@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(4): 301-308
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(4): 301-308
Combined Effect of Aerobic Training and Low Calorie Diet on Body Composition, Blood Pressure and Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Men with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Mahmoudi A. (*)Siahkouhian M. (1)
(*) Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
(1) Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah Street, Ardabil, Iran.Phone: +98 914-176-5166
Fax: +98 453-352-0456
asgharmahmoodi64@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: May 24, 2018Accepted: August 4, 2018
ePublished: October 10, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) by disturbing endothelial
dysfunction, increases the carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Therefore, the
purpose of this study was to investigate the Combined effect of aerobic training and
low-calorie diet on body composition, blood pressure and cIMT in men with NAFLD
Materials & Methods In this quasi-experimental Study, thirty four patients with NAFLD were selected purposefully. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, intervention group (combined of aerobic training and low-calorie diet) (n=17) and control group (n=17). The aerobic training program included eight weeks running on a treadmill with maximum heart rate intensity of 55-75% for 45 minutes three times a week. Low calorie diet with an energy deficit of 500 calories of daily energy intake that was calculated from 3-day food records of patients. Before the beginning of the study and at the end of the eighth week, body composition, Lipid profile, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, blood pressure and cIMT of all the participants were assessed. The data were analyzed at the significant level of P <0.05.
Findings In the intervention group, the right cIMT and left cIMT in the post test had a significant decrease compared to the pretest (P <0.05). Also, weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio and systolic blood pressure significantly decreased (P <0.05). After intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all variables ( P <0.05).
Conclusion In this study, eight weeks of aerobic exercise and low calorie diet interactions improved body composition, blood pressure and cIMT in men with NAFLD. Therefore, these interventions are likely to be useful interventions in reducing the cardiovascular risk factors and risk factors associated with NAFLD.
Materials & Methods In this quasi-experimental Study, thirty four patients with NAFLD were selected purposefully. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, intervention group (combined of aerobic training and low-calorie diet) (n=17) and control group (n=17). The aerobic training program included eight weeks running on a treadmill with maximum heart rate intensity of 55-75% for 45 minutes three times a week. Low calorie diet with an energy deficit of 500 calories of daily energy intake that was calculated from 3-day food records of patients. Before the beginning of the study and at the end of the eighth week, body composition, Lipid profile, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, blood pressure and cIMT of all the participants were assessed. The data were analyzed at the significant level of P <0.05.
Findings In the intervention group, the right cIMT and left cIMT in the post test had a significant decrease compared to the pretest (P <0.05). Also, weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio and systolic blood pressure significantly decreased (P <0.05). After intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all variables ( P <0.05).
Conclusion In this study, eight weeks of aerobic exercise and low calorie diet interactions improved body composition, blood pressure and cIMT in men with NAFLD. Therefore, these interventions are likely to be useful interventions in reducing the cardiovascular risk factors and risk factors associated with NAFLD.
Keywords:
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ,
Exercise,
Caloric Restriction,
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ,
CITATION LINKS
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[13]Wildman RP, Schott LL, Brockwell S, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K. A dietary and exercise intervention slows menopause-associated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(3):579-85.
[14]Rauramaa R, Halonen P, Väisänen SB, Lakka T, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Ber A, et al. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on in ammation and atherosclerosis in men: The DNASCO study: A six-year randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(12):1007-14.
[15]Byrkjeland R, Stensæth KH, Anderssen S, Njerve IU, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, et al. Effects of exercise training on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Influence of carotid plaques. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:13.
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[18]Finkler E, Heymsfield SB, St-Onge MP. Rate of weight loss can be predicted by patient characteristics and intervention strategies. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(1):75-80.
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[22]Chuang SY, Bai CH, Cheng HM, Chen JR, Yeh WT, Hsu PF, et al. Common carotid artery end-diastolic velocity is independently associated with future cardiovascular events. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(2):116-24.
[23]Czernichow S, Bertrais S, Oppert JM, Galan P, Blacher J, Ducimetière P, et al. Body composition and fat repartition in relation to structure and function of large arteries in middle-aged adults (the SU.VI.MAX study). Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(7):826-32.
[24]Gando Y, Yamamoto K, Kawano H, Murakami H, Ohmori Y, Kawakami R, et al. Attenuated age-related carotid arterial remodeling in adults with a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2011;18(3):248-54.
[25]Hannah WN Jr, Harrison SA. Lifestyle and dietary interventions in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Diss Sci. 2016;61(5):1365-74.
[26]Berzigotti A, Saran U, Dufour JF. Physical activity and liver diseases. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):1026-40.
[27]Pugh CJ, Spring VS, Kemp GJ, Richardson P, Shojaee-Moradie F, Umpleby AM, et al. Exercise training reverses endothelial dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307(9):H1298-306.
[28]Palmefors H, DuttaRoy S, Rundqvist B, Börjesson M. The effect of physical activity or exercise on key biomarkers in atherosclerosis--a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2014;235(1):150-61.
