@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):201-206
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):201-206
Comparison of Alexithymia and Impulsive Behaviors in Schizophrenia Patients and Healthy Individuals
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Habibi Kaleybar R. (1)Mohammadzadegan R. (* )
Afi E. (2)
(* ) Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Azerbayjan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Azerbayjan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
(2) Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Maragheh, 35km to Tabriz Road, Tabriz, East Azarbaijan Province, IranPhone: +98 (44) 36338394
Fax: +98 (41) z41492341
reza.moh1@gmail.com
Article History
Received: November 4, 2016Accepted: April 18, 2017
ePublished: July 22, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Several studies indicate high levels of alexithymia and impulsive behavior in schizophrenia patients. The aim of this study was to compare the aspects of alexithymia and impulsive behavior in schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals.
Materials & Methods In this causal-comparative study in 2016, 30 male schizophrenia patients, which were hospitalized at Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Tabriz City, Iran were selected randomly and 30 students of Tabriz University, Iran were selected by available sampling method and finally were divided into 2 groups. The research tools were Toronto alexithymia and Barratt impulsiveness scales. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using independent T, Chi-square, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and LSD post hoc tests.
Findings The average scores of alexithymia and its components (disruptions in describing feelings, disruptions in identifying feelings and thoughts towards the surface) and impulsive behavior and its components (cognitive impulsivity, motor impulsivity and non-planning) in schizophrenic patients were significantly more than the normal group (p<0.05).
Conclusion Schizophrenic patients show high levels of alexithymia and impulsive behavior comparing to the normal individuals.
Materials & Methods In this causal-comparative study in 2016, 30 male schizophrenia patients, which were hospitalized at Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Tabriz City, Iran were selected randomly and 30 students of Tabriz University, Iran were selected by available sampling method and finally were divided into 2 groups. The research tools were Toronto alexithymia and Barratt impulsiveness scales. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using independent T, Chi-square, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and LSD post hoc tests.
Findings The average scores of alexithymia and its components (disruptions in describing feelings, disruptions in identifying feelings and thoughts towards the surface) and impulsive behavior and its components (cognitive impulsivity, motor impulsivity and non-planning) in schizophrenic patients were significantly more than the normal group (p<0.05).
Conclusion Schizophrenic patients show high levels of alexithymia and impulsive behavior comparing to the normal individuals.
CITATION LINKS
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[18]Kirby KN, Finch JC. The hierarchical structure of self-reported impulsivity. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;48(6):704-13.
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[20]Quanbeck CD, Mcdermott BE, Lam J, Eisenstark H, Sokolov G, Scott CL. Categorization of aggressive acts committed by chronically assaultive state hospital patients. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(4):521-8.
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[22]Iancu I, Bodner E, Roitman S, Piccone Sapir A, Poreh A, Kotler M. Impulsivity, aggression and suicide risk among male schizophrenia patients. Psychopathology. 2010;43(4):223-9.
[23]Gut-Fayand A, Dervaux A, Olié JP, Lôo H, Poirier MF, Krebs MO. Substance abuse and suicidality in schizophrenia: A common risk factor linked to impulsivity. Psychiatry Res. 2001;102(1):65-72.
[24]Krishnan-Sarin S, Reynolds B, Duhig AM, Smith A, Liss T, Mcfetridge A, Et Al. Behavioral impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in a smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(1):79-82.
[25]Enticott PG, Ogloff JR, Bradshaw JL. Response inhibition and impulsivity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2008;157(1-3):251-4.
[26]Zhornitsky S, Rizkallah E, Pampoulova T, Chiasson JP, Lipp O, Stip E, et al. Sensation-seeking, social a hedonia, and impulsivity in substance use disorder patients with and without schizophrenia and in non-abusing schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200(2-3):237-41.
[27]Dursun SM, Szemis A, Andrews H, Whitaker P, Reveley MA. Effects of clozapine and typical antipsychotic drugs on plasma 5-ht turnover and impulsivity in patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000;25(4):347-52.
[28]Kaladjian A, Jeanningros R, Azorin JM, Anton JL, Mazzola-Pomietto P. Impulsivity and neural correlates of response inhibition in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2011;41(2):291-9.
[29]Mesrabadi J, Alilou A. Effectiveness of conceptual map on retention and understanding and application of science concepts. Educ Psychol. 2016;12(40):151-71. [Persian]
[30]Besharat MA. Assessing reliability and validity of the Farsi version of the Toronto alexithymia scale in a sample of substance-using patients. Psychological Rep. 2008;102(1):209-20.
[31]Mesrabadi J, Jafariyan S, Ostovar N. Discriminative and construct validity of meaning in life questionnaire for Iranian students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2013;7(1):83-90. [Persian]
[32]Higgins ET. Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychol Rev. 1987;94(3):319-40.
