@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(4):275-281
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(4):275-281
Effectiveness of Group Music Therapy on Agitated Behaviors in Elderlies with Alzheimer
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Karimi S. (1)Hosseini S.E. (*)
Naziri Gh. (1)
(*) Department of Psychology, Science Faculty, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
(1) Department of Psychology, Human Sciences Faculty, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Science Faculty, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kilometer 5 of Sadra Road, Shiraz, IranPhone: +98 (71) 43311148
Fax: +98 (71) 43311172
ebrahim.hossini@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: October 22, 2015Accepted: June 10, 2016
ePublished: October 1, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
As a proper medium for the treatment interventions, music, which, as a non-invasive tool, is not expensive, can be used alongside other nursing cares. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of group music-therapy on the rate of the agitated behavior in the elderly women with Alzheimer.
Materials & Methods In the controlled semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest plan, 20 female patients with Alzheimer, aged between 65 and 75 years, were studied in Shiraz Islamic Azad University in 2015. The patients were residents of Farzanegan Nursing Home in Shiraz Township. The subjects, selected via available sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Data was collected using 10-question brief cognitive test questionnaire and Cohen-Mansfield agitation questionnaire. Experimental group received 4-week group music-therapy consisted of three 30- to 45-minute sessions per week. There was no intervention in control group. Data was collected in both pretest and posttest stages. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using covariance analysis test.
Findings At the pretest stage, mean rates of the agitated behaviors in experimental and control groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Nevertheless, mean rate of the agitated behaviors in experimental group was significantly reduced at the posttest stage than both the pretest stage and control group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the pretest and posttest stages in control group (p>0.05).
Conclusion The group music-therapy is an effective tool to reduce the agitated behaviors in the elderly women with Alzheimer.
Materials & Methods In the controlled semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest plan, 20 female patients with Alzheimer, aged between 65 and 75 years, were studied in Shiraz Islamic Azad University in 2015. The patients were residents of Farzanegan Nursing Home in Shiraz Township. The subjects, selected via available sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Data was collected using 10-question brief cognitive test questionnaire and Cohen-Mansfield agitation questionnaire. Experimental group received 4-week group music-therapy consisted of three 30- to 45-minute sessions per week. There was no intervention in control group. Data was collected in both pretest and posttest stages. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using covariance analysis test.
Findings At the pretest stage, mean rates of the agitated behaviors in experimental and control groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Nevertheless, mean rate of the agitated behaviors in experimental group was significantly reduced at the posttest stage than both the pretest stage and control group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the pretest and posttest stages in control group (p>0.05).
Conclusion The group music-therapy is an effective tool to reduce the agitated behaviors in the elderly women with Alzheimer.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Khezri A, Arab Ameri E, Hemayat Talab R. The effect of body mass index in the elderly active and passive response reaction time. J Growth Learn Sports. 2014;6(1):1-21. [Persian]
[2]Sung HC, Chang AM. Use of preferred music to decrease agitation behaviours in older people with dementia: A review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14(9):1133-40.
[3]Fernandez M, Gobartt AL, Balana, MCOOPERA Study Group. Behavioural symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease and their association with cognitive impairment. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:87-93.
[4]Cohen-Mansfield J. Nonpharmacologic Interventions for inappropriate behaviors in dementia: A review, summary and critique. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;9(4):361-81.
[5]Zare M, Afkham Ebrahimi A, Birashk B. The effect of music therapy on reducing agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease in Shahryar city nursing home. Adv Cognit Sci. 2009;11(2):55-62. [Persian]
[6]Bahmany N, Zandi Ghashghaee K, Khosravi S. A comparison between effectiveness of three types of music on memory activity and sustained attention in schizophrenic patients. Iran South Med J. 2014;17(4):706-15.
[7]Hosseini SE. The analgesic effect of adagio calm and allergo music on formalin test -induced pain in adult male rats. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2014;4(21):613-20. [Persian]
[8]Seifi Gandomani My, Zare H, Kalantarie-Meybodi S, Johari-Fard R. The effect of depressive and threatening music themes on recall and judgment of frequency for emotional and neutral stimuli in students. Knowl Res Appl Psychol. 2012;3(49):12-24. [Persian]
[9]Tavakoli F, Hoseini SE, Mokhtari M, Vahdati A. Effect of memory attenuation and light music on morphine dependency in male mature mice using conditioned place preference. Feyz. 2014;18(1):1-8. [Persian]
[10]Hosseini SE, Bagheri M, Honarparvaran N. Investigating the effect of music on labor pain and progress in the active stage on first labor. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(11):1479-87.