[2]Shamsoddini A, Sobhani V, Ghamar Chehreh M, Alavian SM, Zaree A. Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise training on liver enzymes and hepatic fat in iranian men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(10):e31434.
[3]Skrypnik D, Ratajczak M, Karolkiewicz J, Madry E, Pupek-Musialik D, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, et al. Effects of endurance and endurance-strength exercise on biochemical parameters of liver function in women with abdominal obesity. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;80:1-7.
[4]Fracanzani AL, Tiraboschi S, Pisano G, Consonni D, Baragetti A, Bertelli C, et al. Progression of carotid vascular damage and cardiovascular events in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients compared to the general population during 10 years of follow-up. Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:208-13.
[5]Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Rodella S, Zoppini G, Zenari L, et al. Relations between carotid artery wall thickness and liver histology in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1325-30.
[6]Oni ET, Agatston AS, Blaha MJ, Fialkow J, Cury R, Sposito A, et al. A systematic review: Burden and severity of subclinical cardiovascular disease among those with nonalcoholic fatty liver; Should we care? Atherosclerosis. 2013;230(2):258-67.
[7]Francque SM, van der Graaff D, Kwanten WJ. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: Pathophysiological mechanisms and implications. J Hepatol. 2016;65(2):425-43.
[8]Park JK, Park H, Kim KB. The relationship between distribution of body fat mass and carotid artery intima-media thickness in Korean older adults. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(10):3141-6.
[9]Naroi Nejad M, Yousefi M, Nazari H, Ghasempoor A. Comparing carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes between patients with and without retinopathy. Tehran Univ Med J. 2012;70(3):150-5. [Persian]
[10]Bertoni AG, Whitt-Glover MC, Chung H, Le KY, Barr RG, Mahesh M, et al. The association between physical activity and subclinical atherosclerosis: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(4):444-54.
[11]Keating SE, Adams LA. Exercise in NAFLD: Just do it. J Hepatol. 2016;65(4):671-3.
[12]Hashida R, Kawaguchi T, Bekki M, Omoto M, Matsuse H, Nago T, et al. Aerobic vs. resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):142-52.
[13]Wildman RP, Schott LL, Brockwell S, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K. A dietary and exercise intervention slows menopause-associated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(3):579-85.
[14]Rauramaa R, Halonen P, Väisänen SB, Lakka T, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Ber A, et al. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on in ammation and atherosclerosis in men: The DNASCO study: A six-year randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(12):1007-14.
[15]Byrkjeland R, Stensæth KH, Anderssen S, Njerve IU, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, et al. Effects of exercise training on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Influence of carotid plaques. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:13.
[16]Bartlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Inf Technol Learn Perform J. 2001;19(1):43-50.
[17]Review Team, LaBrecque D, Abbas Z, Anania F, Ferenci P, Khan AG, et al. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guidelines: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(6):467-73.
[18]Finkler E, Heymsfield SB, St-Onge MP. Rate of weight loss can be predicted by patient characteristics and intervention strategies. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(1):75-80.
[19]Kim SH, Lee SJ, Kang ES, Kang S, Hur KY, Lee HJ, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification on metabolic parameters and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006;55(8):1053-9.
[20]Mahdavi-Roshan M, Salari A, Hasandokht T. Decrease in artery intima-media thickness by garlic. Clin Excell. 2016;4(2):1-13. [Persian]
[21]Thijssen DHJ, Cable NT, Green DJ. Impact of exercise training on arterial wall thickness in humans. Clin Sci (Lond). 2012;122(Pt 7):311-22.
[22]Chuang SY, Bai CH, Cheng HM, Chen JR, Yeh WT, Hsu PF, et al. Common carotid artery end-diastolic velocity is independently associated with future cardiovascular events. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(2):116-24.
[23]Czernichow S, Bertrais S, Oppert JM, Galan P, Blacher J, Ducimetière P, et al. Body composition and fat repartition in relation to structure and function of large arteries in middle-aged adults (the SU.VI.MAX study). Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(7):826-32.
[24]Gando Y, Yamamoto K, Kawano H, Murakami H, Ohmori Y, Kawakami R, et al. Attenuated age-related carotid arterial remodeling in adults with a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2011;18(3):248-54.
[25]Hannah WN Jr, Harrison SA. Lifestyle and dietary interventions in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Diss Sci. 2016;61(5):1365-74.
[26]Berzigotti A, Saran U, Dufour JF. Physical activity and liver diseases. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):1026-40.
[27]Pugh CJ, Spring VS, Kemp GJ, Richardson P, Shojaee-Moradie F, Umpleby AM, et al. Exercise training reverses endothelial dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307(9):H1298-306.
[28]Palmefors H, DuttaRoy S, Rundqvist B, Börjesson M. The effect of physical activity or exercise on key biomarkers in atherosclerosis--a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2014;235(1):150-61.