@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2019;25(1):1-7
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2019;25(1):1-7
Prevalence of Anabolic Steroids among the Male Bodybuilding Athletes and Rate of Awareness to Side Effects in Shahrud
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Eskandarion M (1)Kheirvari Khezerloo J (2)
Hemmatian Sh (3)
Tabasi M (1)
Ghorbani R (*4)
(*4) Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semanan, Iran
(1) Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
(1) Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
(2) Young Researchers & Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(3) Information Technology Department, Engineering Faculty, Mahdishar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, 5 Kilometer of Damghan Road, Semanan, Iran. Postal Code: 3513138111Phone: 02333654367
Fax: 02333654209
ghorbani.raheb93@gmail.com
Article History
Received: July 10, 2017Accepted: December 1, 2018
ePublished: March 19, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
With the development of bodybuilding in Iran, abusing anabolic steroids has been a big problem. Also, the common and irreversible complications of these drugs for the athletes themselves are an important and controversial issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anabolic steroids and the awareness of male bodybuilder athletes and their coaches about the side effects of these drugs in Shahrud.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive cross sectional study, conducted in 2012, 200 bodybuilding athletes from Shahrud were selected by random cluster sampling from 12 different gyms. A questionnaire containing demographic data, drug use status, and athletes' awareness of the complications of drugs were completed. The data were analyzed by SPSS software 18, using Chi-square test.
Findings 59.5% of the athletes used anabolic steroid, the most common of which was Nandrolone (41.5%), Testosterone (39.5%), and Prohormone (39%). 68.0% of the athletes were married. The use of dianabol, suestanol and oxymetholone tablets in married athletes was significantly higher than single ones (p<0.05). 86.2% of champion athletes had the history of using anabolic steroids. 33.6% of the athletes did not know the complications of these drugs.
Conclusion 59.5% of the male athletes in Shahrud use anabolic steroids, the most common of which is Nandrolone. High consumption and low awareness of the side effects of these drugs and the easy access of athletes to these drugs show the necessity of informing athletes and coaches about the complications of anabolic steroids and the formulation of prevention programs.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive cross sectional study, conducted in 2012, 200 bodybuilding athletes from Shahrud were selected by random cluster sampling from 12 different gyms. A questionnaire containing demographic data, drug use status, and athletes' awareness of the complications of drugs were completed. The data were analyzed by SPSS software 18, using Chi-square test.
Findings 59.5% of the athletes used anabolic steroid, the most common of which was Nandrolone (41.5%), Testosterone (39.5%), and Prohormone (39%). 68.0% of the athletes were married. The use of dianabol, suestanol and oxymetholone tablets in married athletes was significantly higher than single ones (p<0.05). 86.2% of champion athletes had the history of using anabolic steroids. 33.6% of the athletes did not know the complications of these drugs.
Conclusion 59.5% of the male athletes in Shahrud use anabolic steroids, the most common of which is Nandrolone. High consumption and low awareness of the side effects of these drugs and the easy access of athletes to these drugs show the necessity of informing athletes and coaches about the complications of anabolic steroids and the formulation of prevention programs.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Pasharavesh L, Ramandi M, Khoshboo S, Rezaee M, Rezvani S, Abbasi MR, et al. Prevalence of doping agents' abuse and male bodybuilders' knowledge about their side effects in Kermanshah gymnasiums (2004). J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2008;11(4):e80462. [Persian]
[3]Bates G, Begley E, Tod D, Jones L, Leavey C, McVeigh J. A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids. J health psychol. 2017:1359105317737607.
[4]Urhausen A, Albers T, Kindermann W. Are the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible? Heart. 2004;90(5):496-501.
[5]Halabchi F. Doping in athletes. Hakim. 2007;10(1):1-12.
[6]Malek M, Ghorbani R, Ghanaei M. Survey of the frequency percentage of doping drugs among the male-body building athletes and rate of knowledge to side effects. Koomesh. 2005;6(2):123-30. [Persian]
[7]Jalilian F, Allahverdipour H, Moeini B, Moghimbeigi A. Effectiveness of anabolic steroid preventative intervention among gym users: Applying theory of planned behavior. Health Promot Perspect. 2011;1(1):32-40.
[8]Fayyazi Bordbar MR, Abdollahian E, Samadi R, Dolatabadi H. Frequency of use, awareness, and attitudes toward side effects of anabolic–androgenic steroids consumption among male medical students in Iran. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(13):1751-8.
