@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2018;7(4):153-159
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2018;7(4):153-159
Effectiveness of Self-Encouragement Training Based on Shoenaker’s Method in Spiritual Health among University Students
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Alisofi A. (1)Farnam A. (*)
Shirazi M. (2)
(*) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
(1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
(2) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Education, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Daneshgah Boulvared, Zahedan, IranPhone: +98 (54) 31136868
Fax: -
farnam@ped.usp.ac.i
Article History
Received: July 3, 2018Accepted: September 11, 2018
ePublished: September 29, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
As the youngest and the fourth dimension of health, spiritual health plays a key role in promoting general health by influencing mental health. This study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of training self-encouragement based on Sheonaker’s method in increasing spiritual health among university students-teachers of children of NAJA staff at Farhangian University in Zahedan.
Materials & Methods The current study followed a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up and it was carried out on all university students-teachers of children of NAJA staff at Farhangian University-Resalat Campus for girls in Zahedan in spring 2018. A sample consisting of 30 university students, who obtained low and moderate scores on Spiritual Health Questionnaire, were randomly selected and assigned to two groups, a control group and an experimental group (each including 15 people). Ten 90-minute sessions of the Shoenaker’s self-encouragement training were carried out on the experimental group; however, the control group did not receive such training. After finishing these sessions, a post-test was conducted on both experimental and control groups and a month later, a follow-up was performed on them. To collect data, Paloutzian and Ellison 20-item Spiritual Wellbeing Scale (1982) was used. The data were analyzed, using an analysis of covariance via SPSS 23.
Findings The mean scores of religious health and existential health obtained by the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up had a significant increase compared to the control group.
Conclusion The Shoenaker’s self-encouragement training can affect religious health and existential health among university students.
Materials & Methods The current study followed a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up and it was carried out on all university students-teachers of children of NAJA staff at Farhangian University-Resalat Campus for girls in Zahedan in spring 2018. A sample consisting of 30 university students, who obtained low and moderate scores on Spiritual Health Questionnaire, were randomly selected and assigned to two groups, a control group and an experimental group (each including 15 people). Ten 90-minute sessions of the Shoenaker’s self-encouragement training were carried out on the experimental group; however, the control group did not receive such training. After finishing these sessions, a post-test was conducted on both experimental and control groups and a month later, a follow-up was performed on them. To collect data, Paloutzian and Ellison 20-item Spiritual Wellbeing Scale (1982) was used. The data were analyzed, using an analysis of covariance via SPSS 23.
Findings The mean scores of religious health and existential health obtained by the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up had a significant increase compared to the control group.
Conclusion The Shoenaker’s self-encouragement training can affect religious health and existential health among university students.
CITATION LINKS
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[6] Moradi-Joo M, Babazadeh T, Honarvar Z, Mohabat-Bahar S, Rahmati–Najarkolaei F, Haghighi M. The relationship between spiritual health and public health aspects among patients with breast cancer. J Res Relig Health. 2017;3(3):80-91.
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[11]Merakou K, Kyklou E, Antoniadou E, Karageorgos G, Doufexis E, Barbouni A. Salutogenesis and the monks of athos, Greece: A spiritual health promotion?. Adv Mind Body Med. 2016;30(2):11-8.
[12]Fani M, Esmaeili M, Abdoljabbari M, Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Karamkhani M. Spiritual health in an Spiritual-growing social context from Nahj al-Balagha perspective. J Res Relig Health. 2016;2(4):55-62. [Persion]
[13] Lee YH, Salman A. The mediating effect of spiritual well-being on depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life among elders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018;32(3):418-24.
[14]Sithey G, Li M, Wen LM, Kelly PJ, Clarke K. Socioeconomic, religious, spiritual and health factors associated with symptoms of common mental disorders: a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from Bhutan's Gross National Happiness Study, 2015. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e018202.
[15] Bashar FR, Vahedian-Azimi A, Salesi M, Hajiesmaeili M, Shojaei S, Farzanegan B. et al. Spiritual health and outcomes in muslim icu patients: A nationwide cross-sectional study. J Relig Health. 2018.
