@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):215-221
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):215-221
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Parenting Educational Program on the Anxiety, Parent-Child Conflict and Parent Self-Agency in Mothers with Oppositional Defiant Disorder Children
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Ghazanfari F. (1)Hosseini Ramaghani N. (* )
Moradiyani Gizeh Rod S.Kh. (1)
Panahi H. (1)
(* ) Psychology Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, University of Lorestan, Khorramabad, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, University of Lorestan, Khorramabad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Literature & Humanities Faculty, Lorestan University, 5th Kilometer of Tehran Highway, Lorestan Province, Khorramabad, Iran. Postal Code: 68151-44316Phone: +98 (66) 33120097
Fax: +98 (66) 33120106
nasrin.ramaghani@gmail.com
Article History
Received: August 22, 2016Accepted: May 2, 2017
ePublished: July 22, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Oppositional defiant disorder that occurs in pre-school or early school-age children and in pre-adolescent stage has a widespread impact on the child, family, teachers and society. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of mindful parenting education program on reducing the anxiety and parent-child conflict and increasing the self-agency of parenting in mothers who have oppositional defiant disorder daughters.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group was performed during 2015-2016 academic year in 34 mothers of primary school girl students of Noorabad City, Iran, who were suffering from oppositional defiant disorder. The samples were selected by purposeful clustering method and were randomly divided into 2 test and control groups (each had 17 members). The research tools were Child Behavioral Logbook and Teacher Report Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Conflict Strategy and Parent Self-efficacy Questionnaires. Mindfulness-based parenting educational program was conducted for the experimental group one 2-hour session a week for 2 months. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software using MANCOVA test.
Findings The average of total anxiety, parent-child conflict and parental self-efficacy scores were higher in the experimental group in posttest. After controlling the effect of pre-test scores, there were significant differences between the test and control groups in terms of all variables (p<0.001).
Conclusion Mindfulness-based parenting educational program reduces the anxiety and parent-child conflict and increases the parental self-efficacy in mothers with oppositional defiant disorder.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group was performed during 2015-2016 academic year in 34 mothers of primary school girl students of Noorabad City, Iran, who were suffering from oppositional defiant disorder. The samples were selected by purposeful clustering method and were randomly divided into 2 test and control groups (each had 17 members). The research tools were Child Behavioral Logbook and Teacher Report Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Conflict Strategy and Parent Self-efficacy Questionnaires. Mindfulness-based parenting educational program was conducted for the experimental group one 2-hour session a week for 2 months. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software using MANCOVA test.
Findings The average of total anxiety, parent-child conflict and parental self-efficacy scores were higher in the experimental group in posttest. After controlling the effect of pre-test scores, there were significant differences between the test and control groups in terms of all variables (p<0.001).
Conclusion Mindfulness-based parenting educational program reduces the anxiety and parent-child conflict and increases the parental self-efficacy in mothers with oppositional defiant disorder.
CITATION LINKS
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[14]Haydicky J, Shecter C, Wiener J, Ducharme JM. Evaluation of MBCT for adolescents with ADHD and their parents: Impact on individual and family functioning. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(1):76-94.
[15]Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R. Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: Developmental epidemiology. J Child Psycol Psychiatry. 2004;45(3):609-21.
[16]Edwards G, Barkley RA, Laneri M, Fletcher K, Metevia L. Parent–adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001;29(6):557-72.
[17]Craig F, Operto FF, De Giacomo A, Margari L, Frolli A, Conson M, et al. Parenting stress among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2016;242:121-9.
[18]Bondy EM, Mash EJ. Parenting efficacy, perceived control over caregiving failure, and mothers' reactions to preschool children's misbehavior. Child Study J. 1999;29(3):157-73.
[19]Hayes L, Matthews J, Copley A, Welsh D. A randomized controlled trial of a mother–infant or toddler parenting program: Demonstrating effectiveness in practice. J Pediatr psychol. 2008;33(5):473-86.
[20]Siu AF, Ma Y, Chui FW. Maternal Mindfulness and Child Social Behavior: the Mediating Role of the Mother-Child Relationship. Mindfulness. 2016;7(3):577-83.
[21]Van der Oord S, Bögels SM, Peijnenburg D. The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(1):139-47.
[22]Jiang Y, Gurm M, Johnston C. Child impairment and parenting self-efficacy in relation to mothers’ views of ADHD treatments. J Atten Disord. 2014;18(6):532-41.
[23]Dean C, Myers K, Evants E. Communicating-wide implementation of parenting program: The south east Sydney positive parenting project. Aust J Advancement Ment Health. 2003;2(3):1-12.
[24]Coatsworth JD, Duncan LG, Greenberg MT, Nix RL. Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. J Child Fam Stud. 2010;19(2):203-17.
[25]Turpyn CC, Chaplin TM. Mindful parenting and parents’ emotion expression: Effects on adolescent risk behaviors. Mindfulness. 2016;7(1):246-54.