[11] Ghiasi S, Naeeinian MR, Rostami R, Roshan R, Kazemi R, Khomami S Effectiveness of spirituality therapy in decreasing anxiety, depression and distress of women suffering from breast cancer. Andishe va Raftar. 2013;7(27):27-36. [Persian]
[12]Sheibani Tazraji F, Pakdaman S, Dadkhah A, Hasanzadeh Tavakoli M. The effect of music therapy on depression and loneliness in old people. Salmand. 2010;5(2):54-60. [Persian]
[13]Stuckey JC. Blessed assurance: The role of religion and spirituality in Alzheimer's disease caregiving and other significant life events. J Aging Stud. 2001;15(1):69-84.
[14]Bernardi L, Porta C, Sleight P. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: The importance of silence. Heart. 2006;92(4):445-52.
[15]Kelley AE, Berridge KC. The neuroscience of natural rewards: Relevance to Addictive drugs. J Neurosci. 2002;22(9):3306-11.
[16]Sen H, Sizlan A, Yanarates O, Kul M, Kılıc E, Ozkan S, et al. The effect of musical therapy on postoperative pain after caesarean section. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2009;8(2):107-12.
[17]Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972;1(4):233-8.
[18]Swain DG, O'brien AG, Nightingale PG. Cognitive assessment in elderly patients admitted to hospital: The relationship between the shortened version of the Abbreviated Mental Test and the Abbreviated Mental Test and Mini-Mental State Examination. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(6):608-10.
[19]Foroughan M, Jafari Z, Shirin Byan P, Ghaem Magham Farahani Z, Rahghozar M. Normalization mini-mental State examination (MMSE) in the elderly in Tehran. News J Cognit Sci. 2008;10(2):22-37. [Persian]
[20]Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N. Agitated behaviors in the elderly. I. A conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34(10):711-21.
[21]Zare M, Shayeghian Z, Birashk B, Afkham Ebrahimi A. Reliability, validity and factor analysis of Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory (CMAI). Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2012;18(1):67-73. [Persian]
[22]Svansdottir HB, Snaedal J. Music therapy in moderate and severe dementia of Alzheimer’s type: A case-conrol study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(3):613-21.
[23]Clark ME, Lipe AW, Bilbery M. Use of music to decrease aggressive behaviors in people with dementia. J Gerontol Nurs. 1998;24(7):10-7.
[24]Gerdner LA. Effects of individualized versus classical "relaxation" music on the frequency of agitation in elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Int Psychogeriatr. 2000;12(1):49-65.
[25]Ragneskog H, Asplund K, Kihlgren M, Norberg A. Individualized music played for agitated patients with dementia: Analysis of video-recorded session. Int J Nurs Pract. 2001;7(3):146-55.
[26]Helmes E, Wiancko DC. Effects of music in reducing disruptive behavior in a general hospital. J Am Psychiatr Nurs Assoc. 2006;12(1):37-44.
[27]Garland K, Eppingstall B, OConnor DA. Comparison of two treatments of agitated behavior in nursing home residents with dementia: Simulated family presence and preferred music. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15(6):514-21.
[28]Raglio A, Bellelli G, Traficante D, Gianotti M, Ubezio MC, Villani D, et al. Efficacy of music therapy in the treatment of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008;22(20):158-62.
[29]O’Connor DW, Ames D, Gardner B, King M. Psychological treatments of psychological symptoms in dementia: A systematic review of reports meeting quality standards. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(2):241-51.
[30]Park H, Pringle Specht JK. Effect of individualized music on agitation in individuals with dementia who live at home. J Gerontol Nurs. 2009;35(8):47-55.
[31]Choi YK. The effect of music and progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety, fatigue, and quality of life in family caregivers of hospice patients. J Music Ther. 2010;47(1):53-69.
[32]Ledger AJ, Baker FA. An investigation of long-term effects of group music therapy on agitation levels of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Ment Health. 2007;11(3):330-8.
[33]Cooke ML, Moyle W, Shum DH, Harrison SD, Murfield JE. A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on agitated behaviours and anxiety in older people with dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):905-16.
[34]Sung HC, Chang SM, Lee MS, Lee WL. The effects of group music with movement intervention on agitated behaviours of institutionalized elders with dementia in Taiwan. Complement Ther Med. 2006;14(2):113-9.
[35]Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, et al. Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(7):670-8.
[36]Brown S, Martinez MJ, Parsons LM. Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport. 2004;15(13):2033-7.
[37]Koelsch S, Fritz T, Vcramon DY, Muller K, Friederici AD. Investigating emotion with music: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27(3):239-50.
[38]Chou KR, Lin Y. The effectiveness of group music therapy to improve depression and cognition status in elderly persons with dementia. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(1):1-9.
