@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(4):177-183
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(4):177-183
Effect of Forgiveness Training Iintervention on Resilience and Perceived Stress of Veterans' Wives
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Ghasemi M. (*)Gholami A. (1)
Mehdizadeghan I. (1)
(*) Educational Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Khorasghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Kharazmi University, South Mofateh Avenue, Enghelab Avenue, Tehran, IranPhone: +98 (21) 44899656
Fax: -
ghasemi_m12@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: February 14, 2017Accepted: July 19, 2017
ePublished: November 6, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Veterans' wives in their families are particularly affected by complications due to physical and mental disabilities of veterans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of forgiveness training intervention on resilience and perceived stress of veterans' wives.
Instrument & Methods This is a quasi-experimental and applied research with a pre-test-post-test design with control group that was conducted in Martyr and SacrificersFoundation ofIsfahan City in 2016. Subjects consisted of 40 wives of veterans who were selected through available sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups (20 subjects). The research tools were Conor and Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). Forgiveness group-training intervention was conducted in eight sessions per week for the experimental group. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using one-way ANCOVA.
Findings There was significant difference in mean scores of resiliency and perceived stress between pre-test and post-test in experimental group (p<0.01). Also, there was significant difference in mean scores of resiliency and perceived stress between control and experimental groups at post-test (p<0.01).Therefore, the effect of forgiveness group-training, after controlling the pre-test effect, was significant on resiliency (F=34.78) and perceived stress (F=41.19).
Conclusion Forgiveness group-training intervention is efficient in increasing the resilience and reducing the perceived stress of veterans' wives. This method can be used as an effective approach to reduce the psychological disorders of these families.
Instrument & Methods This is a quasi-experimental and applied research with a pre-test-post-test design with control group that was conducted in Martyr and SacrificersFoundation ofIsfahan City in 2016. Subjects consisted of 40 wives of veterans who were selected through available sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups (20 subjects). The research tools were Conor and Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). Forgiveness group-training intervention was conducted in eight sessions per week for the experimental group. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using one-way ANCOVA.
Findings There was significant difference in mean scores of resiliency and perceived stress between pre-test and post-test in experimental group (p<0.01). Also, there was significant difference in mean scores of resiliency and perceived stress between control and experimental groups at post-test (p<0.01).Therefore, the effect of forgiveness group-training, after controlling the pre-test effect, was significant on resiliency (F=34.78) and perceived stress (F=41.19).
Conclusion Forgiveness group-training intervention is efficient in increasing the resilience and reducing the perceived stress of veterans' wives. This method can be used as an effective approach to reduce the psychological disorders of these families.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Toulabi T, Saki M, Ghanbari A . The evaluation physical complications resultted from spinal cord injuries among war casualties province in 1988. J Mil Med. 2003;5(1):7-11. [Persian]
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[8]Sepahvand T, Gilani B, Zamani R. Relationship between perceived stress and general health, according to the explanatory style. J Psychol Educ. 2009;38(4):27-43. [Persian]
[9]Naderi F, Safiye SA. Relationship between coping strategies and Stress and resilience with optimism in Dezful city high school girl’s students. 2008;5(16):113-28. [Persian]
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[13]Pinquart M. Moderating effect of dispositional resilience on association between hassles and psychological distress. J Appl Dev Psychol 2009;30(1):53-60.
[14]Arce E, Simmons AN, Stein MB, Winkielman P, Hitckock C, Paulus MP. Association between individual differences in self-reported emotional resilience and the affective- perception of neutral faces. J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1-3):286-93.
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[16]Villasana M, Tapia JA, Ruiz M. A model for assessing coping and its relation to resilience in adolescence from the perspective of “person–situation interaction”. Personal Individ Differ. 2016;98:250-6.
[17]Smith GD, Yang F. Stess, resilience and psychological well-being in Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;49:90-5.
[18]Hiles Howard AR, Parris S ,Parris S, Hall JS, Call CD, Razuri EB. An examination of the relationships between professional quality of life, adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and work environment in a sample of human service providers. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2015;57:141-8.