[33]Kring AM, Neale JM. Do schizophrenic patients show a disjunctive relationship among expressive, experiential, and psychophysiological components of emotion?. J Abnorm Psychol. 1996;105(2):249-57.
[34]Gur RE, Kohler CG, Ragland JD, Siegel SJ, Lesko K, Bilker WB, Gur RC. Flat affect in schizophrenia: Relation to emotion processing and neurocognitive measures. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(2):279-87.
[35]Carpenter WT Jr. Clinical constructs and therapeutic discovery. Schizophr Res. 2004;72(1):69-73.
[36]Larsen JK, Brand N, Bermond B, Hijman R. Cognitive and emotional characteristics of alexithymia: A review of neurobiological studies. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54(6):533-41.
[37]Aleman A. Feelings you can’t imagine: Towards a cognitive neuroscience of alexithymia. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9(12):553-5.
[38]Maro CJ, Angelo DD, Hoptman MJ. Olfactory identification, impulsivity, and aggression in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008;102(1-3):177-8.
[39]Hoptman MJ, Ardekani BA, Butler PD, Nierenberg J, Javitt DC, Lim KO. DTI and impulsivity in schizophrenia: A first voxelwise correlational analysis. Neuroreport. 2004;(15):2467-70.
[40]Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Johnson G, Weiss E, Bilder RM, Lim KO. Frontal white matter microstructure, aggression, and impulsivity in men with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(1):9-14.
[41]Cheung AM, Mitsis EM, Halperin JM. The relationship of behavioural inhibition to executive functions in young adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;26(3):393-404.
[42]Convit A, Douyon R, Yates K, Smith G, Volavka J, Czobor P, et al. Fronto-temporal abnormalities in violence. In: Stoff D, Cairns R, editors. Aggression and violence: Gnetic, neurobiological, and biosocial perspectives. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1996. pp. 169-94.
[43]Amore M, Menchetti M, Tonti C, Scarlatti F, Lundgren E, Esposito W, et al. Predictors of violent behavior among acute psychiatric patients: Clinical study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;62(3):247-55.
[44]Volavka J. The neurobiology of violence: An update. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;11(3):307-14.
[2]Taylor GJ, Parker JD, Bagby RM, Bourke MP. Relationships between alexithymia and psychological characteristics associated with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res. 1996;(41):561-8.
[3]Heshmati R, Ghorbani N, Rostami R, Ahmadi M, Akhavan H. Comparative study of alexithymia in patients with psychotic disorders, non psychotic and normal people. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci. 2010;17(1):56-61. [Persian]
[4]Aleman A, Kahn RS. Strange feelings: Do amygdala abnormalities dysregulate the emotional brain in schizophrenia?. Prog Neurobiol. 2005;77(5):283-98.
[5]Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R. Neurobiology of emotion perception II: Implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(5):515-28.
[6]van Rijn S, Aleman A, Swaab H, Kahn RS. Neurobiology of emotion and high risk for schizophrenia: Role of the amygdala and the x-chromosome. Neurosci Biobehav. 2005;29(3):385-97.
[7]van 'T Wout M, Aleman A, Bermond B, Kahn RS. No words for feelings: Alexithymia in schizophrenia patients and first-degree relatives. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(1):27-33.
[8]Stanghellini G, Ricca V. Alexithymia and schizophrenias. Psychopathol. 1995;28(5):263-72.
[9]Cedro A, Kokoszka A, Popiel A, Narkiewicz-Jodko W. Alexithymia in schizophrenia: An exploratory study. Psychol Rep. 2001;89(1):95-8.
[10]Todarello O, Porcelli P, Grilletti F, Bellomo A. Is alexithymia related to negative symptoms of schizophrenia?. Psychopathology. 2005;38(6):310-4.
[11]Ersche KD, Turton AJ, Pradhan S, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW. Drug addiction endopheno types: Impulsive versus sensation-seeking personality traits. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(8):770-3.
[12]Duva SM, Silverstein SM, Spiga R. Impulsivity and risk-taking in co-occurring psychotic disorders and substance abuse. Psychiatry Res. 2011;186(2-3):351-5.
[13]Kester HM, Sevy S, Yechiam E, Burdick KE, Cervellione KL, Kumra S. Decision-making impairments in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006;1(3):113-23.
[14]Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(11):1783-93.
[15]Heerey EA, Robinson BM, Mcmahon RP, Gold JM. Delay discounting in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2007;12(3):213-21.
[16]Nolan KA, D'Angelo D, Hoptman MJ. Self-report and laboratory measures of impulsivity in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 2011;187(1-2):301-3.
[17]Zuckerman M. P-impulsive sensation seeking and its behavioral, psychophysiological, and biochemical correlates. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;28(1-2):30-6.
[18]Kirby KN, Finch JC. The hierarchical structure of self-reported impulsivity. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;48(6):704-13.
