@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2015;7(4):217-224
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2015;7(4):217-224
Comparing the Emotional Intelligence between PTSD and non-PTSD Veterans
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Imani S. (*)Atari S. (1)
Shahidi Sh. (2)
Sadeghi Firooz Abadi V. (2)
Khanabni M. (2)
Zamani N. (3)
(*) Clinical Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Niayesh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran, Iran
(2) Clinical Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
(3) Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Unit 320, Floor 3, Faculty of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Shahriari Square, Tehran, Iran. Post Box: 1983963113; Zip Code: 193954716Phone: +982129905318
Fax: -
s_imani@sbu.ac.ir
Article History
Received: August 23, 2015Accepted: October 21, 2015
ePublished: November 21, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be caused by a variety of stressful factors, such as presence in a war (as one of the main factors). Based on the conducted studies, persons with higher emotional intelligence are less affected by the stressful events. The aim of this study was to compare emotional intelligence in veterans with PTSD and other veterans.
Instrument & Methods In this causal-comparative study, 120 veterans with PTSD, or chemical injuries, or mutilation, hospitalized in Sadr, Sassan, and Kowsar Medical Centres, as well as normal ex-soldiers, were selected through Available Sampling Method in 2009. The subjects were divided into 4 groups (n=30 per group), including PTSD, Chemical, Mutilation, and Normal. Study tools were Watson’s PTSD and Bar-On EQ questionnaires. Data was analyzed in SPSS 19 software using ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey tests.
Findings There were significant differences in all components of emotional intelligence between the groups (p=0.001). In addition, mean emotional intelligence score of PTSD group was less than other groups.
Conclusion Emotional intelligence in veterans with PTSD is lower than other veterans.
Instrument & Methods In this causal-comparative study, 120 veterans with PTSD, or chemical injuries, or mutilation, hospitalized in Sadr, Sassan, and Kowsar Medical Centres, as well as normal ex-soldiers, were selected through Available Sampling Method in 2009. The subjects were divided into 4 groups (n=30 per group), including PTSD, Chemical, Mutilation, and Normal. Study tools were Watson’s PTSD and Bar-On EQ questionnaires. Data was analyzed in SPSS 19 software using ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey tests.
Findings There were significant differences in all components of emotional intelligence between the groups (p=0.001). In addition, mean emotional intelligence score of PTSD group was less than other groups.
Conclusion Emotional intelligence in veterans with PTSD is lower than other veterans.
CITATION LINKS
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[38]Jacobs M, Snow J, Geraci M, Vythilingam M, Blair RJR, Charney DS, et al. Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(8):1487–95.
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[41]Najafi M, Mohammadifar M, Dabiri S, Erfani N, Kamary A. The Comparison of the quality of life of the war Veterans families with/without Post traumatic Stress Disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(3):27-35. [Persian]
[2]Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT. Posttraumatic stress disorder: Etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006;2(1):161-97.
[3]Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Synopsis of Psychiatry. 10th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
[4]Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R, Hollander E, Kasper S, Zohar J. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012;16(2):77-84.
[5]Tiet QQ, Schutte KK, Leyva YE. Diagnostic accuracy of brief PTSD screening instruments in military veterans. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2013;45(1):134-42.
[6]Cesur R, Sabia JJ, Tekin E. The psychological costs of war: Military combat and mental health. J Health Econ. 2013;32(1):51-65.
[7]Mayer JD, Roberts RD, Barsade SG. Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:507-36.
[8]Mayer J, Salovey P. What is emotional intelligence?. New York: Basic Books. 1997.
[9]Farb NA, Chapman HA, Anderson AK. Emotions: form follows function. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013;23(3):393-8.
[10]Al-Turkait FA, Ohaeri JU. Psychopathological status, behavior problems, and family adjustment of Kuwaiti children whose fathers were involved in the first gulf war. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2:12.
[11]Salovey P, Stroud LR, Woolery A, Epel ES. Perceived emotional intelligence, stress reactivity and symptom reports psychology and health. Psychol Health. 2002;17(5):611-27.
[12]Ghazali SR. investigating the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (Ptsd) symptoms and emotional intelligence among adolescent refugees from the middle east. ASEAN J Psychiatry. 2014;15(2):220-4.
[13]Kohler CG, Hoffman LJ, Eastman LB, Healey K, Moberg PJ. Facial emotion perception in depression and bipolar disorder: A quantitative review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;188(3):303-9.
[14]Cai L, Chen W, Shen Y, Wang X, Wei L, Zhang Y, et al. Recognition of facial expressions of emotion in panic disorder. Psychopathol. 2012;45(5):294-9.
[15]Poljac E, Montagne B, de Haan EH. Reduced recognition of fear and sadness in post-traumatic stress disorder. Cortex. 2011;47(8):974-80.
