@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(1):63-73
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(1):63-73
Phenomenology of Sexual Dysfunctions in Chemical Warfare Victims of Sardasht City
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Qualitative StudyAuthors
Melkari B. (1)Farahbakhsh K. (*1)
Farrokhi N. (2)
Motamedi A. (3)
(1) Counseling Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Measurement & Measurement Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
(3) Clinical Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Counseling Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Dehkadeh Olampik, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1489684511Phone: +98 (21) 48390000
Fax: +98 (21) 48390000
kiiumars@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: August 18, 2018Accepted: December 15, 2018
ePublished: March 17, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims
Sexual dysfunction is one of the most important factors that can play a fundamental role in the individual and social health and adjustment of people. Chemical injury is one of the cases that can be considered as a serious factor in the occurrence or aggravation of sexual dysfunction by causing organic and psychological changes in male and female victims. The purpose of this study was to identify sexual dysfunctions in chemical warfare victims in Sardasht city.
Participants & Methods This qualitative phenomenological research was carried out in 2018 using grounded theory method among all chemical warfare victims in Sardasht city. At first, Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire (HISD) was distributed among the identified individuals and 60 chemical victims (30 females and 30 males) with low score were selected by purposive sampling method for participation in the study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. All interviews were recorded and then transcribed, and finally the data were analyzed using the Colaizzi’s seven step process and grounded theory method.
Findings The core code for "multiple sexual disfunctions" included 9 selected codes. Selected codes were identified with their primary and secondary concepts.
Conclusion Identified sexual disfunctions include disorder in initiating sexual relations, lack of sexual arousal, lack of perception of sexual pleasure, sexual organ dysfunction, lack of sexual desire, impotency, erectile dysfunction, multi-faceted disorder in ejaculation and masturbation.
Participants & Methods This qualitative phenomenological research was carried out in 2018 using grounded theory method among all chemical warfare victims in Sardasht city. At first, Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire (HISD) was distributed among the identified individuals and 60 chemical victims (30 females and 30 males) with low score were selected by purposive sampling method for participation in the study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. All interviews were recorded and then transcribed, and finally the data were analyzed using the Colaizzi’s seven step process and grounded theory method.
Findings The core code for "multiple sexual disfunctions" included 9 selected codes. Selected codes were identified with their primary and secondary concepts.
Conclusion Identified sexual disfunctions include disorder in initiating sexual relations, lack of sexual arousal, lack of perception of sexual pleasure, sexual organ dysfunction, lack of sexual desire, impotency, erectile dysfunction, multi-faceted disorder in ejaculation and masturbation.
CITATION LINKS
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[32]Fahlbusch E, Lochman JM, Mbiti J, Pelikan J, Vischer L, Bromiley GW, et al. The encyclopedia of Christianity. Volume 4. Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company; 2005.
[33]Rajabi GR, Amanollahi A, Khojest Mehr R, Hosseini MA, Attari Y. The Effectiveness of cognitive - behavioral therapy and therapeutic therapy in treatment of early ejaculation men referring to Ahwaz Medical Centers. J Fam Couns Psychother. 2013;2(4):435-55. [Persian]
[34]Pierre A. Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of sexual function and dysfunction. Arab J Urol. 2013;11(3):217-21.
[35]Andrews G. Womens sexual health. 2nd Edition. London: Baillière Tindall; 2001.
[36]Brezsnyak M, Whisman MA. Sexual desire and relationship functioning: the effects of marital satisfaction and power. J Sex Marital Ther. 2004;30(3):199-217.
[37]Nappi RE, Albani F, Vaccaro P, Gardella B, Salonia A, Chiovato L, et al. Use of the Italian translation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in routine gynecological practice. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008;24(4):214-9.
[38]Eskandari M. Investigation of the mental status of chemical agents. In: Proceedings of the National Congress of Military Medicine (with emphasis on 8 years of sacred experience); 2002 Oct 7-9; Tehran, Iran. Tehran: Imam Hussein University; 2002. [Persian]
[39]Kargar H. A survey on the relative frequency of sexual dysfunctions in war veterans [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2004. [Persian]
[40]Jensen P, Jensen SB, Sørensen PS, Bjerre BD, Rizzi DA, Sørensen AS, et al. Sexual dysfunction in male and female patients with epilepsy: a study of 86 outpatients. Arch Sex Behav. 1990;19(1):1-14.
