@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):181-185
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):181-185
Impact of the Tai Chi Training Participation History on Testosterone to Cortisol Ratio in Female Athletes
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Dezhan M. (1 )Shakeri N. (*)
Abed Natanzy H. (1)
(*) Exercise Physiology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(1 ) Exercise Physiology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Human Sciences, Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hisarak Square, Poonak, Tehran, IranPhone: +98 (21) 44865179
Fax: +98 (21) 44865179
nsprofsport@gmail.com
Article History
Received: July 24, 2016Accepted: February 27, 2017
ePublished: July 22, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
The effects of Tai Chi exercises on the ratio of testosterone and cortisol are less clear, but available research evidences show that aerobic or endurance exercises (as Tai Chi is an aerobic exercise) can affect the ratio of these two hormones and the total amounts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tai Chi exercises on the amounts of testosterone and cortisol and also the ratio of serum testosterone to –cortisol in women.
Materials & Methods In this quasi-experimental and sectional study in 2015, 42 Tai Chi women were purposefully selected from clubs in Tehran City, Iran, and were divided based on their experience into 3 groups (14 each); the first (6 to 12 months), the second (30 to 42 months) and the third (52 to 64 months). Venous blood samples were taken from all groups after 12 hours of overnight fasting to determine the levels of cortisol, testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 statistical software using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests.
Findings There were no significant differences among the three groups according to the mean of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone to cortisol ratio (p>0.05).
Conclusion The history of exercise in Tai Chi women has no effect on the levels of testosterone and serum cortisol and also their ratio.
Materials & Methods In this quasi-experimental and sectional study in 2015, 42 Tai Chi women were purposefully selected from clubs in Tehran City, Iran, and were divided based on their experience into 3 groups (14 each); the first (6 to 12 months), the second (30 to 42 months) and the third (52 to 64 months). Venous blood samples were taken from all groups after 12 hours of overnight fasting to determine the levels of cortisol, testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 statistical software using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests.
Findings There were no significant differences among the three groups according to the mean of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone to cortisol ratio (p>0.05).
Conclusion The history of exercise in Tai Chi women has no effect on the levels of testosterone and serum cortisol and also their ratio.
CITATION LINKS
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[12]Martínez AC, Calvo JS, Marí JAT, Inchaurregui LCA, Orella EE, Biescas AP. Testosterone and cortisol changes in professional basketball players through a season competition. J Strenght Cond Res. 2010;24(4):1102-8.
[13]Mirghani SJ, Aghaalinezhad H, Arshadi S, Ayaz A, Fakourian A. Effect eight weeks strength, endurance and concurrent training on blood serum cortisol/testosterone ratio and muscular fitness in soldiers wrestler. J Army Univ. 2013;11(2):211-8. [Persian]
[14]Hejazi K, Attarzade Hosseini SR. Influence of selected exercise on serum immunoglobulin, testosterone and cortisol in semi-endurance elite runners. Asian J Sports Med. 2012;3(3):185-92.
[15]Hiruntrakul A, Nanagara R, Emasithi A, Borer KT. Effect of endurance exercise on resting testosterone levels in sedentary subjects. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010;18(3):169-72.
[16]Morales AJ, Haubrich RH, Hwang JY, Asakura H, Yen SS. The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age‐advanced men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;49(4):421-32.
[17]Majumdar P, Srividhya S, Mandal M, Kalinski M. Response of selected hormonal markers during training cycles on Indian female swimmers. Biol Sport. 2010;27(1):53-7.
[18]Bosco C, Tihanyit J, Viru A. Relationships between field fitness test and basal serum testosterone and cortisol levels in soccer players. Clin Physiol. 1996;16(3):317-22.
[19]Jung S, Lee EN, Lee SR, Kim MS, Lee MS. Tai chi for lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in elderly patients with benign prostate hypertrophy: A randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2012;2012:624692.
[20]Gulledge TP, Hackney AC. Reproducibility of low resting testosterone concentrations in endurance trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(6):582-3.
[21]Tyndall GL, Kobe RW, Houmard JA. Cortisol, testosterone, and insulin action during intense swimming training in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(1-2):61-5.