[26]Duncan LG, Baradacke N. Mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting education: Promoting family mindfulness during the perinatal period. J Child Fam Stud. 2010;19(2):190-202.
[27]Orzech KM, Shapiro SL, Brown KW, McKay M. Intensive mindfulness training-related changes in cognitive and emotional experience. J Posit Psychol. 2009;4(3):212-22.
[28]Perez-Blasco J, Viguer P, Rodrigo MF. Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on psychological distress, well-being, and maternal self-efficacy in breast-feeding mothers: results of a pilot study. Arch Womens Mental Health. 2013;16(3):227-36.
[29]Bögels S, Restifo K. Mindful parenting: A guide for mental health practitioners. New York: Springer; 2014.
[30]Davis TS. Mindfulness-Based Approaches and their potential for educational psychology practice. Educ Psychol Pract. 2012;28(1):31-46.
[31]Duncan LG, Coatsworth JD, Greenberg MT. A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2009;12(3):255-70
[32]Costin J, Lichte C, Hill-Smith A, Vance A, Luk E. Parent group treatments for children with oppositional defiant disorder. Aust J Advancement Ment Health. 2004;3(1):36-43.
[33]Burnett-Zeigler IE, Satyshur MD, Hong S, Yang A, Moskowitz JT, Wisner KL. Mindfulness based stress reduction adapted for depressed disadvantaged women in an urban Federally Qualified Health Center. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;25:59-67.
[34]Bamber MD, Schneider JK. Mindfulness-based meditation to decrease stress and anxiety in college students: A narrative synthesis of the research. Educ Res Rev. 2016;18:1-32.
[35]Minaee A. Adaptation and standardization of child behavior checklist, youth self-report, and teacher’s report forms. J Except Child. 2006;6(1):529-58. [Persian]
[36]Beck AT, Steer RA. Relationship between the Beck anxiety inventory and the Hamilton anxiety rating scale with anxious outpatients. J Anxiety Disord. 1991;5(3):213-23.
[37]Kaviani H, Seyfourian H, Sharifi V, Ebrahimkhani N. Reliability and validity of Anxiety and Depression Hospital Scales (HADS): Iranian patients with anxiety and depression disorders. Tehran Univ Med J. 2009;67(5):379-85.
[38]Askari P, Safarzadeh S. The relationship of emotional adjustment and religious beliefs with strategies for resolving conflict with parents among the students of Ahwaz Azad Islamic University. Ravanshenasi va Din. 2014;7(1):81-95. [Persian]
[39]- Talei A, Tahmasian K, Vafai N. Effectiveness of positive parenting program training on mothers’ parental self-efficacy. J Fam Res. 2011;7(3):311-23. [Persian]
[40]Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615-23.
[41]Raphiphatthana B, Jose PE, Kielpikowski M. How do the facets of mindfulness predict the constructs of depression and anxiety as seen through the lens of the tripartite theory?. Personal Individ Differ. 2016;93:104–11.
[42]Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57(1):35-43.
[43]Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD. Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychol Inq. 2007;18(4):211-37.
[44]Stahl B, Goldstein E. A mindfulness-based stress reduction workbook. Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications; 2010.
[2]Tremblay RE. Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the ‘original sin’hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51(4):341-67.
[3]Munkvold LH, Lundervold AJ, Manger T. Oppositional defiant disorder-gender differences in co-occurring symptoms of mental health problems in a general population of children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;39(4):577-87.
[4]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
[5]Tseng WL, Kawabata Y, Gau SS. Social adjustment among Taiwanese children with symptoms of ADHD, ODD, and ADHD comorbid with ODD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2011;42(2):134-51.
[6]Hamilton SS, Armando J. Oppositional defiant disorder. Am Fam Phys. 2008;78(7):861-6.
[7]Marmorstein NR. Relationships between anxiety and externalizing disorders in youth: the influences of age and gender. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(3):420-32.
[8]Ghosh A, Malhotra S, Basu D. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), the forerunner of alcohol dependence: A controlled study. Asian J Psychiatry. 2014;11:8-12.
[9]Dick DM, Viken RJ, Kaprio J, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ. Understanding the covariation among childhood externalizing symptoms: Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2005;33(2):219-29.
[10]Sohrabi F, Asadzadeh H, Arabzadeh Z. Effectiveness of Barkley’s parental education program in reducing the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on preschool children. J Sch Psychol. 2014;3(2):253-66. [Persian]
[11]Lin X, Li L, Chi P, Wang Z, Heath MA, Du H, et al. Child maltreatment and interpersonal relationship among Chinese children with oppositional defiant disorder. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:192-202.
[12]Bayrami M. The effect of the parent management training to mothers of school-boys with externalizing disorders on their general health and parenting styles. J Fundam Ment Health. 2009;11(2):105-14. [Persian]
[13]Cunningham CE, Boyle MH. Preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Family, parenting, and behavioral correlates. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002;30(6):555-69.
[14]Haydicky J, Shecter C, Wiener J, Ducharme JM. Evaluation of MBCT for adolescents with ADHD and their parents: Impact on individual and family functioning. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(1):76-94.