[41]Maleknejad M, Fazel F. Examining the problems and complaints of chemical veterans. In: Soroush MR, Majdinasab M, editors. Proceedings of the First Congress on the Consequences of Gas Attacks during Iraq-Iran War; 2004 July 1-2; Tehran, Iran. Tehran: Publications of the Society for the Protection of Chemical Weapons Victims; 2004. [Persian]
[42]Ahmadi K, Reshadatjoo M, Karami, G, Anisi J. Vicarious PTSD in Sardasht chemical warfare victims' wives. J Behav Sci. 2009;3(3):195-9. [Persian]
[43]Qanei M, Khateri S, Tarighati OR. A health care guide for chemical warfare victims (and their health care providers). 1st Edition. Tehran: Research Institute of Veterans Engineering and Medical Sciences; 2003. [Persian]
[2]Basmenji K. Chemical, microbial and nuclear weapons and ways to deal with it. Tehran: Alamut Publishing. 1985. [Persian]
[3]Khateri S, Janati Moheb A. Iraq's use of chemical weapons against Iran UN documents. 1st Edition. Tehran: Foundation for the Preservation of the Works and Publication of the Sacred Defense Values; 2007. [Persian]
[4]
[5]Starr S, Moulds ML. The role of negative interpretations of intrusive memories in depression. J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1-3):125-32.
[6]Ghzanfari T, Yaraei R, Kiasalari Z, Hodaei F, Ghasemi H, Pourfarzam S, et al. Evaluation of serum levels of nitric oxide in chemical victims of Sardsht 20 years after sulfure mustard exposure . Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(2):9-23. [Persian]
[7]Kordbache Hosseinabad M. The limitation of chemical and biological weapons in international law (with the approach to Iraq's imposed war on Iran). Tehran: Sarir; 2007. [Persian]
[8]Nikoobakht MR. Sexual disorders in male and female. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences Publication; 2003. [Persian]
[9]Azizi F. The effect of chemical weaponry on endocrine system. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. 2001;3(3):211-22. [Persian]
[10]Tavallaei SA, Assari S, Najafi M, Habibi M, Ghanei M. Study of sleep quality in chemical-warfare-agents exposed veterans. J Mil Med. 2005;6(4):241-8. [Persian]
[11]Barlow HD, editor. Clinical handbook of psychological disorder: A step by step treatment manual. 5th Edition. New York: The Guilford Press; 2014.
[12]Nikpour S, Javaheri I, Yadavar Nikravesh M, Jamshidi R. Study of sexual problems resulting from delivery in primiparous women referred to outpatient clinics in west of Tehran . Razi J Med Sci. 2006;13(50):189-96. [Persian]
[13]Goshtasbi A, Vahdaninia M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammmadi A. Sexual dysfunction disorders and their relation to fertility variables in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province. Payesh. 2008;7(1);67-73. [Persian]
[14]Sadok BJ, Sadok VA. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Volume 2. 10th Edition. Pourafkari N, translator. Tehran: Shahr-e Ab; 2011. [Persian]
[15]Rosen RC, Bachmann GA. Sexual well-being, happiness, and satisfaction, in women: the case for a new conceptual paradigm. J Sex Marital Ther. 2008;34(4):291-7.
[16]Shindel AW, Nelson CJ, Naughton CK, Ohebshalom M, Mulhall JP. Sexual function and quality of life in the male partner of infertile couples: prevalence and correlates of dysfunction. J Urol. 2008;179(3):1056-9.
[17]Monga M, Alexandrescu B, Katz SE, Stein M, Ganiats T. Impact of infertility on quality of life, marital adjustment, and sexual function. Urology. 2004;63(1):126-30.
[18]Nene UA, Coyaji K, Apte H. Infertility: a label of choice in the case of sexually dysfunctional couples. Patient Educ Couns. 2005;59(3):234-8.
[19]Malkari B, Karimian N. Psychological- social consequences chemical bombardment of the Sardasht victims (a qualitative study). Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(3):7-13. [Persian]
[20]Pastor Z. Female sexual desire disorders--prevalence, classification and treatment possibilities. Ceska Gynekol. 2011;76(1):59-64. [Czech]
[21]Ranjebar Shayan H, Ahmadi Kh, Raeisi F. Sexual dysfunctions in chemical injured veterans. J Mil Med. 2008;10(2):99-106. [Persian]
[22]Leiblum SR. Sexual problems and dysfunction: epidemiology, classification, and risk factors. J Gend Specif Med. 1999;2(5):41-5.
