@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(1):55-61
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(1):55-61
Effect of Aerobic Exercise with 75-85% of Maximum Heart Rate on Apelin and Insulin Resistance Index in Sedentary Men
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Alavizadeh N. (*)Hejazi K. (1)
Mabhout Moghadam T. (2)
(*) Sport Physiology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(2) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Physical Education & Sport, Faculty of Humanities, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University,Daneshgah Boulvared Zahedan, IranPhone: -
Fax: +98 (51) 38829580
alavizade80@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: April 6, 2016Accepted: June 11, 2016
ePublished: January 19, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Apelin is an adipokine, which secreted from adipose tissue and has positive effects against the insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic exercise on levels of apelin and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study with controlled group pre/post-test design in 2015, 27 healthy sedentary men living in Mashhad City, Iran, were selected by convenience sampling method. They were divided into two groups; experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=13). In the trained group, the volunteers participated in 8 weeks aerobic exercise, 3 days/week (equivalent to 75-85% of maximum oxygen consumption) for 60 minutes per session. The research variables were assessed before and after the intervention in both groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software using paired and independent sample T tests.
Findings 8-week aerobic exercise significantly decreased the weight, BMI and apelin, insulin and insulin resistance index levels and increased the maximum oxygen consumption in experimental group sedentary men (p<0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences in levels of FBS, insulin, apelin, insulin resistance index and maximum oxygen consumption between experimental and control groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion 8-week aerobic exercise reduces apelin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study with controlled group pre/post-test design in 2015, 27 healthy sedentary men living in Mashhad City, Iran, were selected by convenience sampling method. They were divided into two groups; experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=13). In the trained group, the volunteers participated in 8 weeks aerobic exercise, 3 days/week (equivalent to 75-85% of maximum oxygen consumption) for 60 minutes per session. The research variables were assessed before and after the intervention in both groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software using paired and independent sample T tests.
Findings 8-week aerobic exercise significantly decreased the weight, BMI and apelin, insulin and insulin resistance index levels and increased the maximum oxygen consumption in experimental group sedentary men (p<0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences in levels of FBS, insulin, apelin, insulin resistance index and maximum oxygen consumption between experimental and control groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion 8-week aerobic exercise reduces apelin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Hanna IR, Wenger NK. Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in elderly patients. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(12):2289-96.
[3]Buizert PJ, van Schoor NM, Lips P, Deeg DJ, Eekhoff EM. Lipid levels: A link between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis?. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(6):1103-9.
[4]Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP. Immunocytochemical localization of the endogenous vasoactive peptide apelin to human vascular and endocardial endothelial cells. Regul Pept. 2004;118(3):119-25.
[5]Lau DC, Dhillon B, Yan H, Szmitko PE, Verma S. Adipokines: Molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288(5):2031-41.
[6]Abbasi F, Brown BW Jr, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(5):937-43.
[7]Ishida J, Hashimoto T, Hashimoto Y, Nishiwaki S, Iguchi T, Harada S, et al. Regulatory roles for APJ, a seven-transmembrane receptor related to angiotensin-type 1 receptor in blood pressure in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(25):26274-79.
[8]Kleinz MJ, Skepper JN, Davenport AP. Immunocytochemical localisation of the apelin receptor, APJ, to human cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Regul Pept. 2005;126(3):233-40.
[9]Kawamata Y, Habata Y, Fukusumi S, Hosoya M, Fujii R, Hinuma S, et al. Molecular properties of apelin: Tissue distribution and receptor binding. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1538(2-3):162-71.
[10]Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, Zou MX, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;251(2):471-6.
[11]Hosoya M, Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Fujii R, Habata Y, Hinuma S, et al. Molecular and functional characteristics of APJ Tissue distribution of mRNA and interaction with the endogenous ligand apelin. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(28):21061-7.
[12]De Falco M, De Luca L, Onori N, Cavallotti I, Artigiano F, Esposito V, et al. Apelin expression in normal human tissues. In Vivo. 2002;16(5):333-6.
