@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(3):117-132
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(3):117-132
Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Memory and Attention in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Moslehi M. (1)Shahbazi M. (*1)
Arabameri E. (1)
Tahmasebi Boroujeni Sh. (1)
(1) Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: July 22, 2018Accepted: February 16, 2019
ePublished: July 21, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
Cognitive disorders is one of the problems of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study aimed at investigating the effects of aerobic exercises on memory and attention in veterans with PTSD.
Materials & Methods The present semi-experimental study with pre-test post-test design and control group was conducted in 2016 among 21 patients with PTSD, who were referred to Boostan Psychiatric Hospital in Ahvaz. The subjects were voluntarily selected through purposive sampling method and, then, randomly divided into two groups: aerobic exercise (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. The exercises were performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week. Memory level was measured by Wechsler questionnaire and attention level was measured by strop test. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22, using dependent and independent t-tests.
Findings In the aerobic exercise group in the post-test stage, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of all Wechsler memory subscales and the level of attention (p<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the control group (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the exercise group and the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion Aerobic exercises are effective in improving memory performance and attention in patients with PTSD.
Materials & Methods The present semi-experimental study with pre-test post-test design and control group was conducted in 2016 among 21 patients with PTSD, who were referred to Boostan Psychiatric Hospital in Ahvaz. The subjects were voluntarily selected through purposive sampling method and, then, randomly divided into two groups: aerobic exercise (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. The exercises were performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week. Memory level was measured by Wechsler questionnaire and attention level was measured by strop test. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22, using dependent and independent t-tests.
Findings In the aerobic exercise group in the post-test stage, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of all Wechsler memory subscales and the level of attention (p<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the control group (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the exercise group and the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion Aerobic exercises are effective in improving memory performance and attention in patients with PTSD.
CITATION LINKS
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[17]Choi JW, Han DH, Kang KD, Jung HY, Renshaw PF. Aerobic exercise and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: brain research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(1):33-9.
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[19]Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Fairbank JA, Schlenger WE, Kulka RA, Hough RL, et al. Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(6):916-26.
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[21]Verbosky SJ, Ryan DA. Female partners of Vietnam veterans: stress by proximity. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 1988;9(1):95-104.
[22]Manteghi A, Hebrani P, Samari AA, Heydari A. Level of expressed emotion, depression and caregiver burden in wives of veterans admitted in psychiatric ward and their relationship with readmissions. J Fundam Ment Health 2010;12(1):410-9. [Persian]
[23]Sterman MB, Egner T. Foundation and practice of neurofeedback for the treatment of epilepsy. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2006;31(1):21-35.
[24]Rahimizadeh M, Shahbazi M, Tahmasebi Boroujeni S. The effect of different levels of mental fatigue on the emergence of especial skill in basketball free throw in male students. Sport Psychol Stud. 2017;6(22):1-14. [Persian]
[25]Hoffman J. Norms for fitness, performance, and health. Champaign, USA: Human Kinetics; 2006.
[26]Dehghanizadeh J, Lotfi M, Mohammadzadeh H. The effect of working memory and physical training on mental rotation. J Dev Motor Learn. 2016;8(1):113-25.[Persian]
[27]Sadeghi N, Khalaji H, Noroozian M, Mokhtari P. The effects of physical and mental activity on the memory in 50-70 year-old women with mild cognitive impairment. New Cell Mol Biotechnol J. 2013;3(11):47-54. [Persian]
[28]Babakhani M, Farrokhi A, Ilbeigi S, Keshtidar M. The effect of two types of acute, aerobic and anaerobic physical activity on long-term memory of physical education boy students in Birjand University. 6th National Conference of Physical Education Students in Iran. Tehran: Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran; 2011. [Persian]
[29]Patki G, Li L, Allam F, Solanki N, Dao AT, Alkadhi K, et al. Moderate treadmill exercise rescues anxiety and depression-like behavior as well as memory impairment in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav. 2014;130:47-53.
[30]Kim BK, Seo JH. Treadmill exercise alleviates post-traumatic stress disorder-induced impairment of spatial learning memory in rats. J Exerc Rehabil. 2013;9(4):413-9.
[31]Powers MB, Medina JL, Burns S, Kauffman BY, Monfils M, Asmundson GJ, et al. Exercise augmentation of exposure therapy for PTSD: Rationale and pilot efficacy data. Cogn Behav Ther. 2015;44(4):314-27.
[32]Kozasa EH, Sato JR, Lacerda SS, Barreiros MA, Radvany J, Russell TA, et al. Meditation training increases brain efficiency in an attention task. Neuroimage. 2012;59(1):745-9.
[33]Melby-Lervåg M, Hulme C. Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(2):270-91.
[34]Predovan D, Fraser SA, Renaud M, Bherer L. The effect of three months of aerobic training on stroop performance in older adults. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:1-7.