[23]Basson R, Rees P, Wang R, Montejo AL, Incrocci L. Sexual function in chronic illness. J Sex Med. 2010;7(1 Pt 2):374-88.
[24]Beyer CE, Ogletree RJ, Ritzel DO, Drolet JC, Gilbert SL, Brown D. Gender representation in illustrations, text, and topic areas in sexuality education curricula. J Sch Health. 1996;66(10):361-4.
[25]D’Emilio J, Freedman EB. Intimate matters: a history of sexuality in America. 3rd Edition. London: The University of Chicago Press; 2012.
[26]Grant JE, Pinto A, Gunnip M, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47(5):325-9.
[27]Lewis RW, Fugl-Meyer KS, Bosch R, Fugl-Meyer AR, Laumann EO, Lizza E, Martin-Morales A. Epidemiology/risk factors of sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2004;1(1):35-9.
[28]del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes M, Santos-Iglesias P, Sierra JC. A systematic review of sexual satisfaction. Int J Clin Health Pychol. 2014;14(1):64-75.
[29]Abu Shosha GM. Employment of Colaizzi's strategy in descriptive phenomenology: a reflection of a researcher. Eur Sci J. 2012;8(27):31-43.
[30]Nourmohammadi B. Neuropsychological status in chemical warfare veterans with chronic PTSD disorder. In: Soroush MR, Majdinasab M, editors. Proceedings of the First Congress on the Consequences of Gas Attacks during Iraq-Iran War; 2004 July 1-2; Tehran, Iran. Tehran: Publications of the Society for the Protection of Chemical Weapons Victims; 2004. [Persian]
[31]Yousefi N, Farsani K, Shakiba A, Hemmati S, Nabavi Hesar J. Halbert index of sexual desire (HISD) questionnaire validation. Clin Psychol Pers. 2014;2(9):107-18. [Persian]
[32]Fahlbusch E, Lochman JM, Mbiti J, Pelikan J, Vischer L, Bromiley GW, et al. The encyclopedia of Christianity. Volume 4. Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company; 2005.
[33]Rajabi GR, Amanollahi A, Khojest Mehr R, Hosseini MA, Attari Y. The Effectiveness of cognitive - behavioral therapy and therapeutic therapy in treatment of early ejaculation men referring to Ahwaz Medical Centers. J Fam Couns Psychother. 2013;2(4):435-55. [Persian]
[34]Pierre A. Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of sexual function and dysfunction. Arab J Urol. 2013;11(3):217-21.
[35]Andrews G. Womens sexual health. 2nd Edition. London: Baillière Tindall; 2001.
[36]Brezsnyak M, Whisman MA. Sexual desire and relationship functioning: the effects of marital satisfaction and power. J Sex Marital Ther. 2004;30(3):199-217.
[37]Nappi RE, Albani F, Vaccaro P, Gardella B, Salonia A, Chiovato L, et al. Use of the Italian translation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in routine gynecological practice. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008;24(4):214-9.
[38]Eskandari M. Investigation of the mental status of chemical agents. In: Proceedings of the National Congress of Military Medicine (with emphasis on 8 years of sacred experience); 2002 Oct 7-9; Tehran, Iran. Tehran: Imam Hussein University; 2002. [Persian]
[39]Kargar H. A survey on the relative frequency of sexual dysfunctions in war veterans [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2004. [Persian]
[40]Jensen P, Jensen SB, Sørensen PS, Bjerre BD, Rizzi DA, Sørensen AS, et al. Sexual dysfunction in male and female patients with epilepsy: a study of 86 outpatients. Arch Sex Behav. 1990;19(1):1-14.
[41]Maleknejad M, Fazel F. Examining the problems and complaints of chemical veterans. In: Soroush MR, Majdinasab M, editors. Proceedings of the First Congress on the Consequences of Gas Attacks during Iraq-Iran War; 2004 July 1-2; Tehran, Iran. Tehran: Publications of the Society for the Protection of Chemical Weapons Victims; 2004. [Persian]
[42]Ahmadi K, Reshadatjoo M, Karami, G, Anisi J. Vicarious PTSD in Sardasht chemical warfare victims' wives. J Behav Sci. 2009;3(3):195-9. [Persian]
[43]Qanei M, Khateri S, Tarighati OR. A health care guide for chemical warfare victims (and their health care providers). 1st Edition. Tehran: Research Institute of Veterans Engineering and Medical Sciences; 2003. [Persian]