[13]Medhurst AD, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Davis RP, Ellis C, Winborn KY, et al. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical characterization of the APJ receptor and its endogenous ligand apelin. J Neurochem. 2003;84(5):1162-72.
[14]Tatemoto K, Takayama K, Zou MX, Kumaki I, Zhang W, Kumano K, et al. The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regul Pept. 2001;99(2):87-92.
[15]Kagiyama S, Fukuhara M, Matsumura K, Lin Y, Fujii K, Iida M. Central and peripheral cardiovascular actions of apelin in conscious rats. Regul Pept. 2005;125(1-3):55-9.
[16]Seyedabadi M, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM. Site-specific effects of apelin-13 in the rat medulla oblongata on arterial pressure and respiration. Auton Neurosci. 2002;101(1):32-8.
[17]Wei L, Hou X, Tatemoto K. Regulation of apelin mRNA expression by insulin and glucocorticoids in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Regul Pept. 2005;132(1-3):27-32.
[18]Mir E, Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Hejazi K, Mir Saeydi M. Effect of eight weeks of endurance and resistance training on serum adiponectin and Insulin resistance index of inactive elderly men. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2016;18(1):69-77. [Persian]
[19]Salehiomran M, Jafari S. Association of admission insulin resistance index with early cardiac complications in non diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2009;10(6):62-6. [Persian]
[20]Defronzo RA. Pathgenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am. 2004;88:787-835.
[21]Xu S, Tsao PS, Yue P. Apelin and insulin resistance: Another arrow for the quiver?. J Diabetes. 2011;3(3):225-31.
[22]Askari R, Hedayati M. The effect of 12 week interval endurance exercise training on plasma apelin and Anthropometric indices among overweight females. J Sport Psychol. 2014;7(26):97-112. [Persian]
[23]Sheibani S, Hanachi P, Refahiat MA. Effect of aerobic exercise on serum concentration of apelin, TNFα and insulin in obese women. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2012;15(6):1196-1201.
[24]Nikseresht M, Rajabi H, Nikseresht A. The effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on serum levels of apelin and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese men. Tehran Univ Med J. 2015;73(5):375-83. [Persian]
[25]Maliqueo M, Pérez-Bravo F, Calvillán M, Piwonka V, Castillo T, Sir-Petermann T. Relationship between leptin and insulin sensitivity in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Med Clin (Barc). 1999;113(14):526-30.
[26]Sternfeld B1, Ainsworth BE, Quesenberry CP. Physical activity patterns in a diverse population of women. Prev Med. 1999;28(3):313-23.
[27]Bonora E, Formentini G, Calcaterra F, Lombardi S, Marini F, Zenari L, et al. HOMA-estimated insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(7):1135-41.
[28]Aghapour A, Farzanegi P. Effect of six-week aerobic exercise on Chemerin and Resistin concentration in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Electron Physician. 2013;1(1):5-10.
[29]Borg M. Borg’s Scales of Perceived Exertion. Champaign, IL, US: Human Kinetics; 1998. pp. 1-10.
[30]Shaibani S, Shemshaki A, Hanachi P. The effect of rast exercise on plasma levels of apelin and blood pressure in elite women runner. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2012;6(3):27-31. [Persian]
[31]Kazemi F, Zahedi Asl S. The correlation of plasma levels of apelin-13 with insulin resistance index and plasma leptin of diabetic male rats after 8-week aerobic exercise. Arak Univ Med Sci J. 2015;18(6):51-60. [Persian]
[32]Kechyn S, Barnes G, Howard L. Assessing dynamic changes in plasma apelin concentration in response to maximal exercise in man. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(59):2316-20
[33]Kazemi F, Ebrahim E, Zahedi Asl S. Effects of aerobic training on plasma concentration of apelin and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. Med J Tabriz Univ. 2014;36(3):62-7. [Persian]
[34]Krist J, Wieder K, Klöting N, Oberbach A, Kralisch S, Wiesner T, et al. Effects of weight loss and exercise on apelin serum concentrations and adipose tissue expression in human obesity. Obes Facts. 2013;6(1):57-69.
