@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2019;25(1):64-70
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2019;25(1):64-70
The Effects of Brain-Behavioral Systems on Body Appreciation Based on Mediating Role of Obsessive Beliefs
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Amiri S. (*)Jamali U. (1)
(*) Department of Psychology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
(1) Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Urmia UniversityPhone: 081- 34422244
Fax: 081- 34422244
Amirysohrab@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: May 31, 2018Accepted: September 23, 2018
ePublished: January 27, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
The aim of the present study was to investigate Behavioral activation and inhibition
systems effects on and inhibition systems on body appreciation according to mediating role of
obsessive beliefs in students.
Materials & Methods For this purpose, 358 students were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling, then the brain-behavioral systems, body pleasure and obsessive beliefs questionnaire were distributed among research participants to respond.Collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and correlation indicators, path analysis and independent t-test and SPSS-22 and Lisrel software were used in order to test of the research hypothesis.
Findings Results indicated that a significantpositive correlation between behavioral activation system with most components of obsessive beliefs and body appreciation (P<0.05). Also a significant negative correlation was obtained between behavioral inhibition system with most components of obsessive beliefs and body appreciation (P<0.05). Some of obsession beliefs was associated with body appreciation (P<0.05). Also path analysis indicated that mediating role of some of obsession beliefs in association between brain-behavioral systems and body appreciation. Examination the role of gender differences showed that women had higher scores in most variables.
Conclusion It seems that obsessive-compulsive beliefs play an important role in the psychological vulnerability in comparison to reinforcement sensitivity.
Materials & Methods For this purpose, 358 students were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling, then the brain-behavioral systems, body pleasure and obsessive beliefs questionnaire were distributed among research participants to respond.Collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and correlation indicators, path analysis and independent t-test and SPSS-22 and Lisrel software were used in order to test of the research hypothesis.
Findings Results indicated that a significantpositive correlation between behavioral activation system with most components of obsessive beliefs and body appreciation (P<0.05). Also a significant negative correlation was obtained between behavioral inhibition system with most components of obsessive beliefs and body appreciation (P<0.05). Some of obsession beliefs was associated with body appreciation (P<0.05). Also path analysis indicated that mediating role of some of obsession beliefs in association between brain-behavioral systems and body appreciation. Examination the role of gender differences showed that women had higher scores in most variables.
Conclusion It seems that obsessive-compulsive beliefs play an important role in the psychological vulnerability in comparison to reinforcement sensitivity.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Cash TF, Phillips KA, Santos MT, Hrabosky JI. Measuring “negative body image”: Validation of the body image disturbance questionnaire in a nonclinical population. Body Image. 2004;1(4):363-72.
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[4]Tylka, TL, Kroon Van Diest AM. The intuitive eating scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. J Couns Psychol. 2013;60(1):137-53.
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[14]Einipour J, Vahedi SH, Hashemi T. Investigation of relationship among emotional control, cognitive emotional regulation and obsessive beliefs in high school girl students of Rasht. Adv Cogn Sci. 2013;15(2):63-71. [Persian]
[15]Beadel JR, Smyth FL, Teachman BA. Change processes during cognitive bias modification for obsessive compulsive beliefs. Cogn Ther Res. 2014;38(2):103-19.
[16]Hartmanna AS, Thomas JJ, Greenberg JL, Elliott CM, Matheny NL, Wilhelm S. Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder: A comparison of body image concerns and explicit and implicit attractiveness beliefs. Body Image. 2015;14:77-84.
[17]Lavell CH, Farrell LJ, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. Do obsessional belief domains relate to body dysmorphic concerns in undergraduate students?. J Obsessiv Compuls Relat Disord. 2014;3(4):354-8.
[18]Swami V, Hadji-Michael M, Furnham A. Personality and individual difference correlates of positive body image. Body Image. 2008;5(3):322-5.
[19]Iannantuono AC, Tylka TL. Interpersonal and intrapersonal links to body appreciation in college women: An exploratory model. Body Image. 2012;9(2):227-35.
[20]Smederevac S, Mitrović D, Čolović P, Nikolašević Ž. Validation of the measure of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs. J Individ Differ. 2014;35(1):12-21.
[21]Moulding R, Anglim J, Nedeljkovic M, Doron G, Kyrios, M, Ayalon A. The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ): Examination in nonclinical samples and development of a short version. Assessment. 2011;18(3):357-74
[22]Tylka, TL, Wood-Barcalow NL. The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image. 2015;12:53-67
[23]Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
[24]Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 1999;6(1):1-55.
[25]Meyer B, Johnson SL, Winters R. Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2001;23(3):133-43.
[26]Kimbrel NA. A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):592-612.
[27]Fullana M, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JL, Caseras X, Serrano F, Alonso P, et al. Personality characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder and individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive problems. Br J Clin Psychol. 2004;43(Pt 4):387-98.
[28]Pinto-Meza A, Caseras X, Soler J, Puigdemont D, Perez V, Torrubia R. Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems in current and recovered major depression participants. Personal Individ Differ. 2006;40(2):215-26.
[29]Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Walshaw PD, Cogswell A, Grandin LD, Hughes, ME, et al. Behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system sensitivities and bipolar spectrum disorders: Prospective prediction of bipolar mood episodes. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(2):310-22.
[30]Newman JP, MacCoon DG, Vaughn LJ, Sadeh N. Validating a distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy with measures of Gray's BIS and BAS constructs. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114(2):319-23.
[31]Kimbrel NA, Cobb AR, Mitchell JT, Hundt NE, Nelson-Gray RO. Sensitivity to punishment and exposure to low maternal care account for the link between bulimic and social anxiety symptomatology. Eat Behav. 2008;9(2):210-7.