[19]Barratt ES, Stanford MS, Kent TA, Felthous AR. Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological substrates of impulsive aggression. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;41(10):1045-61.
[20]Quanbeck CD, Mcdermott BE, Lam J, Eisenstark H, Sokolov G, Scott CL. Categorization of aggressive acts committed by chronically assaultive state hospital patients. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(4):521-8.
[21]Volavka J, Citrome L. Heterogeneity of violence in schizophrenia and implications for long-term treatment. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(8):1237-45.
[22]Iancu I, Bodner E, Roitman S, Piccone Sapir A, Poreh A, Kotler M. Impulsivity, aggression and suicide risk among male schizophrenia patients. Psychopathology. 2010;43(4):223-9.
[23]Gut-Fayand A, Dervaux A, Olié JP, Lôo H, Poirier MF, Krebs MO. Substance abuse and suicidality in schizophrenia: A common risk factor linked to impulsivity. Psychiatry Res. 2001;102(1):65-72.
[24]Krishnan-Sarin S, Reynolds B, Duhig AM, Smith A, Liss T, Mcfetridge A, Et Al. Behavioral impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in a smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(1):79-82.
[25]Enticott PG, Ogloff JR, Bradshaw JL. Response inhibition and impulsivity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2008;157(1-3):251-4.
[26]Zhornitsky S, Rizkallah E, Pampoulova T, Chiasson JP, Lipp O, Stip E, et al. Sensation-seeking, social a hedonia, and impulsivity in substance use disorder patients with and without schizophrenia and in non-abusing schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200(2-3):237-41.
[27]Dursun SM, Szemis A, Andrews H, Whitaker P, Reveley MA. Effects of clozapine and typical antipsychotic drugs on plasma 5-ht turnover and impulsivity in patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000;25(4):347-52.
[28]Kaladjian A, Jeanningros R, Azorin JM, Anton JL, Mazzola-Pomietto P. Impulsivity and neural correlates of response inhibition in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2011;41(2):291-9.
[29]Mesrabadi J, Alilou A. Effectiveness of conceptual map on retention and understanding and application of science concepts. Educ Psychol. 2016;12(40):151-71. [Persian]
[30]Besharat MA. Assessing reliability and validity of the Farsi version of the Toronto alexithymia scale in a sample of substance-using patients. Psychological Rep. 2008;102(1):209-20.
[31]Mesrabadi J, Jafariyan S, Ostovar N. Discriminative and construct validity of meaning in life questionnaire for Iranian students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2013;7(1):83-90. [Persian]
[32]Higgins ET. Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychol Rev. 1987;94(3):319-40.
[33]Kring AM, Neale JM. Do schizophrenic patients show a disjunctive relationship among expressive, experiential, and psychophysiological components of emotion?. J Abnorm Psychol. 1996;105(2):249-57.
[34]Gur RE, Kohler CG, Ragland JD, Siegel SJ, Lesko K, Bilker WB, Gur RC. Flat affect in schizophrenia: Relation to emotion processing and neurocognitive measures. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(2):279-87.
[35]Carpenter WT Jr. Clinical constructs and therapeutic discovery. Schizophr Res. 2004;72(1):69-73.
[36]Larsen JK, Brand N, Bermond B, Hijman R. Cognitive and emotional characteristics of alexithymia: A review of neurobiological studies. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54(6):533-41.
[37]Aleman A. Feelings you can’t imagine: Towards a cognitive neuroscience of alexithymia. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9(12):553-5.
[38]Maro CJ, Angelo DD, Hoptman MJ. Olfactory identification, impulsivity, and aggression in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008;102(1-3):177-8.
[39]Hoptman MJ, Ardekani BA, Butler PD, Nierenberg J, Javitt DC, Lim KO. DTI and impulsivity in schizophrenia: A first voxelwise correlational analysis. Neuroreport. 2004;(15):2467-70.
[40]Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Johnson G, Weiss E, Bilder RM, Lim KO. Frontal white matter microstructure, aggression, and impulsivity in men with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(1):9-14.
[41]Cheung AM, Mitsis EM, Halperin JM. The relationship of behavioural inhibition to executive functions in young adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;26(3):393-404.
[42]Convit A, Douyon R, Yates K, Smith G, Volavka J, Czobor P, et al. Fronto-temporal abnormalities in violence. In: Stoff D, Cairns R, editors. Aggression and violence: Gnetic, neurobiological, and biosocial perspectives. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1996. pp. 169-94.
[43]Amore M, Menchetti M, Tonti C, Scarlatti F, Lundgren E, Esposito W, et al. Predictors of violent behavior among acute psychiatric patients: Clinical study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;62(3):247-55.
[44]Volavka J. The neurobiology of violence: An update. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;11(3):307-14.