@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(4):223-231
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(4):223-231
Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Depression among Family Caregivers of Chemical Warfare Elderly Veterans
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Zanjari N. (1)Namjoo Sh. (*2)
Mohammad Aminzadeh D. (3)
Delbari A. (1)
(*2) Gerontology Department, Social Welfare & Education Faculty, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(1) Iranian Research Centre on Aging, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(3) Counselling Department, Psychology & Education Faculty, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Koodakyar Alley, Daneshjou Boulevard, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1985713834Phone: +98 (21) 22180154
Fax: +98 (21) 22180154
shamsadinnamjoo@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: July 20, 2019Accepted: November 10, 2019
ePublished: December 21, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
In the world, many elderly people are cared by informal caregivers. Caring for elderly people with a special condition such as veterans can affect the mental health of caregivers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and depression among the family caregivers of chemical warfare elderly veterans.
Instrument & Methods This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study carried out among 142 family caregivers of chemical warfare elderly veterans in Sardash in 2018. The subjects were selected using purposive sampling method. The data were collected through Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression Scale (CES-D) and Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy (GSES) and were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using Chi square, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and logistic regression tests.
Findings The prevalence of depression among caregivers was 52.8%. The subjects in the age group of 41-50 years old, high economic status, born in the village and with self-efficacy had lower depression. Also, the dimension of “intention of behavior” had the highest effect on the change in the depression score. Moreover, caregivers who had higher self-efficacy (OR=0.918; CI=0.859-0.981) and higher age (OR=0.932; CI=0.875-0.993) were less depressed, and caregivers who had high economic status were less depressed (OR=0.267; CI=0.065-0.948).
Conclusion Family caregivers of chemical warfare elderly veterans with higher self-efficacy, higher age and, high economic status are less depressed.
Instrument & Methods This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study carried out among 142 family caregivers of chemical warfare elderly veterans in Sardash in 2018. The subjects were selected using purposive sampling method. The data were collected through Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression Scale (CES-D) and Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy (GSES) and were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using Chi square, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and logistic regression tests.
Findings The prevalence of depression among caregivers was 52.8%. The subjects in the age group of 41-50 years old, high economic status, born in the village and with self-efficacy had lower depression. Also, the dimension of “intention of behavior” had the highest effect on the change in the depression score. Moreover, caregivers who had higher self-efficacy (OR=0.918; CI=0.859-0.981) and higher age (OR=0.932; CI=0.875-0.993) were less depressed, and caregivers who had high economic status were less depressed (OR=0.267; CI=0.065-0.948).
Conclusion Family caregivers of chemical warfare elderly veterans with higher self-efficacy, higher age and, high economic status are less depressed.
CITATION LINKS
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[36]Wheeler LA, Collins SK. The influence of concept mapping on critical thinking in baccalaureate nursing students. J Prof Nurs. 2003;19(6):339-46.
[37]Caprara GV, Barbaranelli C, Pastorelli C, Cervone D. The contribution of self-efficacy beliefs to psychosocial outcomes in adolescence: predicting beyond global dispositional tendencies. Pers Individ Differ. 2004; 37(4):751-63.
[2]Salar A, Boreyri T, Khojasteh F, Salar E, Jafari H, Karimi M. Evaluating the physical, psychological and social problems and their relation to demographic factors among the elderly in Zahedan city during 2010-2012. J Feyz. 2013;17(3):305-11. [Persian]
[3]Payahoo L, Khaje Bishak Y, Pourghasem B, Asghari Jararabadi M, Kabir Alavi MB. The survey of the relationship between quality of life of elderly with depression and physical activity in Tabriz, Iran. J Rehabil Med. 2013;2(2):39-46. [Persian]
[4]Huang SS, Lee MC, Liao YC, Wang WF, Lai TJ. Caregiver burden associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in Taiwanese elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriat. 2012;55(1):55-9.
[5]Clark MC, Diamond PM. Depression in family caregivers of elders: A theoretical model of caregiver burden, sociotropy, and autonomy. Res Nurs Health. 2010;33(1):20-34.
[6]Del-Pino-Casado R, Palomino-Moral PA, Pastor-Bravo MDM, Frías-Osuna A. Determinants of depression in primary caregivers of disabled older relatives: a path analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):274.
[7]Kuzu N, Beşer N, Zencir M, Şahiner T, Nesrin E, Ahmet E, et al. Effects of a comprehensive educational program on quality of life and emotional issues of dementia patient caregivers. Geriatr Nurs. 2005;26(6):378-86.
[8]Valer DB, Aires M, Fengler FL, Paskulin LMG. Adaptation and validation of the Caregiver Burden Inventory for use with caregivers of elderly individuals. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2015;23(1):130-8.