[22]Keizer H, Kuipers H, De Haan J, Janssen G, Beckers E, Habets L, et al. Effect of a 3-month endurance training program on metabolic and multiple hormonal responses to exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1987;8(Suppl 3):154-60.
[23]Urhausen A, Kullmer T, Kindermann W. A 7-week follow-up study of the behaviour of testosterone and cortisol during the competition period in rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987;56(5):528-33.
[24]Filaire E, Lac G. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) rather than testosterone shows saliva androgen responses to exercise in elite female handball players. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21(1):17-20.
[25]Boyden T, Pamenter R, Stanforth P, Rotkis T, Wilmore J. Sex steroids and endurance running in women. Fertil Steril. 1983;39(5):629-32.
[26]Tsai L, Johansson C, Pousette A, Tegelman R, Carlström K, Hemmingsson P. Cortisol and androgen concentrations in female and male elite endurance athletes in relation to physical activity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991;63(3-4):308-11.
[27]Tegelman R, Johansson C, Hemmingsson P, Eklöf R, Carlström K, Pousette A. Endogenous anabolic and catabolic steroid hormones in male and female athletes during off season. Int J Sports Med. 1990;11(2):103-6.
[28]Krahenbuhl GS, Archer PA, Pettit LL. Serum testosterone and adult female trainability. J Sport Med Phys Fitness. 1978;18(4):359-64.
[29]Puche C, José M, Cabero A, Meseguer A. Expression and enzymatic activity of the P450c17 gene in human adipose tissue. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146(2):223-9.
[30]Lee EN. The effects of tai chi exercise program on blood pressure, total cholesterol and cortisol level in patients with essential hypertension. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004;34(5):829-37. [Korean]
[31]Filaire E, Duché P, Lac G. Effects of amount of training on the saliva concentrations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and on the dehydroepiandrosterone: cortisol concentration ratio in women over 16 weeks of training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;78(5):466-71.
[32]Kiilavuori K, Näveri H, Leinonen H, Härkönen M. The effect of physical training on hormonal status and exertional hormonal response in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(6):456-64.
[33]Consitt LA, Copeland JL, Tremblay MS. Endogenous anabolic hormone responses to endurance versus resistance exercise and training in women. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):1-22.
[34]Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT, Gordon RD, Bachmann AW. Hormonal responses of elite swimmers to overtraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(6):741-7.
[2]Bouchard C. Molecular and cellular regulation of adaptation to exercise. 1st edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2015.
[3]Meckel Y, Eliakim A, Seraev M, Zaldivar F, Cooper DM, Sagiv M, et al. The effect of a brief sprint interval exercise on growth factors and inflammatory mediators. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(1):225-30.
[4]Kostka T, Patricot MC, Mathian B, Lacour JR, Bonnefoy M. Anabolic and catabolic hormonal responses to experimental two-set low-volume resistance exercise in sedentary and active elderly people. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15(2):123-30.
[5]Lac G, Passelergue P, Robert A, Rouillion, Sesboue B. Influence du type de pratique sportive sur les taux de testosterone. Sci Sports. 1995:10(3):157-8.
[6]Pruessner M1, Hellhammer DH, Pruessner JC, Lupien SJ. Self- reported depressive symptoms and stress levels in healthy young men: Associations with the cortisol response to awakening. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(1):92-9.
[7]Alves RN, Costa LO, Samulski DM. Monitoring and preventing of overtraning in athletes. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2006;12(5):262e-6.
[8]Kraemer WJ. A series of studies- the physiological basis for strength training in American football: Fact over philosophy. J Strenght Cond Res. 1997;11(3):131-42.
[9]Checkley S. The neuroendocrinology of depression and chronic stress. Br Med Bull. 1996;52(3):597-617.
[10]Hong Y, Li JX, Robinson P. Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34(1):29-34.
[11]Bird SP, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Designing resistance training programmes to enhance muscular fitness: a review of the acute programme variables. Sports Med. 2005;35(10):841-51.
[12]Martínez AC, Calvo JS, Marí JAT, Inchaurregui LCA, Orella EE, Biescas AP. Testosterone and cortisol changes in professional basketball players through a season competition. J Strenght Cond Res. 2010;24(4):1102-8.
