@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2251-8215 Sarem Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2018;2(4):165-168
ISSN: 2251-8215 Sarem Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2018;2(4):165-168
Presence of Group B Streptococcus in the Placenta of Infected Pregnant Women
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Yadegarfar Gh. (* )Salami F. (1 )
Mostajeran M. (2 )
Ansari R. (3 )
Rejali M. (4 )
Aghdak P. (2 )
(* ) “Cancer Prevention Research Centre” and “Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Public Health Faculty”, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
(1 ) Environmental Health Engineering Department, Public Health Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
(2 ) Vice-Chancellery for Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
(3 ) Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
(4 ) Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Public Health Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: April 29, 2017Accepted: October 11, 2017
ePublished: November 15, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Breast cancer, as the most common cancer in women, will lead to death in case it is not diagnosed timely, and if the early diagnosis is timely, the chance of recovery will increase in the early stages. The aim of this study was to determine the factors engaged with women performance in doing regular breast self-examination or referring to health centers for examination and mammography.
Instruments & Methods In this descriptive-analytic cross sectional study, in 2012, 9260 women aged 20 to 65 years old in Isfahan province, Iran were selected from different districts by multistage cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The underlying variables, knowledge of risk factors, signs and symptoms, and beliefs about breast cancer diagnosis were considered as predictors of women performance. The data were analyzed by STATA 13 software, using Pearson correlation coefficient test, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression.
Findings Generally, 55.7% of the patients had a poor knowledge of cancer risk factors. Knowledge about signs and symptoms of breast cancer was relatively good in 83.7% of the patients. Also, women belief in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment was poor. Knowledge of risk factors (OR=1.2), knowledge of signs and symptoms (OR=1.5), and beliefs (OR=1.3) were positive predictors of performance.
Conclusion The underlying variables, knowledge of cancer risk factors, knowledge of signs and symptoms of breast cancer, and belief in the effectiveness of examination increase the women performance (self- examination or referring to health centers for examination) for breast cancer examination.
Instruments & Methods In this descriptive-analytic cross sectional study, in 2012, 9260 women aged 20 to 65 years old in Isfahan province, Iran were selected from different districts by multistage cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The underlying variables, knowledge of risk factors, signs and symptoms, and beliefs about breast cancer diagnosis were considered as predictors of women performance. The data were analyzed by STATA 13 software, using Pearson correlation coefficient test, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression.
Findings Generally, 55.7% of the patients had a poor knowledge of cancer risk factors. Knowledge about signs and symptoms of breast cancer was relatively good in 83.7% of the patients. Also, women belief in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment was poor. Knowledge of risk factors (OR=1.2), knowledge of signs and symptoms (OR=1.5), and beliefs (OR=1.3) were positive predictors of performance.
Conclusion The underlying variables, knowledge of cancer risk factors, knowledge of signs and symptoms of breast cancer, and belief in the effectiveness of examination increase the women performance (self- examination or referring to health centers for examination) for breast cancer examination.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Hatefnia E, Niknami Sh, Mahmoudi M, Ghofranipour F, Lamyian M. The effects of health belief model education on knowledge, attitude and behavior of Tehran pharmaceutical industry employees regarding breast cancer and mammography. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2010;14(1):42-53.
[2]McPherson K, Steel CM, Dixon JM. ABC of breast diseases – breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. BMJ. 2000;321(7261):624-8.
[3]SalimiPormehr S, Kariman N, Sheykhan Z, AlaviMajd H. Investigation of breast cancer screening tests performance and affecting factors in women referred to Ardebil’s health and medical centers 2009. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2010;10(4):310-8.
[4]Anderson B, Yip C, Smith R, Shyyan R, Sener S, Eniu A, et al. Guideline implementation for breast healthcare in low-income and middle-income countries: overview of the breast health global initiative global summit 2007. Cancer. 2008;113(Suppl 8):2221-43.
[5]Zebrack JR, Brown KW. Preventive health for women: Screening and immunizations. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(5):1011-35.
[6]Nourizadeh R, Bakhtariagdam F, Sahebi L. Knowledge, health beliefs and breast cancer screening behaviors of women referring to health centers of Tabriz, 2010. The First International and 4th National Congress on Health Education and Promotion. Tabriz: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; 2011. [Persian]
[7]Nafissi N, Saghafinia M, Motamedi MHK, Akbari ME. A survey of breast cancer knowledge and attitude in Iranian women. J Cancer Res Ther. 2012;8(1):46-9.
