@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 0000-0000 Iranian Journal of Isaar Studies 2017;1(3):127-132
ISSN: 0000-0000 Iranian Journal of Isaar Studies 2017;1(3):127-132
Analytical Study on the Barriers to the Participation of Veteran Women in Sport Activities Based on Crawford's Hierarchical Model
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Taghian Z. (*)Azadfada Sh. (1)
Pour Sultani Zarandi H (1)
(*) Sport Management Department, Physical Education Faculty, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Sport Management Department, Physical Education Faculty, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Vafadar Boulevard, Shahid Sadoughi Street, Hakimeh's Output, Shahid Babaie Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1651153311Phone: 02188589658
Fax: 02188303251
zahra.taghian@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: May 10, 2017Accepted: August 19, 2017
ePublished: September 5, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Although exercise is important to everyone in daily life, it is considered essential for the disabled as part of daily activities. The purpose of the present study was analytical study on the barriers to the participation of veteran women in sport activities based on Crawford's hierarchical model.
Instrument & Methods This descriptive study was conducted in field and library research method among 297 veteran women of Iran in 2017, who were selected by simple random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire for barriers to participation in physical activity during leisure time according to Crawford's hierarchical model. Data were analyzed by SPSS 24 software, using one sample t-test, Friedman test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance.
Findings The mean score of participation barriers and individual and structural components with the hypothesized condition (score 3) showed a significant difference (p=0.001). The average of individual, interpersonal and structural components were 2.38, 1.94 and 1.68, respectively, which showed a significant difference between them (p=0.001). There was a significant difference between the rating averages of the barriers of participation based on educational qualifications (p=0.001). Individual (F=4.897) and structural (F=5.074) barriers were also significantly different based on educational qualifications (p=0.001).
Conclusion The barriers to participation in sport activities in veteran women of Iran are somewhat more severe than hypothetical condition. Individual and structural barriers to participation in sport activities are more important than interpersonal barriers. Individual, interpersonal and structural barriers are ranked first to third respectively. Individual and structural barriers to participation in sport activities vary according to educational qualifications.
Instrument & Methods This descriptive study was conducted in field and library research method among 297 veteran women of Iran in 2017, who were selected by simple random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire for barriers to participation in physical activity during leisure time according to Crawford's hierarchical model. Data were analyzed by SPSS 24 software, using one sample t-test, Friedman test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance.
Findings The mean score of participation barriers and individual and structural components with the hypothesized condition (score 3) showed a significant difference (p=0.001). The average of individual, interpersonal and structural components were 2.38, 1.94 and 1.68, respectively, which showed a significant difference between them (p=0.001). There was a significant difference between the rating averages of the barriers of participation based on educational qualifications (p=0.001). Individual (F=4.897) and structural (F=5.074) barriers were also significantly different based on educational qualifications (p=0.001).
Conclusion The barriers to participation in sport activities in veteran women of Iran are somewhat more severe than hypothetical condition. Individual and structural barriers to participation in sport activities are more important than interpersonal barriers. Individual, interpersonal and structural barriers are ranked first to third respectively. Individual and structural barriers to participation in sport activities vary according to educational qualifications.
CITATION LINKS
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[14]Aghaei N, Fatahian N. The comparative study of barriers of sport participation among athletes and non-athletes’ female teachers in Hamadan, using Crawford hierarchical barriers (case study of female teachers in Hamadan). Res Sport Manag Mot Sport. 2013;2(4):161-74. [Persian]
[15] Pourranjbar M, Keshavarz L, Sharifian E, Farahani A. Participant barriers of Kerman province’s wheel chaired people in recreational activities. J Health Dev. 2014;3(2):175-88. [Persian]
[16]Ardestani A, Tondnevis F, Haj Mirfattah F. Comparison of attitudes of athletes and non-athletes with regard to their social aspect. J Mov Sci Sport. 2003;1(1):1-10. [Persian]
[17]Moghadas Shargh M. Investigating the factors preventing and facilitating participation in sports activities of staff members of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University of Tehran; 2012. [Persian]
[18]Walker GJ, Jackson EL, Deng J. Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and mainland chinese university students. J Leis Res. 2007;39(4):567-90.
[19]Aminuddin Y, Shah P, Parilah M. Sport Participation Constraints of Malaysian University Students. Int J Humanit. 2007; 5(3):189-95. [Persian]
[20] Sadeghzadeh MH, Maghami M. Study and analysis of inhibitory factors of female students for participation in recreational sport activities. 2012;2(4):1245-9. [Persian]
[21]Ghahremani J, Moharamzadeh M, Sa'idi Sh. Investigation barriers of sports participation of woman teachers in three levels of educational in city of Marand. Appl Res Sport Manag. 2013;2(6):57-66. [Persian]
[22]Nazari R, Ehsani M, Hamidi M, Salari M. Development and introduction of the strategic perspective of the General Office of Sports and Youth of Isfahan Province through the David Model. Sport Manag. 2015;6(1):157-72.