[16]Loureiro ACT, De Rezende Coelho MC, Coutinho FB, Borges LH, Lucchetti G. The influence of spirituality and religiousness on suicide risk and mental health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;80:39-45.
[17]Vallurupalli M, Lauderdale K, Balboni MJ, Phelps AC, Block SD, Ng AK, et al. The role of spirituality and religious coping in the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy. J support Oncol. 2012;10(2):81-7.
[18]Briggs CL, Lovan SR. Nursing students’ feedback to a spiritual health reflection. J Holist Nurs. 2014;32(3):183-8.
[19]Aldwin CM, Park CL, Jeong YJ, Nath R. Differing pathways between religiousness, spirituality, and health: a self-regulation perspective. Psychol Relig Spiritual. 2014;6(1):9-21.
[20]Malinakova K, Kopcakova J, Geckova AM, Van Dijk JP, Furstova J, Kalman M, et al. “I am spiritual, but not religious”: Does one without the other protect against adolescent health-risk behaviour?. Int J Public Health. 2018.
[21]Chirico F. Spiritual well-being in the 21st century: It’s time to review the current WHO’s health definition?. J Health Soc Sci. 2016;1(1):11-6.
[22]Mirfardi A, Mokhtari M, Valinezhad A. The Study of religiosity and its relationship to degree and kind of web-based social networks usage (the case of Yasouj university’s students). J Appl Soc. 2017;28(2):1-16. [Persian]
[23] Rahimi N, Nouhi E, Nakhaee N. Spiritual well-being and attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care in nursing and midwifery students. Iran J Nurs. 2013;26(85):55-65. [Persian]
[24]Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Ironson G, Thoresen C, Powell L, Czajkowski S, et al. Spirituality, religion, and clinical outcomes in patients recovering from an acute myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(6):501-8.
[25]Zare H, Mehmannavazan A. The effectiveness of encouragement training on promotion of general self-efficacy and resiliency of female-headed households. Woman Fam Stud. 2015;3(1):37-57.
[26]Watts RE. Adleran therapy as a relational constuctivist approach. Fam J. 2003;11(2):139-47.
[27]Kanz JE. The applicability of individual psychology for work with conservative Christian clients. J Individ Psychol. 2001;57(4):342-53.
[28]Salimi Bajestani H, farkooravand P, Younesi J. The effectiveness of self-encouragement training in mental health of women with addicted spouses. J Res Addict. 2015;9(34):67-78.
[29]Kazemian M, Kazemi MS, Akbari L, Ghezelbash S, Nasiri E, Abbasi S. Effectiveness of encouragement skills training on marital conflicts and the anxiety of women referring to the counseling centers of Isfahan, Iran. Pharmacophore. 2017;8(6S):e-1173353.
[30]Greaves CJ, Farbus L. Effects of creative and social activity on the health and well-being of socially isolated older people: Outcomes from a multi-method observational study. J R Soc Promot Health. 2006;126(3):134-42.
[31]Caspaner LL, Fijaco De Milla ADA, Prins LH. Work relations that enhance the weil-being of organizations and individuals. J Indiv Psychol. 2010;62(1):81-4.
[32]Safarinia M, Mehmannavazan A, The effectiveness of self-encouragement on promotion of assertiveness skills and general self-efficacy of household- headed females. Q J Woman Soc. 2014;5(20):107-30. [Persian]
[33]Watts RE, Pietrzak D. Adlerian “encouragement” and the therapeutic process of solution‐focused brief therapy. J Coun Dev. 2000;78(4):442-7.
[34]Bahlmann R, Dinter LD. Encouraging self-encouragement: An effect study of the encouraging-training schoenaker-concept. J Indiv Psychol. 2001;57(3):273-88.
[35] Saljughi M, Sadeghi N. Effects of a Self-encouragement program on stress of mothers of children with cancer referred to imam ali hospital, zahedan, in 2015. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(2):449-53.
