a difference between the level of perception of God and the life expectancy among the veterans with spinal cord injuries, chemical veterans, and ordinary people.
Instrument & Methods The present study was a causal-comparative study conducted in Urmia in 2016. 30 veterans with spinal cord injuries were selected by census method, 50 chemical veterans were randomly selected and 50 ordinary people were selected by cluster sampling. The research instruments were perception of God Scale and Miller's Hope Questionnaire (MHS). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance analysis, multivariate analysis of variance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test, using SPSS 22 software.
Findings In the total score of perception of God, there was a significant difference between chemical veterans and ordinary people (p=0.001). In the challenge component, there was a significant difference between chemical veterans and ordinary people (p=0.003) and between veterans with spinal cord injuries and ordinary people (p=0/011). Also there was a significant difference in life expectancy between two groups of chemical veterans and veterans with spinal cord injuries (p=0.007).
Conclusion There is a difference between the level of perception of God and the life expectancy among the veterans with spinal cord injuries, chemical veterans, and ordinary people.
CITATION LINKS
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[5]Lawrence RT. Measuring the image of God: The God image inventory and the God image scales. J Psychol Theol. 1997;25(2):214-26.
[6]Ghanbari Hashemabadi BA, Ashraf MH, Ghanbari Hashemabadi MR. Image of God and its relationship with demographics variables, self-concept and self-efficacy. J Res Clin Psychol Counsel. 2012:2(1):165-80. [Persian]
[7]Tabatabaei MH. Al Mizan. 3rd Volume. Akhtar Rizvi S, translator. Tehran: World Orqanization for Islamic Services; 1982.
[8]Vergote A, Tamayo A. The parental figures and the representation of God: A psychological and cross-cultural study. Paris, New York: Mouton; 1981.
[9]Hertel BR, Donahue MJ. Parental influences on God images among children: Testing durkheim’s metaphoric parallelism. J Sci Stud Relig. 1995;34(2):186-99.
[10]Gattis JP. Developing a web-based scoring program for the God image inventory [Dissertation]. La Mirada: Biola University; 2011.
[11]Khakshoor F, Ghobari Bonab B, Shahbaizadeh F. The role of conception of god and religious identity in the meaning of life. J Ravanshenasi din.2013;6(2):43-56. [Persian]
[12]Aron L. God’s influence upon my psychoanalytic vision and values. Psychoanal Psychol. 2004;21(3):442-51.
[13]Hadadi A. Relation between quality of image of god with anxiety and depression in college students. Proced Soc Behav Sci. 2011;29:252-6. [Persian]
[14]Rezapor Mirsaleh Y, Khabbaz M, Hadi Safi M, Abdi K, Yavari M, Behjati Z. The relationship of religiosity, personality dimensions and self-efficacy with coping style of nurses practitioner students. Iran J Nurs Res. 2011;6(22):53-64. [Persian]
[15]Scheier MF, Carver CS. Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychol. 1985;4(3):219-47.
[16]Hills P, Argyle M. Happiness, introversion- extraversion and happy introverts. J Pers Individ Difference. 2001;30(4):595-608.
[17]Kirkpatrick L, Shaver PR. An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Soc Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;18(3):266-75.
[18]Trouillet R, Gana K, Lourel M, Fort I. Predictive value of age for coping: The role of self-efficacy,social support satisfaction and perceived stress. Aging Ment Health. 2009;13(3):357-66.
[19]Sukkyung Y, Furlong MJ, Felix E, Sharkey JD, Tanigawa D, Greif Green J. Relations among school connectedness, hope, life satisfaction, and bully victimization. Psychol Sch. 2008;45(5):446-60.
[20]Pourmalek F, Abolhasani F, Nagavi M, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh R, Holakoui K, et al. Estimation of healthy life expectancy for Iran’s population in year 1382 (2003). Hakim Health Syst Res J. 2008;10(4):66-76. [Persian]
[21]Cervellati M, Sunde U. Life expectancy and economic growth: The role of the demographic transition. IZA. 2009;4160:1-48.
[22]Heydari S, Salahshourian Fard A, Rafii F, Hoseini F. Correlation of perceived social support from different supportive sources and the size of social network with quality of life in cancer patients. Iran J Nurs. 2009;22(61):8-18. [Persian]
[23]Bijari H, Ghanbari Hashem Abadi BA, Aghamohammadian Sherbaf HR. Effects of hope-based group therapy on the promotion of hope in women with breast cancer. Stud Educ Psychol. 2009;10(1):172-84. [Persian]
[24]Miller JF, Powers MJ. Development of an instrument to measure hope. Nurs Res. 1988;37(1):6-10.
[25]Chenary R, Noroozi A, Tahmasebi R. Health promoting behaviors in veterans in Ilam Province. J Military Med. 2013;15(1):95-102. [Persian]
[26]Hasani Tabatabai L, Shaker Dioulagh A. Comparison of stress and social support between veterans and non-veterans; case study of Urmia City. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(3):141-6. [Persian]
[27]Soleymani Sh, Shaker Dioulagh A. Comparing the anxiety and depression of death between chemical and non-chemical veterans of Sardasht city, Iran. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(2):73-8. [Persian]
[28]Mccoll MA, Walker J, Stirling P, Wilkins R, Corey P. Expectations of life and health among spinal cord injured adults. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(12):818-28.