[23]Muatmeni A, Hemati A, Moradi. Identification and prioritization of obstacles to women in sporting activities. J Sport Manag Stud. 2014;24:111-30.
[24]Vaez Mousavi SMK, Nasri S, Azerbaijani MA, Mokhtari P. Determining the validity, reliability, and normalization of athletic self-esteem index among athletic students. Res Sport Sci. 2008;5(1):47-60. [Persian]
[2]PourRanjbar M, Sharifian E, Khodadadi MR. The study of the relationship between barriers to participation in physical activity and leisure activities of the disabled in the south-east of the country. First National Conference on the New Achievements of Physical Education and Sport. Chabahar: Chabahar International University; 2015. [Persian]
[3]Jalali Farahani M. Principles, foundations and objects of disabled sport. Tehran: Sport Sciences Publication (Hatmi); 2011. [Persian]
[4]Mirsafian H. Constraints to participation in physical activity and Sport: A comparative study between Hungarian and Iranian Students [Dissertation] Budapest: Semmelweis University; 2014.
[5] Jackson EL, Crawford DW, Godbey G. Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leis Sci. 1993;15(1):1-11.
[6]Crawford DW, Jackson EL, Godbey G. A hierachical model of leisure constraints. Leis Sci. 1991;13(4):309-20.
[7]Ehsani M, Koozecheian E, Keshkar S. Investigation and analysis of preventive factors and participation of Tehran women in recreational sports activities. Res Sport Sci. 2008;4(17):63-87. [Presian]
[8]Ebrahimi Gh, Behnoei Gadneh. Sociological review of the relationship between leisure time and personal identity among young people of Babolsar city. J Cult Stud Commun. 2009;5(14):127-48. [Persian]
[9] Ehsani M, AzabDaftaran M. Investigating the barriers to the participation of student girls' sports activities at Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch. Olympic. 2003;11(3-4):29-40. [Persian]
[10]Ginis KA, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, LatimerCheung AE, Buchholz AC, Bray SR, Craven BC, et al. Predictors of leisure time physical activity among people with spinal cord injury. Ann Behav Med. 2012;44(1):104-18.
[11]Chow HW, Dong YH. Relationship between participation in leisure activities and constraints on Taiwanese breastfeeding mothers during leisure activities. BMC Public Health. 2013,13:410.
[12]Keshkar S, Ehsani M. Study of inhibited factors importance to participating Tehran Cities Women in Recreations by Emphasizing on Demographics Traits. Women Stud. 2007;5(2):113-34. [Persian]
[13] Khalilpur A. Determining the factors preventing the participation of physical activity in the leisure time of students of the Faculty of Technical Sciences of Vali-e-Asr girls based on the Pearly Crawford model. First National Conference on the Development of Sport Science in Health, Prevention and Heroism. Qazvin: Imam Khomeini International University; 2016. [Persian]
[14]Aghaei N, Fatahian N. The comparative study of barriers of sport participation among athletes and non-athletes’ female teachers in Hamadan, using Crawford hierarchical barriers (case study of female teachers in Hamadan). Res Sport Manag Mot Sport. 2013;2(4):161-74. [Persian]
[15] Pourranjbar M, Keshavarz L, Sharifian E, Farahani A. Participant barriers of Kerman province’s wheel chaired people in recreational activities. J Health Dev. 2014;3(2):175-88. [Persian]
[16]Ardestani A, Tondnevis F, Haj Mirfattah F. Comparison of attitudes of athletes and non-athletes with regard to their social aspect. J Mov Sci Sport. 2003;1(1):1-10. [Persian]
[17]Moghadas Shargh M. Investigating the factors preventing and facilitating participation in sports activities of staff members of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University of Tehran; 2012. [Persian]
[18]Walker GJ, Jackson EL, Deng J. Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and mainland chinese university students. J Leis Res. 2007;39(4):567-90.
[19]Aminuddin Y, Shah P, Parilah M. Sport Participation Constraints of Malaysian University Students. Int J Humanit. 2007; 5(3):189-95. [Persian]
[20] Sadeghzadeh MH, Maghami M. Study and analysis of inhibitory factors of female students for participation in recreational sport activities. 2012;2(4):1245-9. [Persian]
[21]Ghahremani J, Moharamzadeh M, Sa'idi Sh. Investigation barriers of sports participation of woman teachers in three levels of educational in city of Marand. Appl Res Sport Manag. 2013;2(6):57-66. [Persian]
[22]Nazari R, Ehsani M, Hamidi M, Salari M. Development and introduction of the strategic perspective of the General Office of Sports and Youth of Isfahan Province through the David Model. Sport Manag. 2015;6(1):157-72.
[23]Muatmeni A, Hemati A, Moradi. Identification and prioritization of obstacles to women in sporting activities. J Sport Manag Stud. 2014;24:111-30.
[24]Vaez Mousavi SMK, Nasri S, Azerbaijani MA, Mokhtari P. Determining the validity, reliability, and normalization of athletic self-esteem index among athletic students. Res Sport Sci. 2008;5(1):47-60. [Persian]