[19]Güngör D, Perdu N. Resilience and acculturative pathways underlying psychological well-being of immigrant youth. Int J Intercult Relatsh. 2017;56:1-12.
[20]Anyan F, Hjemdal O. Adolescent stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Resilience explains and differentiates the relationships. J Affect Disord. 2016;203:213-20.
[21]Poole JC, Dobson KS, Pusch D. Anxiety among adults with a history of childhood adversity: Psychological resilience moderates the indirect effect of emotion dysregulation. J Affect Disord. 2017;217:144-152.
[22]Canjie Lu, Yuan L, Weiquan L, Zhou Y, Pan S. Depression and resilience mediates the effect of family function on quality of life of the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;71:34-42.
[23]Bono G, McCullough ME, Root LM. Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2008;34(2):182-95.
[24]Peterson C, Seligman ME. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxf Univ Press. 2004;1:pp:800.
[25]Maltby J, Macaskill A, Gillett R. The cognitive nature of forgiveness: Using cognitive strategies of primary appraisal and coping to describe the process of forgiving. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(6):555-66.
[26]Backus, LN. Establishing links between desecration, forgiveness and marital quality during pregnancy. Master Arts Diss Grad Coll Bowl Green State Univ. 2009.
[27]Harris A, Luskin F, Norman SB, Standard S, Bruning J, Evans S, et al . Effects of a Group Forgiveness Intervention on Forgiveness, Perceived Stress, and Trait-Anger. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(6):715-33.
[28]Rahimpoor M, Sanayi B, Farahani MN. The effect of group- based couple therapy on forgiveness on marital satisfaction. Q J Womens Stud Soc Psychol. 2010;8(4):49-74. [Persian]
[29]Waldron VR, Kelly DL. Forgiving communication as a response to relational transgressions, J Soc Personal Relat. 2005;22(6):723-42.
[30]Enright RD, North J, Desmond Tutu A. Exploring forgiveness. 1st edition. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press; 1998.
[31]Enright RD. Forgiveness is a choice: A step-by-step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2001.
[32]Park JH, Enright RD, Essex MJ, Zahn-Waxler C, Klatt J. Forgiveness intervention for female South Korean adolescent aggressive victims. J Appl Dev Sychol. 2013;34(6):268-76.
[33]Lundahl BW, Taylor MJ, Stevenson R, Roberts KD. Process-based forgiveness interventions: A meta-analytic review. Res Soc Work Pract. 2008;18(5):243-304.
[34]Rye MS, Pargament KI. Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart?. J Clin Psychol. 2002;58(4):419-41.
[35]Girard M, Mullet E. Development of the forgiveness schema in adolescence. Handb Moral Behav dev. 2012;11(4):1235-44.
[36]Rashid WE, Sahari Nordin M, Omar A, Ismail I. self- esteem, work-family enrichment and life satisfaction among married nurses in health care service. Int J Trade Econ Financ. 2011;2(5):424-29.
[37]Greenberg L, Warwar S, Malcolm W. Emotion-focused couples therapy and the facilitation of forgiveness. J Marital Fam Ther. 2010;36(1):28-42.
[38]Day A, Gerace A, Wilson C, Howells K. Promoting forgiveness in violent offenders: A more positive approach to offender rehabilitation?. Aggress Viol Behav. 2008;13(3):195-200.
[39]Delavar A. Research methods in psychology and educational science. Tehran: Virayesh Publications; 2007. p. 312.
[40]Connor KM, Davidson J. Development of a new resilience scale: The connor-davidon, resilience scale (CD-RISC). Deprec Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
[41]Hagh Ranjbar F, Kakavand AR, BorjAli A, Bermas H. ResilIency and life quality in mothers of children with mental retardation. J Health Psychol. 2011;1(1):177-87. [Persian]
[42]Abdi A, Ariyapooran S. The study of the relationship between perceived stress and coping styles and the role of these variables in predicting academic performance of Islamic Azad University students in Kermanshah. Q Educ Psychol. 2008;4(12)143-60. [Persian]
[43]Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-96.