[29]Pardar CH, RezaKhani S. Effectiveness of communication skills training on increasing self-efficacy and hopefulness of veterans' wives; A case study of Ravansar City. Iran J War Public Health. 2018;10(1):41-5. [Persian]
[2]Frankel HL, Coll JR, Charlifue SW, Whiteneck GG, Gardner BP, Jamous MA, et al. Long-term survival in spinal cord injury: A fifty year investigation. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(4):266-74.
[3]Karami GR, Amiri M, Ameli J, Kachoee H, Ghodoosi K, Saadat AR, et al. Psychological hcalth status of mustard gas cxposcd vctcrans. J Mil Med. 2006;8(1):1-7. [Persian]
[4]Mohamadtaghi B, Shamsipour Dehkordi p, Hejazi Dinan P. Effectiveness of physical activity on quality of life and pain self-efficacy in veterans and non-veterans with amputations of lower limbs. Iran J War Public Health. 2016;8(2):95-103. [Persian].
[5]Lawrence RT. Measuring the image of God: The God image inventory and the God image scales. J Psychol Theol. 1997;25(2):214-26.
[6]Ghanbari Hashemabadi BA, Ashraf MH, Ghanbari Hashemabadi MR. Image of God and its relationship with demographics variables, self-concept and self-efficacy. J Res Clin Psychol Counsel. 2012:2(1):165-80. [Persian]
[7]Tabatabaei MH. Al Mizan. 3rd Volume. Akhtar Rizvi S, translator. Tehran: World Orqanization for Islamic Services; 1982.
[8]Vergote A, Tamayo A. The parental figures and the representation of God: A psychological and cross-cultural study. Paris, New York: Mouton; 1981.
[9]Hertel BR, Donahue MJ. Parental influences on God images among children: Testing durkheim’s metaphoric parallelism. J Sci Stud Relig. 1995;34(2):186-99.
[10]Gattis JP. Developing a web-based scoring program for the God image inventory [Dissertation]. La Mirada: Biola University; 2011.
[11]Khakshoor F, Ghobari Bonab B, Shahbaizadeh F. The role of conception of god and religious identity in the meaning of life. J Ravanshenasi din.2013;6(2):43-56. [Persian]
[12]Aron L. God’s influence upon my psychoanalytic vision and values. Psychoanal Psychol. 2004;21(3):442-51.
[13]Hadadi A. Relation between quality of image of god with anxiety and depression in college students. Proced Soc Behav Sci. 2011;29:252-6. [Persian]
[14]Rezapor Mirsaleh Y, Khabbaz M, Hadi Safi M, Abdi K, Yavari M, Behjati Z. The relationship of religiosity, personality dimensions and self-efficacy with coping style of nurses practitioner students. Iran J Nurs Res. 2011;6(22):53-64. [Persian]
[15]Scheier MF, Carver CS. Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychol. 1985;4(3):219-47.
[16]Hills P, Argyle M. Happiness, introversion- extraversion and happy introverts. J Pers Individ Difference. 2001;30(4):595-608.
[17]Kirkpatrick L, Shaver PR. An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Soc Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;18(3):266-75.
[18]Trouillet R, Gana K, Lourel M, Fort I. Predictive value of age for coping: The role of self-efficacy,social support satisfaction and perceived stress. Aging Ment Health. 2009;13(3):357-66.
[19]Sukkyung Y, Furlong MJ, Felix E, Sharkey JD, Tanigawa D, Greif Green J. Relations among school connectedness, hope, life satisfaction, and bully victimization. Psychol Sch. 2008;45(5):446-60.
[20]Pourmalek F, Abolhasani F, Nagavi M, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh R, Holakoui K, et al. Estimation of healthy life expectancy for Iran’s population in year 1382 (2003). Hakim Health Syst Res J. 2008;10(4):66-76. [Persian]
[21]Cervellati M, Sunde U. Life expectancy and economic growth: The role of the demographic transition. IZA. 2009;4160:1-48.
[22]Heydari S, Salahshourian Fard A, Rafii F, Hoseini F. Correlation of perceived social support from different supportive sources and the size of social network with quality of life in cancer patients. Iran J Nurs. 2009;22(61):8-18. [Persian]
[23]Bijari H, Ghanbari Hashem Abadi BA, Aghamohammadian Sherbaf HR. Effects of hope-based group therapy on the promotion of hope in women with breast cancer. Stud Educ Psychol. 2009;10(1):172-84. [Persian]
[24]Miller JF, Powers MJ. Development of an instrument to measure hope. Nurs Res. 1988;37(1):6-10.
[25]Chenary R, Noroozi A, Tahmasebi R. Health promoting behaviors in veterans in Ilam Province. J Military Med. 2013;15(1):95-102. [Persian]
[26]Hasani Tabatabai L, Shaker Dioulagh A. Comparison of stress and social support between veterans and non-veterans; case study of Urmia City. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(3):141-6. [Persian]
[27]Soleymani Sh, Shaker Dioulagh A. Comparing the anxiety and depression of death between chemical and non-chemical veterans of Sardasht city, Iran. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(2):73-8. [Persian]
[28]Mccoll MA, Walker J, Stirling P, Wilkins R, Corey P. Expectations of life and health among spinal cord injured adults. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(12):818-28.
[29]Pardar CH, RezaKhani S. Effectiveness of communication skills training on increasing self-efficacy and hopefulness of veterans' wives; A case study of Ravansar City. Iran J War Public Health. 2018;10(1):41-5. [Persian]