[39]Soltani HR, Alahyari A, Rasoulzade Tabatabayi S, Soltani N. The effect of musical themes on reduction of aggression in university students. Horizon Med Sci. 2011;16(4):34-40. [Persian]
[40]Akiyama K, Sutoo D. Effect of different frequencies of music on blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett. 2011;487(1):58-60.
[41]Thaut MH, Gardiner JC, Holmberg D, Horwitz J, Kent L, Andrews G, et al. Neurologic music therapy improves executive function and emotional adjustment in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1169:406-16.
[42]Singer T, Snozzi R, Bird G, Petovic P, Silani G, Heinrich SM, et al. Effects of oxytocin and prosocial behavior on brain responses to direct and vicariously experienced pain. Emot. 2008;8(6):781-91.
[43]Lee O, Chung Y, Chan M, Chan W. Music and its effect on the physiological responses and anxiety levels of patients receiving mechanical ventilation: A pilot study. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14(5):609 20.
[44]Holly H, Wendy L, Magee, Sonja S. Music therapy in the treatment of patients with neuro-behavioural disorders stemming from acquired brain injury. Nord J Music Ther. 2010;19(1):63-78.
[45]Evers S, Suhr B. Changes of the neurotransmitter serotonin but not of hormones during short time music perception. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250(3):144-7.
[46]Feduccia AA, Duvauchelle CL. Auditory stimuli enhance MDMA-conditioned reward and MDMA-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine, serotonin and locomotor responses. Brain Res Bull. 2008;77(4):189-96.
[2]Sung HC, Chang AM. Use of preferred music to decrease agitation behaviours in older people with dementia: A review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14(9):1133-40.
[3]Fernandez M, Gobartt AL, Balana, MCOOPERA Study Group. Behavioural symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease and their association with cognitive impairment. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:87-93.
[4]Cohen-Mansfield J. Nonpharmacologic Interventions for inappropriate behaviors in dementia: A review, summary and critique. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;9(4):361-81.
[5]Zare M, Afkham Ebrahimi A, Birashk B. The effect of music therapy on reducing agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease in Shahryar city nursing home. Adv Cognit Sci. 2009;11(2):55-62. [Persian]
[6]Bahmany N, Zandi Ghashghaee K, Khosravi S. A comparison between effectiveness of three types of music on memory activity and sustained attention in schizophrenic patients. Iran South Med J. 2014;17(4):706-15.
[7]Hosseini SE. The analgesic effect of adagio calm and allergo music on formalin test -induced pain in adult male rats. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2014;4(21):613-20. [Persian]
[8]Seifi Gandomani My, Zare H, Kalantarie-Meybodi S, Johari-Fard R. The effect of depressive and threatening music themes on recall and judgment of frequency for emotional and neutral stimuli in students. Knowl Res Appl Psychol. 2012;3(49):12-24. [Persian]
[9]Tavakoli F, Hoseini SE, Mokhtari M, Vahdati A. Effect of memory attenuation and light music on morphine dependency in male mature mice using conditioned place preference. Feyz. 2014;18(1):1-8. [Persian]
[10]Hosseini SE, Bagheri M, Honarparvaran N. Investigating the effect of music on labor pain and progress in the active stage on first labor. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(11):1479-87.
[11] Ghiasi S, Naeeinian MR, Rostami R, Roshan R, Kazemi R, Khomami S Effectiveness of spirituality therapy in decreasing anxiety, depression and distress of women suffering from breast cancer. Andishe va Raftar. 2013;7(27):27-36. [Persian]
[12]Sheibani Tazraji F, Pakdaman S, Dadkhah A, Hasanzadeh Tavakoli M. The effect of music therapy on depression and loneliness in old people. Salmand. 2010;5(2):54-60. [Persian]
[13]Stuckey JC. Blessed assurance: The role of religion and spirituality in Alzheimer's disease caregiving and other significant life events. J Aging Stud. 2001;15(1):69-84.
[14]Bernardi L, Porta C, Sleight P. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: The importance of silence. Heart. 2006;92(4):445-52.
[15]Kelley AE, Berridge KC. The neuroscience of natural rewards: Relevance to Addictive drugs. J Neurosci. 2002;22(9):3306-11.
[16]Sen H, Sizlan A, Yanarates O, Kul M, Kılıc E, Ozkan S, et al. The effect of musical therapy on postoperative pain after caesarean section. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2009;8(2):107-12.
[17]Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972;1(4):233-8.
[18]Swain DG, O'brien AG, Nightingale PG. Cognitive assessment in elderly patients admitted to hospital: The relationship between the shortened version of the Abbreviated Mental Test and the Abbreviated Mental Test and Mini-Mental State Examination. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(6):608-10.