[36]Yoon WY. The effect of verbal encouragement in cpr performance on the accuracy of cpr techniques. Indian J Sci Technol. 2016;9(46).
[37]Aliakbari dehkordi M, Alipour A, Mehmannavazan A. The effectiveness of self-encouragement training on social and psychological well-being of addict woman under therapy in community-based treatment center. Q Soc Psychol Res. 2016;6(23):51-64. [Persian]
[38] Brown TC. Impact of a theory-guided encouragement intervention on an employee walking pilot program. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2016;28(4):452-68.
[39]Moghaddam S, Hamidzadeh A, Kordmirza EA. Effect of adlerian encouragement training on decreasing manifest and latent anxiety in girl students. J Humanities Soci Sci. 2017;6(1):1-8.
[40]Tavan H, Taghinejad H, Sayehmiri K, Yary Y, khalafzadeh A, Fathizadeh H, et al . Spiritual health of nursing students. Islam Health J. 2015;2(1):26-32. [Persian]
[41] Ghasemi-Jobaneh R, Zahrakar K, Hamdami M, Karimi K. Role of spiritual health and mindfulness in psychological capital of students of University of Guilan . Res Med Edu. 2016;8(2):27-36. [Persian]
[42]Allahbakhshian M, Jaffarpour M, Parvizy S, Haghani H. A Survey on relationship between spiritual wellbeing and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Zahedan J Med Res. 2010;12(3):29-33.
[43]Kang G, Park T, Han S, Park J. The effects of an encouragement program on inferiority feeling and self-esteem of children. In: Kim T, Ramos C, Abawajy J, Kang BH, Ślęzak D, Adeli H, editors. Computer Applications for Modeling, Simulation, and Automobile. MAS 2012, ASNT 2012. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 341st Volume. Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. pp. 317-324.
[44] Yazarloo M, Kalantari M, Mehrabi H. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on military personnel mental health. J Police Med. 2018;7(1):13-8. [Persian]
[45]Jafari Manesh H, Ranjbaran M, Najafi Z, Jafari Manesh M, Alibazi A. Relationship between religious orientation and spiritual health with emotional adjustment of the hospitalized adolescents. Iran J Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;3(1):1-11. [Persian]
[46] Huh JA, Kim JM. The relation between self-encouragement, perceived stress and psychological well-being: The moderated mediating effect of support-seeking emotion regulation style. Korean J Stress Res. 2017;25(1):44-51. [Korean]
[47]Mohamad Naemi A. The effect of resiliency training on mental health, optimism and life satisfaction of female-headed households. Posit Psychol. 2015;1(3):33-44. [Persian]
[2]Dhama K, Gupta R, Singla A, Patthi B, Ali I, Niraj LK, et al. An Insight into Spiritual Health and Coping Tactics among Dental Students; A Gain or Blight: A Cross-sectional Study. J Clin Diag Res. 2017;11(8):ZC33-8.
[3]Mohamad Shariff N, Pien LS. The need to particularise the concept of spirituality within mental health services in Malaysia. Int J Care Sch. 2018;1(1):44-9.
[4]Gomez R, Fisher JW. Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the spiritual well-being questionnaire. Pers Indiv Differ. 2003;35(8):1975-91.
[5]Salmabadi M, Sadeghbojd MF, Farshad MR, Zolfaghari S. Comparing the spiritual health and quality of life in addicted and non-addicted patients in the city of Birjand, Iran. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2016;5(1):e23208.
[6] Moradi-Joo M, Babazadeh T, Honarvar Z, Mohabat-Bahar S, Rahmati–Najarkolaei F, Haghighi M. The relationship between spiritual health and public health aspects among patients with breast cancer. J Res Relig Health. 2017;3(3):80-91.