[35]Heinonen MV, Laaksonen DE, Karhu T, Karhunen L, Laitinen T, Kainulainen S, et al. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metab Cardiovas Dis. 2009;19(9):626-33.
[36]Klöting N., Krist J, Ruschke K, Blüher M, et al. Apelin mRNA expression in visceral obesity and in response to exercise training. Diabetol Stoffwechs. 2008;3(1):75-8.
[37]Sawane M, Kajiya K, Kidoya H, Takagi M, Muramatsu F, Takakura N. Apelin inhibits diet-induced obesity by enhancing lymphatic and blood vessel integrity. Diabetes. 2013;62(6):1970-80.
[38]Frier BC, Williams DB, Wright DC. The effects of apelin treatment on skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(6):R1761-8.
[39]Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS, et al. Effects of clinically significant weight loss with exercise training on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic adaptations. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;1(5):1-5.
[40]Garcia NF, Valgas da Silva CP, Ferreira M, Oharomari LK, Rocha T, Moraes C, et al.. 7-week aerobic exercise training reduces adipocyte area and improves insulin sensitivity in Wistar rats fed a highly palatable diet. Motriz. 2016;22(1):12-7.
[41]Medeiros NS, de Abreu F, Calato AS, Lemos LS, Ramis TR, Dorneles GP, et al. Effects of concurrent training on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in obese individuals. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:1-6.
[42]Cocks M, Shaw CS, Shepherd SO, Fisher JP, Ranasinghe A, Barker TA, et al. Sprint interval and moderate‐intensity continuous training have equal benefits on aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity, muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD (P) Hoxidase protein ratio in obese men. J Physiol. 2015;3(14):23-7.
[43]Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Mir E, Hejazi K, Mir Saeydi M. et al., The Effect of eight weeks combined training on some insulin resistance markers in middle-aged men. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2015;58(3):129-37. [Persian]
[44]Eriksson J, Taimela S, Eriksson K, Parviainen S, Peltonen J, Kujala U. Resistance training the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(4):242-6.
[45]Das UN. Metabolic syndrome Pathophysiology: The role of essential fatty acids. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2010. pp. 284-8.
[46]Zhu S, Sun F, Li W, Cao Y, Wang C, Wang Y, et al. Apelin stimulates glucose uptake through the PI3K/Akt pathway and improves insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011;353(1-2):305-13.
[47]Attané C1, Daviaud D, Dray C, Dusaulcy R, Masseboeuf M, Prévot D, et al. Apelin stimulates glucose uptake but not lipolysis in human adipose tissue ex vivo. J Mol Endocrinol. 2011;46(1):21-8.
[48]Castan-Laurell I, Boucher J, Dray C, Daviaud D, Guigné C, Valet P. Apelin, a novel adipokine over-produced in obesity: Friend or foe?. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2005. 245(1): p. 7-9.
[2]Hanna IR, Wenger NK. Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in elderly patients. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(12):2289-96.
[3]Buizert PJ, van Schoor NM, Lips P, Deeg DJ, Eekhoff EM. Lipid levels: A link between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis?. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(6):1103-9.
[4]Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP. Immunocytochemical localization of the endogenous vasoactive peptide apelin to human vascular and endocardial endothelial cells. Regul Pept. 2004;118(3):119-25.
[5]Lau DC, Dhillon B, Yan H, Szmitko PE, Verma S. Adipokines: Molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288(5):2031-41.
[6]Abbasi F, Brown BW Jr, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(5):937-43.
[7]Ishida J, Hashimoto T, Hashimoto Y, Nishiwaki S, Iguchi T, Harada S, et al. Regulatory roles for APJ, a seven-transmembrane receptor related to angiotensin-type 1 receptor in blood pressure in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(25):26274-79.