[19]Foroughan M, Jafari Z, Shirin Byan P, Ghaem Magham Farahani Z, Rahghozar M. Normalization mini-mental State examination (MMSE) in the elderly in Tehran. News J Cognit Sci. 2008;10(2):22-37. [Persian]
[20]Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N. Agitated behaviors in the elderly. I. A conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34(10):711-21.
[21]Zare M, Shayeghian Z, Birashk B, Afkham Ebrahimi A. Reliability, validity and factor analysis of Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory (CMAI). Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2012;18(1):67-73. [Persian]
[22]Svansdottir HB, Snaedal J. Music therapy in moderate and severe dementia of Alzheimer’s type: A case-conrol study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(3):613-21.
[23]Clark ME, Lipe AW, Bilbery M. Use of music to decrease aggressive behaviors in people with dementia. J Gerontol Nurs. 1998;24(7):10-7.
[24]Gerdner LA. Effects of individualized versus classical "relaxation" music on the frequency of agitation in elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Int Psychogeriatr. 2000;12(1):49-65.
[25]Ragneskog H, Asplund K, Kihlgren M, Norberg A. Individualized music played for agitated patients with dementia: Analysis of video-recorded session. Int J Nurs Pract. 2001;7(3):146-55.
[26]Helmes E, Wiancko DC. Effects of music in reducing disruptive behavior in a general hospital. J Am Psychiatr Nurs Assoc. 2006;12(1):37-44.
[27]Garland K, Eppingstall B, OConnor DA. Comparison of two treatments of agitated behavior in nursing home residents with dementia: Simulated family presence and preferred music. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15(6):514-21.
[28]Raglio A, Bellelli G, Traficante D, Gianotti M, Ubezio MC, Villani D, et al. Efficacy of music therapy in the treatment of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008;22(20):158-62.
[29]O’Connor DW, Ames D, Gardner B, King M. Psychological treatments of psychological symptoms in dementia: A systematic review of reports meeting quality standards. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(2):241-51.
[30]Park H, Pringle Specht JK. Effect of individualized music on agitation in individuals with dementia who live at home. J Gerontol Nurs. 2009;35(8):47-55.
[31]Choi YK. The effect of music and progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety, fatigue, and quality of life in family caregivers of hospice patients. J Music Ther. 2010;47(1):53-69.
[32]Ledger AJ, Baker FA. An investigation of long-term effects of group music therapy on agitation levels of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Ment Health. 2007;11(3):330-8.
[33]Cooke ML, Moyle W, Shum DH, Harrison SD, Murfield JE. A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on agitated behaviours and anxiety in older people with dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):905-16.
[34]Sung HC, Chang SM, Lee MS, Lee WL. The effects of group music with movement intervention on agitated behaviours of institutionalized elders with dementia in Taiwan. Complement Ther Med. 2006;14(2):113-9.
[35]Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, et al. Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(7):670-8.
[36]Brown S, Martinez MJ, Parsons LM. Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport. 2004;15(13):2033-7.
[37]Koelsch S, Fritz T, Vcramon DY, Muller K, Friederici AD. Investigating emotion with music: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27(3):239-50.
[38]Chou KR, Lin Y. The effectiveness of group music therapy to improve depression and cognition status in elderly persons with dementia. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(1):1-9.
[39]Soltani HR, Alahyari A, Rasoulzade Tabatabayi S, Soltani N. The effect of musical themes on reduction of aggression in university students. Horizon Med Sci. 2011;16(4):34-40. [Persian]
[40]Akiyama K, Sutoo D. Effect of different frequencies of music on blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett. 2011;487(1):58-60.
[41]Thaut MH, Gardiner JC, Holmberg D, Horwitz J, Kent L, Andrews G, et al. Neurologic music therapy improves executive function and emotional adjustment in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1169:406-16.
[42]Singer T, Snozzi R, Bird G, Petovic P, Silani G, Heinrich SM, et al. Effects of oxytocin and prosocial behavior on brain responses to direct and vicariously experienced pain. Emot. 2008;8(6):781-91.
[43]Lee O, Chung Y, Chan M, Chan W. Music and its effect on the physiological responses and anxiety levels of patients receiving mechanical ventilation: A pilot study. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14(5):609 20.
[44]Holly H, Wendy L, Magee, Sonja S. Music therapy in the treatment of patients with neuro-behavioural disorders stemming from acquired brain injury. Nord J Music Ther. 2010;19(1):63-78.
[45]Evers S, Suhr B. Changes of the neurotransmitter serotonin but not of hormones during short time music perception. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250(3):144-7.
[46]Feduccia AA, Duvauchelle CL. Auditory stimuli enhance MDMA-conditioned reward and MDMA-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine, serotonin and locomotor responses. Brain Res Bull. 2008;77(4):189-96.