[7]Heydarzadegan A., Koochakzaei M. Study of the relationship between spiritual well-being and self-efficacy of students of faculty of engineering and psychology and educational sciences. Iran J Eng Educ. 2015;17(65):79-93. [Persian]
[8]Cheraghi M, Molavi H. The relation between the various dimensions of religiosity and public health in Isfahan University students. J Educ Psychol Stud. 2006;2(2):1-22. [Persian]
[9]Mahbobi M, Etemadi M, Khorasani E, Ghiasi M. The relationship between spiritual health and social anxiety in chemical veterans. J Mil Med. 2012;14(3):186-91. [Persian]
[10]Jirásek I, Hurych E. The perception of spiritual health differences between citizens and physicians in the Czech Republic. Health Promot Int. 2017.
[11]Merakou K, Kyklou E, Antoniadou E, Karageorgos G, Doufexis E, Barbouni A. Salutogenesis and the monks of athos, Greece: A spiritual health promotion?. Adv Mind Body Med. 2016;30(2):11-8.
[12]Fani M, Esmaeili M, Abdoljabbari M, Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Karamkhani M. Spiritual health in an Spiritual-growing social context from Nahj al-Balagha perspective. J Res Relig Health. 2016;2(4):55-62. [Persion]
[13] Lee YH, Salman A. The mediating effect of spiritual well-being on depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life among elders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018;32(3):418-24.
[14]Sithey G, Li M, Wen LM, Kelly PJ, Clarke K. Socioeconomic, religious, spiritual and health factors associated with symptoms of common mental disorders: a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from Bhutan's Gross National Happiness Study, 2015. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e018202.
[15] Bashar FR, Vahedian-Azimi A, Salesi M, Hajiesmaeili M, Shojaei S, Farzanegan B. et al. Spiritual health and outcomes in muslim icu patients: A nationwide cross-sectional study. J Relig Health. 2018.
[16]Loureiro ACT, De Rezende Coelho MC, Coutinho FB, Borges LH, Lucchetti G. The influence of spirituality and religiousness on suicide risk and mental health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;80:39-45.
[17]Vallurupalli M, Lauderdale K, Balboni MJ, Phelps AC, Block SD, Ng AK, et al. The role of spirituality and religious coping in the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy. J support Oncol. 2012;10(2):81-7.
[18]Briggs CL, Lovan SR. Nursing students’ feedback to a spiritual health reflection. J Holist Nurs. 2014;32(3):183-8.
[19]Aldwin CM, Park CL, Jeong YJ, Nath R. Differing pathways between religiousness, spirituality, and health: a self-regulation perspective. Psychol Relig Spiritual. 2014;6(1):9-21.
[20]Malinakova K, Kopcakova J, Geckova AM, Van Dijk JP, Furstova J, Kalman M, et al. “I am spiritual, but not religious”: Does one without the other protect against adolescent health-risk behaviour?. Int J Public Health. 2018.
[21]Chirico F. Spiritual well-being in the 21st century: It’s time to review the current WHO’s health definition?. J Health Soc Sci. 2016;1(1):11-6.
[22]Mirfardi A, Mokhtari M, Valinezhad A. The Study of religiosity and its relationship to degree and kind of web-based social networks usage (the case of Yasouj university’s students). J Appl Soc. 2017;28(2):1-16. [Persian]
[23] Rahimi N, Nouhi E, Nakhaee N. Spiritual well-being and attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care in nursing and midwifery students. Iran J Nurs. 2013;26(85):55-65. [Persian]
[24]Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Ironson G, Thoresen C, Powell L, Czajkowski S, et al. Spirituality, religion, and clinical outcomes in patients recovering from an acute myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(6):501-8.
[25]Zare H, Mehmannavazan A. The effectiveness of encouragement training on promotion of general self-efficacy and resiliency of female-headed households. Woman Fam Stud. 2015;3(1):37-57.
[26]Watts RE. Adleran therapy as a relational constuctivist approach. Fam J. 2003;11(2):139-47.
[27]Kanz JE. The applicability of individual psychology for work with conservative Christian clients. J Individ Psychol. 2001;57(4):342-53.
[28]Salimi Bajestani H, farkooravand P, Younesi J. The effectiveness of self-encouragement training in mental health of women with addicted spouses. J Res Addict. 2015;9(34):67-78.