[9]Mohammadi Shahbolaghi F. Self-efficacy and caregiver strain in Alzheimer’s caregivers. Salmand Iran J Aging. 2006;1(1):26-33. [Persian]
[10]Abbasi M, Mirderikvand F, Adavi H, Hojati M. The relationship between personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) and self-efficacy with aging depression. Salmand Iran J Aging. 2018;12(4):458-66. [Persian]
[11]Mojahed A, Kalantari M, Molavi H, Neshatdoost H, Bakhshani N, Shakiba M. Comparative investigation of mental health status of spouses of war handicaps in accordance with husband's disability. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2010;12(4):38-42. [Persian]
[12]Bahreinian A, Borhani H. Mental health in group of war veterans and their spouses in Qom. Res Med. 2003;27(4):305-12. [Persian]
[13]Xie H, Cheng C, Tao Y, Zhang J, Robert D, Jia J, et al. Quality of life in Chinese family caregivers for elderly people with chronic diseases. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2016;14(1):99.
[14]Givens JL, Mezzacappa C, Heeren T, Yaffe K, Fredman L. Depressive symptoms among dementia caregivers: role of mediating factors. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(5):481-8.
[15]Kamali Zarch M, Kadivar P, Ghazi Tabatabaei M, Kiamanesh A. The role of informational sources of self-efficacy and personal qualities on mathematics self-efficacy and mathematics. J Psychol Educ. 2006;36(1-2):185-206. [Persian]
[16]Grano C, Lucidi F, Violani C. The relationship between caregiving self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer disease: a longitudinal study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017;29(7):1095-103.
[17]Merluzzi TV, Philip EJ, Vachon DO, Heitzmann CA. Assessment of self-efficacy for caregiving: The critical role of self-care in caregiver stress and burden. Palliat Support Care. 2011;9(1):15-24.
[18]Gilliam CM, Steffen AM. The relationship between caregiving self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in dementia family caregivers. Aging Ment Health. 2006;10(2):79-86.
[19]Tak YR, Brunwasser SM, Lichtwarck-Aschoff A, Engels RCME. The prospective associations between self-efficacy and depressive symptoms from early to middle adolescence: a cross-lagged model. Jo Youth Adolesc. 2017;46(4):744-56.
[20]Hammen C. Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(9):1065-82.
[21]Bandura A. On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. J Manag. 2012;38(1):9-44.
[22]Au A, Lau KM, Sit E, Cheung G, Lai MK, Wong SKA, et al. The role of self-efficacy in the Alzheimer's family caregiver stress process: A partial mediator between physical health and depressive symptoms. J Clin Gerontol. 2010;33(4):298-315.
[23]Mardani Hamouleh M, Borimnejad L, Seyyed Fatemi N, Taghavi T. Correlation between general health and quality of life in caregivers of veterans with spinal cord injury. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(3):81-6. [Persian]
[24]Goodarzi N, Mohammadi Shahbolaghi F, Rahgooy A, Biglarian A. Family functioning and depression in family caregivers of people with Dementia. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2017;27(151):105-16. [Persian]
[25]Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, Prentice-Dunn S, Jacobs B, Rogers RW. The self-efficacy scale: construction and validation. Psychol Rep. 1982;51(2):663-71.
[26]Asgharnejad T, Ahmadi M, Farzad V, Khodapanahi MK. Study of the psychometric properties of the Sherer general self-efficacy scale. J Psychol. 2006;10(3):262-74. [Persian]
[27]Malakouti SK, Pachana NA, Naji B, Kahani S, Saeedkhani M. Reliability, validity and factor structure of the CES-D in Iranian elderly. Asian J Psychiatr. 2015;18:86-90.
[28]Seyyed Talebi M, Rafieipour A. Epidemiology of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in veterans’ wives. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(3):133-40. [Persian]
[29]Alqahtani MS, Alshbriqe AA, Awwadh AA, Alyami TA, Alshomrani MS, Alhazzani A. Prevalence and risk factors for depression among caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease patients in Saudi Arabia. Neurol Res Int. 2018;2018:2501835.
[30]Wang M, He B, Wang Y, Wu F, Chen X, Wang W, et al. Depression among low-income female Muslim Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers of disabled elders in Far Western China: influence on the caregivers’ burden and the disabled elders’ quality of life. PloS One. 2016;11(5):e0156382.
[31]Freeman A, Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, Chatterji S, Leonardi M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, et al. The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe). BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1098.
[32]Eaton WW, Muntaner C, Bovasso G, Smith C. Socioeconomic status and depressive syndrome: the role of inter-and intra-generational mobility, government assistance, and work environment. J Health Soc Behav. 2001;42(3):277-94.
[33]Jo SJ, Yim HW, Bang MH, Lee MO, Jun TY, Choi JS, et al. The association between economic status and depressive symptoms: an individual and community level approach. Psychiatry Investig. 2011;8(3):194-200.
[34]Geng HM, Chuang DM, Yang F, Yang Y, Liu WM, Liu LH, et al. Prevalence and determinants of depression in caregivers of cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(39):e11863.
[35]Sajjadi M, Akbari A, Kianmehr M, Atarodi A. The relationship between self-care and depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Horizon Med Sci. 2008;14(1):13-7. [Persian].
[36]Wheeler LA, Collins SK. The influence of concept mapping on critical thinking in baccalaureate nursing students. J Prof Nurs. 2003;19(6):339-46.
[37]Caprara GV, Barbaranelli C, Pastorelli C, Cervone D. The contribution of self-efficacy beliefs to psychosocial outcomes in adolescence: predicting beyond global dispositional tendencies. Pers Individ Differ. 2004; 37(4):751-63.