[9]Aljuboury NH. Misuses and side effects of steroids derivatives. Int J Med Sci. 2019;2(1):1-4.
[10]Evans NA. Current concepts in anabolic-androgenic steroids. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(2):534-42.
[11]Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(1):103-23.
[12]Bijeh N, Dehbashi M, Saghi M. Studying the amount of prevalence awareness and complications of anabolic steroid among the male athletes in Mashhad City. J Pract Stud f Biosci Sport. 2014;2(4):78-89. [Persian]
[13]Arazi H, Hosseini R. The prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse, knowledge and attitue of their side effects, and attitude toward them among the bodybuilding athletes in Rasht. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2012;20(80):34-41. [Persian]
[14]Nilsson S, Allebeck P, Marklund B, Baigi A, Fridlund B. Evaluation of a health promotion programme to prevent the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among Swedish adolescents. Health Promot Int. 2004;19(1):61-7.
[15]Kargarfard M, Ghias M, Karimzadegan AR, Kashi A. Assumption of anabolic-androgenic steroids among Isfahan University students: prevalence, and awareness about their side effects. J Fundam Ment Health. 2007;8(32):73-80. [Persian]
[16]Slater G, Tan B, Teh KC. Dietary supplementation practices of Singaporean athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003;13(3):320-32.
[17]Nakhaee MR, Pakravan F, Nakhaee N. Prevalence of use of anabolic steroids by bodybuilders using three methods in a city of Iran. Addict Health. 2013;5(3-4):77-82.
[18]Kutscher EC, Lund BC, Perry PJ. Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med. 2002;32(5):285-96.
[19]Laure P. Epidemiologic approach of doping in sport. A review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1997;37(3):218-24.
[20]Saati Asr MH, Bashirian S, HeidariMoghadam R, Barati M, Moeini B. Personal and psychosocial factors associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use among Iranian male bodybuilders. J Subst Use. 2018;23(4):390-5.
[21]Rickert VI, Pawlak-Morello C, Sheppard V, Jay MS. Human growth hormone: a new substance of abuse among adolescents? Clin Pediatr. 1992;31(12):723-6.
[22]Sjöqvist F, Garle M, Rane A. Use of doping agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society. Lancet. 2008;371(9627):1872-82.
[23]Kashi A, Kargarfard M, Moulavi H, Sarlak Z. Ergogenic substance in body building athletes: prevalence, cognitive and awareness of about their side effects. Q Olympic. 2006;14(2):73-86. [Persian]
[24]Shelley J, Moir HJ, Petroczi A. The use and misuse of testosterone in sport: the challenges and opportunities in doping control. In Nutrition and enhanced sports performance, muscle building, endurance, and strength. Bagchi D, Nair S, Sen C, editors. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2019. Pp.571-80.
[25]Nilsson S, Baigi A, Marklund B, Fridlund B. The prevalence of the use of androgenic anabolic steroids by adolescents in a county of Sweden. Eur J Public Health. 2001;11(2):195-7.
[26]Guimaraes-Ferreira L, Cholewa JM, Dantas WS, Murai I, Duncan MJ, Zanchi NE. Performance-enhancing drugs and sports supplements for resistance training. In Nutrition and enhanced sports performance, muscle building, endurance, and strength. Bagchi D, Nair S, Sen C, editors. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2019. Pp.31-47.
[27]Botvin GJ. Preventing drug abuse in schools: Social and competence enhancement approaches targeting individual-level etiologic factors. Addict Behav. 2000;25(6):887-97.
[28]Dolan SL, Martin RA, Rohsenow DJ. Self-efficacy for cocaine abstinence: Pretreatment correlates and relationship to outcomes. Addict Behav. 2008;33(5):675-88.
[29]Tate SR, Wu J, McQuaid JR, Cummins K, Shriver C, Krenek M, et al. Comorbidity of substance dependence and depression: Role of life stress and self-efficacy in sustaining abstinence. Psychol Addict Behav. 2008;22(1):47-57.
[30]Tavousi M, Heidarnia AR, Montazeri A, Taremian F, Akbari H, Haeri AS. Distinction between two control constructs: an application of the theory of planned behavior for substance abuse avoidance in adolescents. Q Horizon Med Sci. 2009;15(3):36-44. [Persian]