@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2251-8215 Sarem Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2017;1(4):153-157
ISSN: 2251-8215 Sarem Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2017;1(4):153-157
Relationship between Prenatal Depression with Social Support and Marital Satisfaction
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Noury R. (*)Karimi N. (1)
Mohammadi M. (2)
(*) Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Sarem Fertiliy and Infertility Research Center (SAFIR), Sarem Women’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: April 20, 2016Accepted: October 16, 2016
ePublished: November 15, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Depression during pregnancy is one of the risk factors for postpartum depression and other complications of mothers and infants. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between social support and marital satisfaction with depression during pregnancy.
Materials & Methods This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 70 pregnant women who referred to private clinics of Karaj (Iran) during a period of 6 months to receive prenatal care in the last 3 months of gestation. The information of the women was collected by Beck depression inventory (BDI-II), Enrich marital satisfaction and Wax social support (SS-A) questionnaires. The data were analyzed by correlation coefficient, regression variance analysis (univariate and multivariate) using SPSS software.
Findings There were significant correlations between depression during pregnancy with social support (r= -0.368) and marital satisfaction (r=-0.316). Social support and marital satisfaction predicted 15.3% of prenatal depression’s variances. Social support was a better predictor for prenatal depression than marital satisfaction.
Conclusion There are significant correlations between depression during pregnancy with social support and marital satisfaction. Social support has a more important role in the prediction of depression during pregnancy than marital satisfaction.
Materials & Methods This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 70 pregnant women who referred to private clinics of Karaj (Iran) during a period of 6 months to receive prenatal care in the last 3 months of gestation. The information of the women was collected by Beck depression inventory (BDI-II), Enrich marital satisfaction and Wax social support (SS-A) questionnaires. The data were analyzed by correlation coefficient, regression variance analysis (univariate and multivariate) using SPSS software.
Findings There were significant correlations between depression during pregnancy with social support (r= -0.368) and marital satisfaction (r=-0.316). Social support and marital satisfaction predicted 15.3% of prenatal depression’s variances. Social support was a better predictor for prenatal depression than marital satisfaction.
Conclusion There are significant correlations between depression during pregnancy with social support and marital satisfaction. Social support has a more important role in the prediction of depression during pregnancy than marital satisfaction.
Keywords:
Depression Disorder,
Social Support ,
Marital Satisfaction ,
Beck Depression Inventory ,
ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire ,
Wax Social Support Questionnaire ,
CITATION LINKS
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[26]Siu BWM, Leung SSL, Ip P, Hung SF, O’Hara MW. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: A prospective study of Chinese women at maternal and child health centres. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:22.
[27]Schatz DB, Hsiao MC, Liu CY. Antenatal depression in East Asia: A review of the literature. Psychiatry Investig. 2012;9(2):111-8.
[28]Senturk V, Abas M, Berksun O, Stewart R. Social support and antenatal depression in extended and nuclear family environments in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:48.
[29]HadizadeTalasaz F, Bahri N, Tavakollizadeh J. Comparison of postpartum depression after natural delivery and emergency sezarian in first pregnant women who refer to “22 Bahman Hospital” of Gonabad city (2003). J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2004;8(4):21-30. [Persian]
[30]Aghapour M, Mahmoudi A. comparison of postpartum depression between occupatied women and householders and it’s relationship to social support and marital adjustment. J Women Stud fam. 2008; 1(4):9-32- [Persian]
[31]Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):837-41.
[32]Webster J, Linnane JW, Dibley LM, Hinson JK, Starrenburg SE, Roberts JA. Measuring social support in pregnancy: Can it be simple and meaningful?. Bitrh. 2000;27(2):97-101.
[33]Spoozak L, Gotman N, Simth MV, Belanger K, Yonkers KA. Evaluation of a social support measure that may indicate risk of depression during pregnancy J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1-3):216-23.
[34]Bakhshi H, Asadpor M, khodadadizade A. Relationships between marital satisfaction with depression in couples. Sci J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2007;11(2):37-43. [Persian]
[35]Sayadi A. Study of scientific model of personality traits (Big Five), coping styles and mental health with marital satisfaction [Dissertation]. Tehran: Kharazmi University; 2007. [Persian]
[36]Omidvar S, Khairkhah F, Azimi Urimi H. Depression in pregnancy and related factors. Med J Hormozgan Univ .2007;11(4):213-219. [Persian]
[37]Buruns DD, Sayers SL, Moras K. Intimate realationships and depression: Is there a causal connection?. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62(5):1033-43.
[2]Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S, Golding J. Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after chilfbirth. BMJ. 2001;323(7307):257-60.
[3]Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Bilszta JL, Hayes B, Barnett B, Brooks J, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: A large prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2008;108(1-2):147-57.
[4]Rich-Edwards JW, Kleinman K, Abrams A, Harlow BL, McLaughlin TJ, Joffe H et al. Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in medical group practice. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(3):221-7.
[5]Heron J, O’Conner TG, Evans J, Goling J, Glover V; ALSPAC Study Team. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord. 2004;80(1):65-73.