[35]Abedi A, Kazemi F, Shooshtari M, Golshani Monazzah F. The effect of aerobic exercises on the visual and auditory attention of pre-school boys with ADHD in Isfahan in 2009–2010. Psychol Exceptional Individ. 2012;2(7):133-52. [Persian]
[36]Rashidi Rostami L, Keyhani F, Pashabadi A. The impact of high intensity exercise on cognitive performance in expert and novice soccer players. J Res Motor Behav. 2013;1(1):39-48. [Persian]
[37]Siahjani L, Oraki M, Zare H. Length of methamphetamine abuse and sustained attention disorders among methamphetamine abusers. J Res Addict. 2013;7(27):53-66. [Persian]
[38]Bahram ME, Assarian F, Atoof F, Taghaddosi M, Akkasheh N, Akkasheh G. Effect of a 12-week interval running program on female primary school students with ADHD. Feyz. 2014;18(2):151-8. [Persian]
[39]Fathi Rezaei Z, Farsi A, Vaez Mousavi SMK. Effect of cognitive training on efficiency of executive control network of attention and processing speed (with approach of Hebb’s theory). J Mod Psychol Res. 2015;9(36):75-99. [Persian]
[40]Sarli A, Shahbazi M, Sarli A. Effectiveness of auditory computer-based tasks on sustained attention of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Res Behave Sci. 2014;11(6):545-55. [Persian]
[41]Nutt D, Robbins T, Stimson G, Ince M, Jackson A. Drugs and the Future: brain science, addiction and society. London: Academic Press, 2006.
[42]Chodzko-Zajko WJ. Physical fitness, cognitive performance, and aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(7):868-72.
[43]Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Moore KA. Physical fitness and cognitive functioning in aging. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994;22(1):195-220.
[44]Lauenroth A, Ioannidis AE, Teichmann B. Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):141.
[45]Furst DM, Germone K. Negative addiction in male and female runners and exercisers. Perceptual Motor Skills. 1993;77(1):192-4.
[2]Eng HY, Chen D, Jiang Y. Visual working memory for simple and complex visual stimuli. Psychon Bull Rev. 2005;12(6):1127-33.
[3]Ghorbanpour K, Pakdaman MB, Rahmani M, Hosseini GH. The effect of rhythmic movement and playing aerobic on short-term memory functionand auditory memory of students with learning disabilities. J Health Breeze. 2013;1(4):35-44. [Persian]
[4]Taheri F, Moradi AR, Azad Fallah P, Mirzaee J, Alizadeh R, Namegh M. Ability of retrieval specific memory materials from autobiographical memory among PTSD veteran’s young children. J Adv Cogn Sci. 2011;13(1):51-66. [Persian]
[5]Sadock V. Synopsis of psychiatry Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Rafiei H, Sobhanian Kh, translators. Volume1. 5th Edition. Tehran: Arjmand; 2007. p.135-82. [Persian]
[6]Duka T, Sahakian B, Turner D. Experimental psychology and research into brain science, addiction and drugs. In Drugs and the future: brain science, addiction and society. Nutt D, Robbins TW, Stimson GV, Ince M, Jackson A, editors. London: Academic Press; 2007. p.133-68.
[7]Frank JB. Synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences, clinical psychiatry. JAMA. 1992;267(15):2112-3.
[8]MacLeod CM. The concept of inhibition in cognition. In Inhibition in cognition. Gorfein DS, MacLeod CM, editors. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2007. p.3-23.
[9]Seidman LJ. Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(4):466-85.
[10]Pennington BF, Ozonoff S. Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996;37(1):51-87.
[11]Hatami AJ, Goudarzi N, Nejati V, Nejat P. Item and source memory performance among Iranian veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(2):57-64. [Persian]
[12]Rezvanpoor F, Nezakatolhossaini M, Esfarjani F. The effect of Pilates training on Memory Quotient and upper and lower extremity functions in stroke patients. J Motor Behav. 2014;6(16):43-60. [Persian]
[13]Izanloo Z, Sheikh M, Hemayattalab R, Dadkhah A, Hoomenyan D. Effect of aerobic Exercise on verbal and visual memory in individual with Down syndrome. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2013;5(2):513-20. [Persian]
[14]Damirchi A, Azali Alamdari K, Babaei P. Effects of submaximal aerobic training and following detraining on serum BDNF level and memory function in midlife healthy untrained males. J Metab Exerc. 2012;2(2):135-47. [Persian]
[15]Amini H. The effect gymnastics training on attention function on children with developmental coordination disorder. J Motor Behav Psychol Sport. 2012;9:635-45. [Persian]
[16]Nagamatsu LS, Chan A, Davis JC, Beattie BL, Graf P, Voss MW, et al. Physical activity improves verbal and spatial memory in older adults with probable mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. J Aging Res. 2013;2013:1-10.
[17]Choi JW, Han DH, Kang KD, Jung HY, Renshaw PF. Aerobic exercise and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: brain research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(1):33-9.