[8]Sirus M, Ebrahimi A. The epidemiology of breast masses among women in Esfahan. Iran J Surg. 2008;16(3):51-6.
[9]Almasi Nokiani F, Akbari H, Madani SH, Izadi B, Emami Al Agha M. Prevalence of breast cancer in breast sample reports in Iran, 2001-2004. Iran J Obestet Gynecol Infertil. 2005;8(2):23-8.
[10]Mousavi SM, Montazeri A, Mohagheghi MA, Jarrahi AM, Harirchi I, Najafi M, et al. Breast cancer in Iran: An epidemiological review. Breast J. 2007;13(4):383-91.
[11]Lwin MO. Examining Asian women’s motivations to undergo breast cancer screening. J Women Health Care. 2014;3(3):03-6.
[12]Abedian K, Shah Hosseini Z, Adeli M. Survey of health beliefs of women about performing mammography in the health servic centers of Sari. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2006;16(54):90-8.
[13]Alwan NA, Al Diwan JK, Al Attea WM, Eliessad RA. Knowledge, attitude & practice towards breast cancer & breast self examination in Kirkuk university, Iraq. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2012;1(4):308-11.
[14]Petro Nustas W. Health-related behaviors and lifestyle factors of patients with breast cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2002;25(3):219-29.
[15]Sadler GR, Dhanjal SK, Shah NB, Shah RB, Ko C, Anghel M, et al. Asian Indian women: knowledge, attitudes and behaviors toward breast cancer early detection. Public Health Nurs. 2001;18(5):357-63.
[16]Farma KK, Jalili Z, Zareban I, Pour MS. Effect of education on preventive behaviors of breast cancer in female teachers of guidance schools of Zahedan city based on health belief model. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:77.
[17]Alaie Nejad FA, Abbasian M, Delvarianzadeh M. Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and skills among the health volunteers regarding the breast self-examination in Shahroud. J Knowl Health. 2007;2(2):23-7.
[18]Coe K, Harmon MP, Castro FG, Campbell N, Mayer JA, Elder JP. Breast self-examination: knowledge and practices of Hispanic women in two South Western metropolitan areas. J Community Health. 1994;19(6):433-48.
[19]Champion VL, Skinner CS. Differences in perceptions of risk, benefits, and barriers by stage of Mammography adoption. J Womens Health. 2003;12(3):277-86.
[20]Ghorbani M, Abdolahi AL, Royani S, Azizi R. Comparison Knowledge, attitude and practice of Barest self examination. Iran J Breast Disease. 2009;2(3-4):36-42.
[21]Yavari P, Mehrabi Y, Poorhosseingholi MA. Knowledge and practice of women toward breast self examination: A case-control study. J Ardabil Med Univ Med Sci. 2005;5(4):371-7.
[22]Harris R, Leininger L. Clinical strategies for breast cancer screening: Weighing and using the evidence. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(7):539-47.
[23]Tavakolian L, Boonyadi F, Malelzadeh E, The investigation of factor associated with breast cancer screening among Kazeroon women aged 20-26 in 2013. Nurs Vulnerable J. 2015;1(1):17-31.
[24]Temiz M, Asian A, Inandi T, Beshirov E, Beyaz F. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of female teachers related to breast cancer and breast examination in Southern Turkey. Breast Care. 2008;3(1):55-60.
[25]Baena Cañada JM, Rosado Varela P, Expósito Álvarez I, González-Guerrero M, Nieto Vera J, Benítez Rodríguez E. Women's perceptions of breast cancer screening. Spanish screening programme survey. Breast. 2014;23(6):883-8.
[26]Haji Mahmoodi M, Montazeri A, Jarvandi S, Ebrahimi M, Haghighat S, Harirchi I. Breast self‐examination: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among female health care workers in Tehran, Iran. Breast J. 2002;8(4):222-5.
[27]Asgharnia M, Faraj R, Zahiri Z, Salamat F, Mosavi Chahardah SM, Sefati S. A study of knowledge and practice of woman about breast cancer and its screening, in the case of women who referred to Alzahra hospital in Rasht during 2010-2011. Iran J Surg. 2013;21(1):50-8.
[28]Obaji N, Elom H, Agwu U, Nwigwe C, Ezeonu P, Umeora O. Awareness and practice of breast self-examination among market women in Abakaliki, South East Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013;3(1):7-12.