[13]Mirghani SJ, Aghaalinezhad H, Arshadi S, Ayaz A, Fakourian A. Effect eight weeks strength, endurance and concurrent training on blood serum cortisol/testosterone ratio and muscular fitness in soldiers wrestler. J Army Univ. 2013;11(2):211-8. [Persian]
[14]Hejazi K, Attarzade Hosseini SR. Influence of selected exercise on serum immunoglobulin, testosterone and cortisol in semi-endurance elite runners. Asian J Sports Med. 2012;3(3):185-92.
[15]Hiruntrakul A, Nanagara R, Emasithi A, Borer KT. Effect of endurance exercise on resting testosterone levels in sedentary subjects. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010;18(3):169-72.
[16]Morales AJ, Haubrich RH, Hwang JY, Asakura H, Yen SS. The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age‐advanced men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;49(4):421-32.
[17]Majumdar P, Srividhya S, Mandal M, Kalinski M. Response of selected hormonal markers during training cycles on Indian female swimmers. Biol Sport. 2010;27(1):53-7.
[18]Bosco C, Tihanyit J, Viru A. Relationships between field fitness test and basal serum testosterone and cortisol levels in soccer players. Clin Physiol. 1996;16(3):317-22.
[19]Jung S, Lee EN, Lee SR, Kim MS, Lee MS. Tai chi for lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in elderly patients with benign prostate hypertrophy: A randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2012;2012:624692.
[20]Gulledge TP, Hackney AC. Reproducibility of low resting testosterone concentrations in endurance trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(6):582-3.
[21]Tyndall GL, Kobe RW, Houmard JA. Cortisol, testosterone, and insulin action during intense swimming training in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(1-2):61-5.
[22]Keizer H, Kuipers H, De Haan J, Janssen G, Beckers E, Habets L, et al. Effect of a 3-month endurance training program on metabolic and multiple hormonal responses to exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1987;8(Suppl 3):154-60.
[23]Urhausen A, Kullmer T, Kindermann W. A 7-week follow-up study of the behaviour of testosterone and cortisol during the competition period in rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987;56(5):528-33.
[24]Filaire E, Lac G. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) rather than testosterone shows saliva androgen responses to exercise in elite female handball players. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21(1):17-20.
[25]Boyden T, Pamenter R, Stanforth P, Rotkis T, Wilmore J. Sex steroids and endurance running in women. Fertil Steril. 1983;39(5):629-32.
[26]Tsai L, Johansson C, Pousette A, Tegelman R, Carlström K, Hemmingsson P. Cortisol and androgen concentrations in female and male elite endurance athletes in relation to physical activity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991;63(3-4):308-11.
[27]Tegelman R, Johansson C, Hemmingsson P, Eklöf R, Carlström K, Pousette A. Endogenous anabolic and catabolic steroid hormones in male and female athletes during off season. Int J Sports Med. 1990;11(2):103-6.
[28]Krahenbuhl GS, Archer PA, Pettit LL. Serum testosterone and adult female trainability. J Sport Med Phys Fitness. 1978;18(4):359-64.
[29]Puche C, José M, Cabero A, Meseguer A. Expression and enzymatic activity of the P450c17 gene in human adipose tissue. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146(2):223-9.
[30]Lee EN. The effects of tai chi exercise program on blood pressure, total cholesterol and cortisol level in patients with essential hypertension. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004;34(5):829-37. [Korean]
[31]Filaire E, Duché P, Lac G. Effects of amount of training on the saliva concentrations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and on the dehydroepiandrosterone: cortisol concentration ratio in women over 16 weeks of training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;78(5):466-71.
[32]Kiilavuori K, Näveri H, Leinonen H, Härkönen M. The effect of physical training on hormonal status and exertional hormonal response in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(6):456-64.
[33]Consitt LA, Copeland JL, Tremblay MS. Endogenous anabolic hormone responses to endurance versus resistance exercise and training in women. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):1-22.
[34]Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT, Gordon RD, Bachmann AW. Hormonal responses of elite swimmers to overtraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(6):741-7.