[8]Kleinz MJ, Skepper JN, Davenport AP. Immunocytochemical localisation of the apelin receptor, APJ, to human cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Regul Pept. 2005;126(3):233-40.
[9]Kawamata Y, Habata Y, Fukusumi S, Hosoya M, Fujii R, Hinuma S, et al. Molecular properties of apelin: Tissue distribution and receptor binding. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1538(2-3):162-71.
[10]Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, Zou MX, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;251(2):471-6.
[11]Hosoya M, Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Fujii R, Habata Y, Hinuma S, et al. Molecular and functional characteristics of APJ Tissue distribution of mRNA and interaction with the endogenous ligand apelin. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(28):21061-7.
[12]De Falco M, De Luca L, Onori N, Cavallotti I, Artigiano F, Esposito V, et al. Apelin expression in normal human tissues. In Vivo. 2002;16(5):333-6.
[13]Medhurst AD, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Davis RP, Ellis C, Winborn KY, et al. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical characterization of the APJ receptor and its endogenous ligand apelin. J Neurochem. 2003;84(5):1162-72.
[14]Tatemoto K, Takayama K, Zou MX, Kumaki I, Zhang W, Kumano K, et al. The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regul Pept. 2001;99(2):87-92.
[15]Kagiyama S, Fukuhara M, Matsumura K, Lin Y, Fujii K, Iida M. Central and peripheral cardiovascular actions of apelin in conscious rats. Regul Pept. 2005;125(1-3):55-9.
[16]Seyedabadi M, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM. Site-specific effects of apelin-13 in the rat medulla oblongata on arterial pressure and respiration. Auton Neurosci. 2002;101(1):32-8.
[17]Wei L, Hou X, Tatemoto K. Regulation of apelin mRNA expression by insulin and glucocorticoids in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Regul Pept. 2005;132(1-3):27-32.
[18]Mir E, Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Hejazi K, Mir Saeydi M. Effect of eight weeks of endurance and resistance training on serum adiponectin and Insulin resistance index of inactive elderly men. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2016;18(1):69-77. [Persian]
[19]Salehiomran M, Jafari S. Association of admission insulin resistance index with early cardiac complications in non diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2009;10(6):62-6. [Persian]
[20]Defronzo RA. Pathgenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am. 2004;88:787-835.
[21]Xu S, Tsao PS, Yue P. Apelin and insulin resistance: Another arrow for the quiver?. J Diabetes. 2011;3(3):225-31.
[22]Askari R, Hedayati M. The effect of 12 week interval endurance exercise training on plasma apelin and Anthropometric indices among overweight females. J Sport Psychol. 2014;7(26):97-112. [Persian]
[23]Sheibani S, Hanachi P, Refahiat MA. Effect of aerobic exercise on serum concentration of apelin, TNFα and insulin in obese women. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2012;15(6):1196-1201.
[24]Nikseresht M, Rajabi H, Nikseresht A. The effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on serum levels of apelin and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese men. Tehran Univ Med J. 2015;73(5):375-83. [Persian]
[25]Maliqueo M, Pérez-Bravo F, Calvillán M, Piwonka V, Castillo T, Sir-Petermann T. Relationship between leptin and insulin sensitivity in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Med Clin (Barc). 1999;113(14):526-30.
[26]Sternfeld B1, Ainsworth BE, Quesenberry CP. Physical activity patterns in a diverse population of women. Prev Med. 1999;28(3):313-23.
[27]Bonora E, Formentini G, Calcaterra F, Lombardi S, Marini F, Zenari L, et al. HOMA-estimated insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(7):1135-41.
[28]Aghapour A, Farzanegi P. Effect of six-week aerobic exercise on Chemerin and Resistin concentration in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Electron Physician. 2013;1(1):5-10.
[29]Borg M. Borg’s Scales of Perceived Exertion. Champaign, IL, US: Human Kinetics; 1998. pp. 1-10.