[16]Heydari Poor M, Mashhadi A, Asghari Nekah SM. Effectiveness of social skills training on emotional intelligence of people with physical disabilities. J Res Rehabil Sci. 2012;8(3):571-81. [Persian]
[17]Calhoun PS, Beckham JC, Bosworth HB. Caregiver burden and psychological distress in partners of veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15(3):205-12.
[18]Gohm CL, Corser GC, Dalsky DJ. Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant?. Personal Individ Differ. 2005;39(6):1017-28.
[19]Lomas J, Stough C, Hansen K, Downey LA. Brief report: Emotional intelligence, victimisation and bullying in adolescents. J Adoles. 2012;35(1):207-11.
[20]Stephenson KL, Valentiner DP, Kumpula MJ, Orcutt HK. Anxiety sensitivity and posttraumatic stress symptoms in female undergraduates following a campus shooting. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22(6):489-96.
[21]Stein AL, Tran GQ, Lund LM, Haji U, Dashevsky BA, Baker DG. Correlates for posttraumatic stress disorder in Gulf War veterans: A retrospective study of main and moderating effects. J Anxiety Disorder. 2005;19(8): 861-76.
[22]Mikolajczak M, Petrides K, Hurry J. Adolescents choosing self‐harm as an emotion regulation strategy: The protective role of trait emotional intelligence. Br J Clin Psychol. 2009;48(Pt 2):181-93.
[23]Khademi M, Gharib M, Rashedi V. Prevalence of depression in the amputated patients concerning demographic variables. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(2):12-7. [Persian]
[24]Maia DB, Marmar CR, Henn-Haase C, Nóbrega A, Fiszman A, Marques-Portella C, et al. Predictors of PTSD symptoms in brazilian police officers: the synergy of negative affect and peritraumatic dissociation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2011;33(4):362-6.
[25]Nasiri Zarch Z, Marashi SM, Raji H. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Marital Satisfaction: 10-Year Outcome of Partners from Three Different Economic Levels. Iran J Psychiatry. 2014;9(4):188-96.
[26]Lavalekar A, Kulkarni P, Jagtap P. Emotional intelligence and marital satisfaction. J Psychol Res. 2010;5(2):185-94.
[27]Mikolajczak M, Petrides KV, Hurry J. Adolescents choosing self-harm as an emotion regulation strategy: the protective role of trait emotional intelligence. Br J Clin Psychol. 2009;48(Pt 2):181-93.
[28]Chenary R, Noroozi A, Noroozi R. Relation between perceived social support and health promotion behaviors in chemical veterans in Ilam province on 2012-13. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(1):1-10. [Persian]
[29]Caruso DR, Mayer JD, Salovey P. Relation of an ability measure of emotional intelligence to personality. J Pers Assess. 2002;79(2):306-20.
[30]Watson CG, Juba MP, Manifold V, Kucala T, Anderson PE. The PTSD interview: Rationale, description, reliability, and concurrent validity of a DSM-III-based technique. J Clin Psychol. 1991;47(2):179-88.
[31]Mirzamani SM, Mohammadi MR, Mahmoudi-Gharaei J, Mirzamani MS. Validity of the PTSD symptoms scale self-report (PSS-SR) in Iran. Iran J Psychiatry. 2007;2:120-3.
[32]Parvaresh N, Bahram Nejad A. Posttraumatic stress disorder in earthquake-stricken students residing in kerman four months after the earthquake. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2006;12(2):165-8. [Persian]
[33]Foa EB, Kean TM, Friedman MJ. Effective treatment for PTSD. New York, London: Guilford Press; 2004.
[34]Firouzabadi A, Asghar Nezhad AA, Mirzaei J, Shareh H. Normalized scale of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Executive (CAPS-1) for the psychological effects of war. J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2009;15(4)334-42. [Persian]
[35]Bar_on R. Bar_on Emotional Quotient Inventory. Torento, Canada: Multi Health; 1997.
[36]Dehshiri GH. Standardization of emotional intelligence (Bar-on) and factor structure quotient inventory, on student of Mashhad University [Dissertation]. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatric Institute. 2003. [Persian]
[37]Shams Abadi R. Standardization of emotional intelligence (Bar-on) and factor structure quotient inventory, among high school student in Mashhad [Dissertation]. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2004. [Persian]
[38]Jacobs M, Snow J, Geraci M, Vythilingam M, Blair RJR, Charney DS, et al. Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(8):1487–95.
[39]Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Bobik C, Coston TD, Greeson C, Jedlicka C, et al. Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. J Soc Psychol. 2001;141(4):523-36.
[40]Nateghian S, Mollazadeh J, Goudarzi MA, Rahimi Ch. Forgiveness and marital satisfaction in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and their wives. Q J Fundam Ment Health. 2008;10(37):33-46. [Persian]
[41]Najafi M, Mohammadifar M, Dabiri S, Erfani N, Kamary A. The Comparison of the quality of life of the war Veterans families with/without Post traumatic Stress Disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(3):27-35. [Persian]