[6]Thiagayson P, Krishnaswamy G, Lim ML, Sung SC, Haley CL, Fung DS, et al. Depression and anxiety in Singaporean high-risk pregnancies: Prevalence and screening. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(2):112-6.
[7]Farzad M, GhaziMirsaid SB. Study of type of delivery with incidence of early depressive symptoms after delivery. shahidbeheshti J Med Sci. 2005;29(4):331-5. [Persian]
[8]Verreault N, DaCosta D, Marchand A, Ireland K, Dritas M, Khalife S. Rates and risk factors associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and with postpartum onset. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;35(3):84-91.
[9]Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systemic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004:103(4):698-709.
[10]Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-broy S, Gartlenhner G, Swinson T. Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5 Pt 1):1071-83.
[11]Oates M. Sucide: The leading cause of maternal death. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;183(4):279-81.
[12]O'Connor TG, Heron J, Glover V; Alspac Study Team. Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002:41(12):1470-7.
[13]Straub H, Cross J, Curtis S, Iverson S, Jacobsmeyer M, Anderson C, et al. Proactive nursing: The evolution of a task force to help women with postpartum depression. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 1998:23(5):262-5.
[14]Adler J, Fink N, Bitzer J, Hosli I, Holzgreve W. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy: A risk factor for obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcome? A critical review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;20(3):189-209.
[15]Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(4):289-95.
[16]Glover V, O'Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J; ALSPAC Study Team. Antenatal maternal anxiety is linked with atypical handedness in the child. Early Hum Dev. 2004;79(2):107-18.
[17]Mohamad KI, Gamble J, Greedy DK. Prevalence and factors associated with development of antenatal and postnatal depression among Jordanian women. Midwifery. 2011;27(6):e238-45.
[18]Faisal-Cury A, Menezes PR. Antenatal depression strongly predicts postnatal depression in primary health care. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2012;34(4):446-50.
[19]Leigh B, Milgrom J. Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:24.
[20]Chittleborough CR, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW. Prenatal prediction of poor maternal and offspring outcomes: Implications for selection into intensive parent support programs. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16(4):909-20.
[21]Jeong HG, Lim JS, Lee MS, Kim SH, Jung IK, Joe SH. The association of psychosocial factors and obstetric history with depression in pregnant women: Focus on the role of emotional support. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(4):354-8.
[22]Zhang S, Ding Z, Liu H, Chen Z, Wu J, Zhang Y, Yu Y. Association between mental stress and gestational hypertension/preeclampsia: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013;68(12):825-34.
[23]Sarafino EP, Smith EP. Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interaction. New York: Wiley. 2014. 560p.
[24]Rosand GMB, Slinning K, Eberhard-Gran M, Roysamb E, Tambs K. The buffering effect of relationship satisfaction on emotional distress in couples. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:66.
[25]Whisman MA. The association between depression and marital dissatisfaction. In: Marital and Famiy processes in depression. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2001. pp. 3-24.
[26]Siu BWM, Leung SSL, Ip P, Hung SF, O’Hara MW. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: A prospective study of Chinese women at maternal and child health centres. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:22.
[27]Schatz DB, Hsiao MC, Liu CY. Antenatal depression in East Asia: A review of the literature. Psychiatry Investig. 2012;9(2):111-8.
[28]Senturk V, Abas M, Berksun O, Stewart R. Social support and antenatal depression in extended and nuclear family environments in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:48.
[29]HadizadeTalasaz F, Bahri N, Tavakollizadeh J. Comparison of postpartum depression after natural delivery and emergency sezarian in first pregnant women who refer to “22 Bahman Hospital” of Gonabad city (2003). J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2004;8(4):21-30. [Persian]
[30]Aghapour M, Mahmoudi A. comparison of postpartum depression between occupatied women and householders and it’s relationship to social support and marital adjustment. J Women Stud fam. 2008; 1(4):9-32- [Persian]
[31]Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):837-41.
[32]Webster J, Linnane JW, Dibley LM, Hinson JK, Starrenburg SE, Roberts JA. Measuring social support in pregnancy: Can it be simple and meaningful?. Bitrh. 2000;27(2):97-101.
[33]Spoozak L, Gotman N, Simth MV, Belanger K, Yonkers KA. Evaluation of a social support measure that may indicate risk of depression during pregnancy J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1-3):216-23.
[34]Bakhshi H, Asadpor M, khodadadizade A. Relationships between marital satisfaction with depression in couples. Sci J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2007;11(2):37-43. [Persian]
[35]Sayadi A. Study of scientific model of personality traits (Big Five), coping styles and mental health with marital satisfaction [Dissertation]. Tehran: Kharazmi University; 2007. [Persian]
[36]Omidvar S, Khairkhah F, Azimi Urimi H. Depression in pregnancy and related factors. Med J Hormozgan Univ .2007;11(4):213-219. [Persian]
[37]Buruns DD, Sayers SL, Moras K. Intimate realationships and depression: Is there a causal connection?. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62(5):1033-43.