[29]Kazemian M, Kazemi MS, Akbari L, Ghezelbash S, Nasiri E, Abbasi S. Effectiveness of encouragement skills training on marital conflicts and the anxiety of women referring to the counseling centers of Isfahan, Iran. Pharmacophore. 2017;8(6S):e-1173353.
[30]Greaves CJ, Farbus L. Effects of creative and social activity on the health and well-being of socially isolated older people: Outcomes from a multi-method observational study. J R Soc Promot Health. 2006;126(3):134-42.
[31]Caspaner LL, Fijaco De Milla ADA, Prins LH. Work relations that enhance the weil-being of organizations and individuals. J Indiv Psychol. 2010;62(1):81-4.
[32]Safarinia M, Mehmannavazan A, The effectiveness of self-encouragement on promotion of assertiveness skills and general self-efficacy of household- headed females. Q J Woman Soc. 2014;5(20):107-30. [Persian]
[33]Watts RE, Pietrzak D. Adlerian “encouragement” and the therapeutic process of solution‐focused brief therapy. J Coun Dev. 2000;78(4):442-7.
[34]Bahlmann R, Dinter LD. Encouraging self-encouragement: An effect study of the encouraging-training schoenaker-concept. J Indiv Psychol. 2001;57(3):273-88.
[35] Saljughi M, Sadeghi N. Effects of a Self-encouragement program on stress of mothers of children with cancer referred to imam ali hospital, zahedan, in 2015. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(2):449-53.
[36]Yoon WY. The effect of verbal encouragement in cpr performance on the accuracy of cpr techniques. Indian J Sci Technol. 2016;9(46).
[37]Aliakbari dehkordi M, Alipour A, Mehmannavazan A. The effectiveness of self-encouragement training on social and psychological well-being of addict woman under therapy in community-based treatment center. Q Soc Psychol Res. 2016;6(23):51-64. [Persian]
[38] Brown TC. Impact of a theory-guided encouragement intervention on an employee walking pilot program. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2016;28(4):452-68.
[39]Moghaddam S, Hamidzadeh A, Kordmirza EA. Effect of adlerian encouragement training on decreasing manifest and latent anxiety in girl students. J Humanities Soci Sci. 2017;6(1):1-8.
[40]Tavan H, Taghinejad H, Sayehmiri K, Yary Y, khalafzadeh A, Fathizadeh H, et al . Spiritual health of nursing students. Islam Health J. 2015;2(1):26-32. [Persian]
[41] Ghasemi-Jobaneh R, Zahrakar K, Hamdami M, Karimi K. Role of spiritual health and mindfulness in psychological capital of students of University of Guilan . Res Med Edu. 2016;8(2):27-36. [Persian]
[42]Allahbakhshian M, Jaffarpour M, Parvizy S, Haghani H. A Survey on relationship between spiritual wellbeing and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Zahedan J Med Res. 2010;12(3):29-33.
[43]Kang G, Park T, Han S, Park J. The effects of an encouragement program on inferiority feeling and self-esteem of children. In: Kim T, Ramos C, Abawajy J, Kang BH, Ślęzak D, Adeli H, editors. Computer Applications for Modeling, Simulation, and Automobile. MAS 2012, ASNT 2012. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 341st Volume. Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. pp. 317-324.
[44] Yazarloo M, Kalantari M, Mehrabi H. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on military personnel mental health. J Police Med. 2018;7(1):13-8. [Persian]
[45]Jafari Manesh H, Ranjbaran M, Najafi Z, Jafari Manesh M, Alibazi A. Relationship between religious orientation and spiritual health with emotional adjustment of the hospitalized adolescents. Iran J Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;3(1):1-11. [Persian]
[46] Huh JA, Kim JM. The relation between self-encouragement, perceived stress and psychological well-being: The moderated mediating effect of support-seeking emotion regulation style. Korean J Stress Res. 2017;25(1):44-51. [Korean]
[47]Mohamad Naemi A. The effect of resiliency training on mental health, optimism and life satisfaction of female-headed households. Posit Psychol. 2015;1(3):33-44. [Persian]