[18]Bahreinian SA, Borhani H. Mental health in group of war veterans and their spouses in Qom. Res Med. 2003;27(4):305-12. [Persian]
[19]Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Fairbank JA, Schlenger WE, Kulka RA, Hough RL, et al. Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(6):916-26.
[20]Kulka RA. Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. 1st Edition. Levittown, New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1990.
[21]Verbosky SJ, Ryan DA. Female partners of Vietnam veterans: stress by proximity. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 1988;9(1):95-104.
[22]Manteghi A, Hebrani P, Samari AA, Heydari A. Level of expressed emotion, depression and caregiver burden in wives of veterans admitted in psychiatric ward and their relationship with readmissions. J Fundam Ment Health 2010;12(1):410-9. [Persian]
[23]Sterman MB, Egner T. Foundation and practice of neurofeedback for the treatment of epilepsy. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2006;31(1):21-35.
[24]Rahimizadeh M, Shahbazi M, Tahmasebi Boroujeni S. The effect of different levels of mental fatigue on the emergence of especial skill in basketball free throw in male students. Sport Psychol Stud. 2017;6(22):1-14. [Persian]
[25]Hoffman J. Norms for fitness, performance, and health. Champaign, USA: Human Kinetics; 2006.
[26]Dehghanizadeh J, Lotfi M, Mohammadzadeh H. The effect of working memory and physical training on mental rotation. J Dev Motor Learn. 2016;8(1):113-25.[Persian]
[27]Sadeghi N, Khalaji H, Noroozian M, Mokhtari P. The effects of physical and mental activity on the memory in 50-70 year-old women with mild cognitive impairment. New Cell Mol Biotechnol J. 2013;3(11):47-54. [Persian]
[28]Babakhani M, Farrokhi A, Ilbeigi S, Keshtidar M. The effect of two types of acute, aerobic and anaerobic physical activity on long-term memory of physical education boy students in Birjand University. 6th National Conference of Physical Education Students in Iran. Tehran: Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran; 2011. [Persian]
[29]Patki G, Li L, Allam F, Solanki N, Dao AT, Alkadhi K, et al. Moderate treadmill exercise rescues anxiety and depression-like behavior as well as memory impairment in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav. 2014;130:47-53.
[30]Kim BK, Seo JH. Treadmill exercise alleviates post-traumatic stress disorder-induced impairment of spatial learning memory in rats. J Exerc Rehabil. 2013;9(4):413-9.
[31]Powers MB, Medina JL, Burns S, Kauffman BY, Monfils M, Asmundson GJ, et al. Exercise augmentation of exposure therapy for PTSD: Rationale and pilot efficacy data. Cogn Behav Ther. 2015;44(4):314-27.
[32]Kozasa EH, Sato JR, Lacerda SS, Barreiros MA, Radvany J, Russell TA, et al. Meditation training increases brain efficiency in an attention task. Neuroimage. 2012;59(1):745-9.
[33]Melby-Lervåg M, Hulme C. Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(2):270-91.
[34]Predovan D, Fraser SA, Renaud M, Bherer L. The effect of three months of aerobic training on stroop performance in older adults. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:1-7.
[35]Abedi A, Kazemi F, Shooshtari M, Golshani Monazzah F. The effect of aerobic exercises on the visual and auditory attention of pre-school boys with ADHD in Isfahan in 2009–2010. Psychol Exceptional Individ. 2012;2(7):133-52. [Persian]
[36]Rashidi Rostami L, Keyhani F, Pashabadi A. The impact of high intensity exercise on cognitive performance in expert and novice soccer players. J Res Motor Behav. 2013;1(1):39-48. [Persian]
[37]Siahjani L, Oraki M, Zare H. Length of methamphetamine abuse and sustained attention disorders among methamphetamine abusers. J Res Addict. 2013;7(27):53-66. [Persian]
[38]Bahram ME, Assarian F, Atoof F, Taghaddosi M, Akkasheh N, Akkasheh G. Effect of a 12-week interval running program on female primary school students with ADHD. Feyz. 2014;18(2):151-8. [Persian]
[39]Fathi Rezaei Z, Farsi A, Vaez Mousavi SMK. Effect of cognitive training on efficiency of executive control network of attention and processing speed (with approach of Hebb’s theory). J Mod Psychol Res. 2015;9(36):75-99. [Persian]
[40]Sarli A, Shahbazi M, Sarli A. Effectiveness of auditory computer-based tasks on sustained attention of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Res Behave Sci. 2014;11(6):545-55. [Persian]
[41]Nutt D, Robbins T, Stimson G, Ince M, Jackson A. Drugs and the Future: brain science, addiction and society. London: Academic Press, 2006.
[42]Chodzko-Zajko WJ. Physical fitness, cognitive performance, and aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(7):868-72.
[43]Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Moore KA. Physical fitness and cognitive functioning in aging. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994;22(1):195-220.
[44]Lauenroth A, Ioannidis AE, Teichmann B. Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):141.
[45]Furst DM, Germone K. Negative addiction in male and female runners and exercisers. Perceptual Motor Skills. 1993;77(1):192-4.