[32]Bijttebier P, Beck I, Claes L, Vandereycken W. Gray’s Reinforcement sensitivity theory as a framework for research on personality-psychopathology associations. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(5):421-30.
[33]Heponiemi T, Keltiangas-Jarvinen L, Puttonen S, Ravaja N. BIS/BAS sensitivity and self-rated affects during experimentally induced stress. Personal Individ Difer. 2003;34(6):943-57.
[34]Kimbrel NA, Nelson-Gray RO, Mitchell JT. Reinforcement sensitivity and maternal style as predictors of psychopathology. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;42(6):1139-49.
[2]Cash TF, Phillips KA, Santos MT, Hrabosky JI. Measuring “negative body image”: Validation of the body image disturbance questionnaire in a nonclinical population. Body Image. 2004;1(4):363-72.
[3]Avalos L, Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow N. The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image. 2005;2(3):285-97.
[4]Tylka, TL, Kroon Van Diest AM. The intuitive eating scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. J Couns Psychol. 2013;60(1):137-53.
[5]Wood-Barcalow NL, Tylka TL, Augustus-Horvath CL. “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image. 2010;7(2):106-16.
[6]Gray JA. Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder. In: van Goozen SHM, Van De Poll N, Van De Poll NE, Sergeant JA. Emotions: Essays on emotion theory. New Jersey: Psychology Press; 1994. pp. 29-59.
[7]Corr PJ. Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST): Introduction. In: Corr PJ, Editor. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. pp. 1-43.
[8]Tapper K, Baker L, Jiga-Boy G, Haddock G, Maio GR. Sensitivity to reward and punishment: Associations with diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. pp. 72, 79-84.
[9]Gray JA, McNaughton N. The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.
[10]Carver CS, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1994;67(2):319-33.
[11]Johnson SL, Turner RJ, Iwata N. BIS/BAS Levels and psychiatric disorder: An epidemiological study. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2003;25(1):25-36.
[12]Cohen LJ, Kingston P, Bell A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Hollander E. Comorbid personality impairment in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(1):4-12.
[13]Buhlmann U, Etcoff NL, Wilhelm S. Facial attractiveness ratings and perfectionism in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(3):540-7.
[14]Einipour J, Vahedi SH, Hashemi T. Investigation of relationship among emotional control, cognitive emotional regulation and obsessive beliefs in high school girl students of Rasht. Adv Cogn Sci. 2013;15(2):63-71. [Persian]
[15]Beadel JR, Smyth FL, Teachman BA. Change processes during cognitive bias modification for obsessive compulsive beliefs. Cogn Ther Res. 2014;38(2):103-19.
[16]Hartmanna AS, Thomas JJ, Greenberg JL, Elliott CM, Matheny NL, Wilhelm S. Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder: A comparison of body image concerns and explicit and implicit attractiveness beliefs. Body Image. 2015;14:77-84.
[17]Lavell CH, Farrell LJ, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. Do obsessional belief domains relate to body dysmorphic concerns in undergraduate students?. J Obsessiv Compuls Relat Disord. 2014;3(4):354-8.
[18]Swami V, Hadji-Michael M, Furnham A. Personality and individual difference correlates of positive body image. Body Image. 2008;5(3):322-5.
[19]Iannantuono AC, Tylka TL. Interpersonal and intrapersonal links to body appreciation in college women: An exploratory model. Body Image. 2012;9(2):227-35.
[20]Smederevac S, Mitrović D, Čolović P, Nikolašević Ž. Validation of the measure of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs. J Individ Differ. 2014;35(1):12-21.
[21]Moulding R, Anglim J, Nedeljkovic M, Doron G, Kyrios, M, Ayalon A. The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ): Examination in nonclinical samples and development of a short version. Assessment. 2011;18(3):357-74
[22]Tylka, TL, Wood-Barcalow NL. The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image. 2015;12:53-67
[23]Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
[24]Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 1999;6(1):1-55.
[25]Meyer B, Johnson SL, Winters R. Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2001;23(3):133-43.
[26]Kimbrel NA. A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):592-612.
[27]Fullana M, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JL, Caseras X, Serrano F, Alonso P, et al. Personality characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder and individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive problems. Br J Clin Psychol. 2004;43(Pt 4):387-98.
[28]Pinto-Meza A, Caseras X, Soler J, Puigdemont D, Perez V, Torrubia R. Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems in current and recovered major depression participants. Personal Individ Differ. 2006;40(2):215-26.
[29]Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Walshaw PD, Cogswell A, Grandin LD, Hughes, ME, et al. Behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system sensitivities and bipolar spectrum disorders: Prospective prediction of bipolar mood episodes. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(2):310-22.
[30]Newman JP, MacCoon DG, Vaughn LJ, Sadeh N. Validating a distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy with measures of Gray's BIS and BAS constructs. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114(2):319-23.
[31]Kimbrel NA, Cobb AR, Mitchell JT, Hundt NE, Nelson-Gray RO. Sensitivity to punishment and exposure to low maternal care account for the link between bulimic and social anxiety symptomatology. Eat Behav. 2008;9(2):210-7.
[32]Bijttebier P, Beck I, Claes L, Vandereycken W. Gray’s Reinforcement sensitivity theory as a framework for research on personality-psychopathology associations. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(5):421-30.
[33]Heponiemi T, Keltiangas-Jarvinen L, Puttonen S, Ravaja N. BIS/BAS sensitivity and self-rated affects during experimentally induced stress. Personal Individ Difer. 2003;34(6):943-57.
[34]Kimbrel NA, Nelson-Gray RO, Mitchell JT. Reinforcement sensitivity and maternal style as predictors of psychopathology. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;42(6):1139-49.