[30]Shaibani S, Shemshaki A, Hanachi P. The effect of rast exercise on plasma levels of apelin and blood pressure in elite women runner. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2012;6(3):27-31. [Persian]
[31]Kazemi F, Zahedi Asl S. The correlation of plasma levels of apelin-13 with insulin resistance index and plasma leptin of diabetic male rats after 8-week aerobic exercise. Arak Univ Med Sci J. 2015;18(6):51-60. [Persian]
[32]Kechyn S, Barnes G, Howard L. Assessing dynamic changes in plasma apelin concentration in response to maximal exercise in man. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(59):2316-20
[33]Kazemi F, Ebrahim E, Zahedi Asl S. Effects of aerobic training on plasma concentration of apelin and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. Med J Tabriz Univ. 2014;36(3):62-7. [Persian]
[34]Krist J, Wieder K, Klöting N, Oberbach A, Kralisch S, Wiesner T, et al. Effects of weight loss and exercise on apelin serum concentrations and adipose tissue expression in human obesity. Obes Facts. 2013;6(1):57-69.
[35]Heinonen MV, Laaksonen DE, Karhu T, Karhunen L, Laitinen T, Kainulainen S, et al. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metab Cardiovas Dis. 2009;19(9):626-33.
[36]Klöting N., Krist J, Ruschke K, Blüher M, et al. Apelin mRNA expression in visceral obesity and in response to exercise training. Diabetol Stoffwechs. 2008;3(1):75-8.
[37]Sawane M, Kajiya K, Kidoya H, Takagi M, Muramatsu F, Takakura N. Apelin inhibits diet-induced obesity by enhancing lymphatic and blood vessel integrity. Diabetes. 2013;62(6):1970-80.
[38]Frier BC, Williams DB, Wright DC. The effects of apelin treatment on skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(6):R1761-8.
[39]Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS, et al. Effects of clinically significant weight loss with exercise training on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic adaptations. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;1(5):1-5.
[40]Garcia NF, Valgas da Silva CP, Ferreira M, Oharomari LK, Rocha T, Moraes C, et al.. 7-week aerobic exercise training reduces adipocyte area and improves insulin sensitivity in Wistar rats fed a highly palatable diet. Motriz. 2016;22(1):12-7.
[41]Medeiros NS, de Abreu F, Calato AS, Lemos LS, Ramis TR, Dorneles GP, et al. Effects of concurrent training on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in obese individuals. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:1-6.
[42]Cocks M, Shaw CS, Shepherd SO, Fisher JP, Ranasinghe A, Barker TA, et al. Sprint interval and moderate‐intensity continuous training have equal benefits on aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity, muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD (P) Hoxidase protein ratio in obese men. J Physiol. 2015;3(14):23-7.
[43]Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Mir E, Hejazi K, Mir Saeydi M. et al., The Effect of eight weeks combined training on some insulin resistance markers in middle-aged men. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2015;58(3):129-37. [Persian]
[44]Eriksson J, Taimela S, Eriksson K, Parviainen S, Peltonen J, Kujala U. Resistance training the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(4):242-6.
[45]Das UN. Metabolic syndrome Pathophysiology: The role of essential fatty acids. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2010. pp. 284-8.
[46]Zhu S, Sun F, Li W, Cao Y, Wang C, Wang Y, et al. Apelin stimulates glucose uptake through the PI3K/Akt pathway and improves insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011;353(1-2):305-13.
[47]Attané C1, Daviaud D, Dray C, Dusaulcy R, Masseboeuf M, Prévot D, et al. Apelin stimulates glucose uptake but not lipolysis in human adipose tissue ex vivo. J Mol Endocrinol. 2011;46(1):21-8.
[48]Castan-Laurell I, Boucher J, Dray C, Daviaud D, Guigné C, Valet P. Apelin, a novel adipokine over-produced in obesity: Friend or foe?. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2005. 245(1): p. 7-9.