[44]Maroufizadeh S, Zareyan A, Sigari N. Psychometric Properties of the 14, 10 and 4- item. Perceived stress Scale among asthmatic patients in Iran. J Iranian Institute Health Sci Res. 2014;13(4):457-65. [Persian]
[45]Park JH. Validating the effectiveness of an intervention program for adolescent female aggressive in Korea. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2003. 64(5-A),1528.
[46]Lavafpour F, Zahrakar K, Azarhoush Fatideh Z. Effectiveness of a process- based forgiveness intervention in reducing revenge and avoidance motivations among middle school male students. J Sch Psychol. 2014;3(2):253-66.
[2]Toulabi T, Saki M, Ghanbari A . The evaluation physical complications resultted from spinal cord injuries among war casualties province in 1988. J Mil Med. 2003;5(1):7-11. [Persian]
[3]Askaryan S, Agheri MJ, Hassan Zadeh MH. Investigating the Influence of training religious coping skillson resiliency, adaptability and stress management in veterans' spouses. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;6(1):60-7. [Persian]
[4]Cohen S, Deverts DJ, Miller GE. Psychological stress and disease. JAMA. 2007;298(14):1685-7.
[5]Dolatian M, Mirabzadeh A, Forouzan AS, Sajjadi H, Alavi Majd H, Moafi F, et al. Correlation between self-esteemand perceived stress in pregnancy and ways to coping with stress. Pejouhandeh. 2013;18(3):148-155. [Persian]
[6]Cohen S. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. Soc Psychol Health. 1988. pp. 31-67.
[7]Beasley M. Thompson T, Davidson J. Resilience in response to life stress: The effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness. Personal Individ Differ. 2003;34(1):77-95.
[8]Sepahvand T, Gilani B, Zamani R. Relationship between perceived stress and general health, according to the explanatory style. J Psychol Educ. 2009;38(4):27-43. [Persian]
[9]Naderi F, Safiye SA. Relationship between coping strategies and Stress and resilience with optimism in Dezful city high school girl’s students. 2008;5(16):113-28. [Persian]
[10]Taylor S. Health psychology. 8th edition. New York: McGraw Hill; 2011.
[11]Javadi R, Dorry P. The relationship between emotional intelligence and resilience in students at university of social welfare science and rehabilitation. J Sres Addict. 2009;2(8):69-82. [Persian]
[12]Mohammadi M, Jazayeri AR, Rafiei A, Joker B, PoorShbaz A. Factors affecting resiliency in individuals at risk for substance abuse. J Psychol. 2006;1(2-3):203-24. [Persian]
[13]Pinquart M. Moderating effect of dispositional resilience on association between hassles and psychological distress. J Appl Dev Psychol 2009;30(1):53-60.
[14]Arce E, Simmons AN, Stein MB, Winkielman P, Hitckock C, Paulus MP. Association between individual differences in self-reported emotional resilience and the affective- perception of neutral faces. J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1-3):286-93.
[15]Waugh CE, Fredrickson BL, Taylor SF. Adapting to life’s slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat. J Res Personal. 2008;42(4):1031-46.
[16]Villasana M, Tapia JA, Ruiz M. A model for assessing coping and its relation to resilience in adolescence from the perspective of “person–situation interaction”. Personal Individ Differ. 2016;98:250-6.
[17]Smith GD, Yang F. Stess, resilience and psychological well-being in Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;49:90-5.
[18]Hiles Howard AR, Parris S ,Parris S, Hall JS, Call CD, Razuri EB. An examination of the relationships between professional quality of life, adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and work environment in a sample of human service providers. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2015;57:141-8.
[19]Güngör D, Perdu N. Resilience and acculturative pathways underlying psychological well-being of immigrant youth. Int J Intercult Relatsh. 2017;56:1-12.
[20]Anyan F, Hjemdal O. Adolescent stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Resilience explains and differentiates the relationships. J Affect Disord. 2016;203:213-20.
[21]Poole JC, Dobson KS, Pusch D. Anxiety among adults with a history of childhood adversity: Psychological resilience moderates the indirect effect of emotion dysregulation. J Affect Disord. 2017;217:144-152.