[15]Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R. Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: Developmental epidemiology. J Child Psycol Psychiatry. 2004;45(3):609-21.
[16]Edwards G, Barkley RA, Laneri M, Fletcher K, Metevia L. Parent–adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001;29(6):557-72.
[17]Craig F, Operto FF, De Giacomo A, Margari L, Frolli A, Conson M, et al. Parenting stress among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2016;242:121-9.
[18]Bondy EM, Mash EJ. Parenting efficacy, perceived control over caregiving failure, and mothers' reactions to preschool children's misbehavior. Child Study J. 1999;29(3):157-73.
[19]Hayes L, Matthews J, Copley A, Welsh D. A randomized controlled trial of a mother–infant or toddler parenting program: Demonstrating effectiveness in practice. J Pediatr psychol. 2008;33(5):473-86.
[20]Siu AF, Ma Y, Chui FW. Maternal Mindfulness and Child Social Behavior: the Mediating Role of the Mother-Child Relationship. Mindfulness. 2016;7(3):577-83.
[21]Van der Oord S, Bögels SM, Peijnenburg D. The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(1):139-47.
[22]Jiang Y, Gurm M, Johnston C. Child impairment and parenting self-efficacy in relation to mothers’ views of ADHD treatments. J Atten Disord. 2014;18(6):532-41.
[23]Dean C, Myers K, Evants E. Communicating-wide implementation of parenting program: The south east Sydney positive parenting project. Aust J Advancement Ment Health. 2003;2(3):1-12.
[24]Coatsworth JD, Duncan LG, Greenberg MT, Nix RL. Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. J Child Fam Stud. 2010;19(2):203-17.
[25]Turpyn CC, Chaplin TM. Mindful parenting and parents’ emotion expression: Effects on adolescent risk behaviors. Mindfulness. 2016;7(1):246-54.
[26]Duncan LG, Baradacke N. Mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting education: Promoting family mindfulness during the perinatal period. J Child Fam Stud. 2010;19(2):190-202.
[27]Orzech KM, Shapiro SL, Brown KW, McKay M. Intensive mindfulness training-related changes in cognitive and emotional experience. J Posit Psychol. 2009;4(3):212-22.
[28]Perez-Blasco J, Viguer P, Rodrigo MF. Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on psychological distress, well-being, and maternal self-efficacy in breast-feeding mothers: results of a pilot study. Arch Womens Mental Health. 2013;16(3):227-36.
[29]Bögels S, Restifo K. Mindful parenting: A guide for mental health practitioners. New York: Springer; 2014.
[30]Davis TS. Mindfulness-Based Approaches and their potential for educational psychology practice. Educ Psychol Pract. 2012;28(1):31-46.
[31]Duncan LG, Coatsworth JD, Greenberg MT. A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2009;12(3):255-70
[32]Costin J, Lichte C, Hill-Smith A, Vance A, Luk E. Parent group treatments for children with oppositional defiant disorder. Aust J Advancement Ment Health. 2004;3(1):36-43.
[33]Burnett-Zeigler IE, Satyshur MD, Hong S, Yang A, Moskowitz JT, Wisner KL. Mindfulness based stress reduction adapted for depressed disadvantaged women in an urban Federally Qualified Health Center. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;25:59-67.
[34]Bamber MD, Schneider JK. Mindfulness-based meditation to decrease stress and anxiety in college students: A narrative synthesis of the research. Educ Res Rev. 2016;18:1-32.
[35]Minaee A. Adaptation and standardization of child behavior checklist, youth self-report, and teacher’s report forms. J Except Child. 2006;6(1):529-58. [Persian]
[36]Beck AT, Steer RA. Relationship between the Beck anxiety inventory and the Hamilton anxiety rating scale with anxious outpatients. J Anxiety Disord. 1991;5(3):213-23.
[37]Kaviani H, Seyfourian H, Sharifi V, Ebrahimkhani N. Reliability and validity of Anxiety and Depression Hospital Scales (HADS): Iranian patients with anxiety and depression disorders. Tehran Univ Med J. 2009;67(5):379-85.
[38]Askari P, Safarzadeh S. The relationship of emotional adjustment and religious beliefs with strategies for resolving conflict with parents among the students of Ahwaz Azad Islamic University. Ravanshenasi va Din. 2014;7(1):81-95. [Persian]
[39]- Talei A, Tahmasian K, Vafai N. Effectiveness of positive parenting program training on mothers’ parental self-efficacy. J Fam Res. 2011;7(3):311-23. [Persian]
[40]Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615-23.
[41]Raphiphatthana B, Jose PE, Kielpikowski M. How do the facets of mindfulness predict the constructs of depression and anxiety as seen through the lens of the tripartite theory?. Personal Individ Differ. 2016;93:104–11.
[42]Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57(1):35-43.
[43]Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD. Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychol Inq. 2007;18(4):211-37.
[44]Stahl B, Goldstein E. A mindfulness-based stress reduction workbook. Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications; 2010.