[22]Canjie Lu, Yuan L, Weiquan L, Zhou Y, Pan S. Depression and resilience mediates the effect of family function on quality of life of the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;71:34-42.
[23]Bono G, McCullough ME, Root LM. Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2008;34(2):182-95.
[24]Peterson C, Seligman ME. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxf Univ Press. 2004;1:pp:800.
[25]Maltby J, Macaskill A, Gillett R. The cognitive nature of forgiveness: Using cognitive strategies of primary appraisal and coping to describe the process of forgiving. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(6):555-66.
[26]Backus, LN. Establishing links between desecration, forgiveness and marital quality during pregnancy. Master Arts Diss Grad Coll Bowl Green State Univ. 2009.
[27]Harris A, Luskin F, Norman SB, Standard S, Bruning J, Evans S, et al . Effects of a Group Forgiveness Intervention on Forgiveness, Perceived Stress, and Trait-Anger. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(6):715-33.
[28]Rahimpoor M, Sanayi B, Farahani MN. The effect of group- based couple therapy on forgiveness on marital satisfaction. Q J Womens Stud Soc Psychol. 2010;8(4):49-74. [Persian]
[29]Waldron VR, Kelly DL. Forgiving communication as a response to relational transgressions, J Soc Personal Relat. 2005;22(6):723-42.
[30]Enright RD, North J, Desmond Tutu A. Exploring forgiveness. 1st edition. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press; 1998.
[31]Enright RD. Forgiveness is a choice: A step-by-step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2001.
[32]Park JH, Enright RD, Essex MJ, Zahn-Waxler C, Klatt J. Forgiveness intervention for female South Korean adolescent aggressive victims. J Appl Dev Sychol. 2013;34(6):268-76.
[33]Lundahl BW, Taylor MJ, Stevenson R, Roberts KD. Process-based forgiveness interventions: A meta-analytic review. Res Soc Work Pract. 2008;18(5):243-304.
[34]Rye MS, Pargament KI. Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart?. J Clin Psychol. 2002;58(4):419-41.
[35]Girard M, Mullet E. Development of the forgiveness schema in adolescence. Handb Moral Behav dev. 2012;11(4):1235-44.
[36]Rashid WE, Sahari Nordin M, Omar A, Ismail I. self- esteem, work-family enrichment and life satisfaction among married nurses in health care service. Int J Trade Econ Financ. 2011;2(5):424-29.
[37]Greenberg L, Warwar S, Malcolm W. Emotion-focused couples therapy and the facilitation of forgiveness. J Marital Fam Ther. 2010;36(1):28-42.
[38]Day A, Gerace A, Wilson C, Howells K. Promoting forgiveness in violent offenders: A more positive approach to offender rehabilitation?. Aggress Viol Behav. 2008;13(3):195-200.
[39]Delavar A. Research methods in psychology and educational science. Tehran: Virayesh Publications; 2007. p. 312.
[40]Connor KM, Davidson J. Development of a new resilience scale: The connor-davidon, resilience scale (CD-RISC). Deprec Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
[41]Hagh Ranjbar F, Kakavand AR, BorjAli A, Bermas H. ResilIency and life quality in mothers of children with mental retardation. J Health Psychol. 2011;1(1):177-87. [Persian]
[42]Abdi A, Ariyapooran S. The study of the relationship between perceived stress and coping styles and the role of these variables in predicting academic performance of Islamic Azad University students in Kermanshah. Q Educ Psychol. 2008;4(12)143-60. [Persian]
[43]Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-96.
[44]Maroufizadeh S, Zareyan A, Sigari N. Psychometric Properties of the 14, 10 and 4- item. Perceived stress Scale among asthmatic patients in Iran. J Iranian Institute Health Sci Res. 2014;13(4):457-65. [Persian]
[45]Park JH. Validating the effectiveness of an intervention program for adolescent female aggressive in Korea. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2003. 64(5-A),1528.
[46]Lavafpour F, Zahrakar K, Azarhoush Fatideh Z. Effectiveness of a process- based forgiveness intervention in reducing revenge and avoidance motivations among middle school male students. J Sch Psychol. 2014;3(2):253-66.