[29]Okobia MN, Bunker CH, Okonofua FE, Osime U. Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study. World J Surg Oncol. 2006;4:11.
[2]McPherson K, Steel CM, Dixon JM. ABC of breast diseases – breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. BMJ. 2000;321(7261):624-8.
[3]SalimiPormehr S, Kariman N, Sheykhan Z, AlaviMajd H. Investigation of breast cancer screening tests performance and affecting factors in women referred to Ardebil’s health and medical centers 2009. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2010;10(4):310-8.
[4]Anderson B, Yip C, Smith R, Shyyan R, Sener S, Eniu A, et al. Guideline implementation for breast healthcare in low-income and middle-income countries: overview of the breast health global initiative global summit 2007. Cancer. 2008;113(Suppl 8):2221-43.
[5]Zebrack JR, Brown KW. Preventive health for women: Screening and immunizations. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(5):1011-35.
[6]Nourizadeh R, Bakhtariagdam F, Sahebi L. Knowledge, health beliefs and breast cancer screening behaviors of women referring to health centers of Tabriz, 2010. The First International and 4th National Congress on Health Education and Promotion. Tabriz: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; 2011. [Persian]
[7]Nafissi N, Saghafinia M, Motamedi MHK, Akbari ME. A survey of breast cancer knowledge and attitude in Iranian women. J Cancer Res Ther. 2012;8(1):46-9.
[8]Sirus M, Ebrahimi A. The epidemiology of breast masses among women in Esfahan. Iran J Surg. 2008;16(3):51-6.
[9]Almasi Nokiani F, Akbari H, Madani SH, Izadi B, Emami Al Agha M. Prevalence of breast cancer in breast sample reports in Iran, 2001-2004. Iran J Obestet Gynecol Infertil. 2005;8(2):23-8.
[10]Mousavi SM, Montazeri A, Mohagheghi MA, Jarrahi AM, Harirchi I, Najafi M, et al. Breast cancer in Iran: An epidemiological review. Breast J. 2007;13(4):383-91.
[11]Lwin MO. Examining Asian women’s motivations to undergo breast cancer screening. J Women Health Care. 2014;3(3):03-6.
[12]Abedian K, Shah Hosseini Z, Adeli M. Survey of health beliefs of women about performing mammography in the health servic centers of Sari. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2006;16(54):90-8.
[13]Alwan NA, Al Diwan JK, Al Attea WM, Eliessad RA. Knowledge, attitude & practice towards breast cancer & breast self examination in Kirkuk university, Iraq. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2012;1(4):308-11.
[14]Petro Nustas W. Health-related behaviors and lifestyle factors of patients with breast cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2002;25(3):219-29.
[15]Sadler GR, Dhanjal SK, Shah NB, Shah RB, Ko C, Anghel M, et al. Asian Indian women: knowledge, attitudes and behaviors toward breast cancer early detection. Public Health Nurs. 2001;18(5):357-63.
[16]Farma KK, Jalili Z, Zareban I, Pour MS. Effect of education on preventive behaviors of breast cancer in female teachers of guidance schools of Zahedan city based on health belief model. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:77.
[17]Alaie Nejad FA, Abbasian M, Delvarianzadeh M. Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and skills among the health volunteers regarding the breast self-examination in Shahroud. J Knowl Health. 2007;2(2):23-7.
[18]Coe K, Harmon MP, Castro FG, Campbell N, Mayer JA, Elder JP. Breast self-examination: knowledge and practices of Hispanic women in two South Western metropolitan areas. J Community Health. 1994;19(6):433-48.
[19]Champion VL, Skinner CS. Differences in perceptions of risk, benefits, and barriers by stage of Mammography adoption. J Womens Health. 2003;12(3):277-86.
[20]Ghorbani M, Abdolahi AL, Royani S, Azizi R. Comparison Knowledge, attitude and practice of Barest self examination. Iran J Breast Disease. 2009;2(3-4):36-42.
[21]Yavari P, Mehrabi Y, Poorhosseingholi MA. Knowledge and practice of women toward breast self examination: A case-control study. J Ardabil Med Univ Med Sci. 2005;5(4):371-7.
[22]Harris R, Leininger L. Clinical strategies for breast cancer screening: Weighing and using the evidence. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(7):539-47.
[23]Tavakolian L, Boonyadi F, Malelzadeh E, The investigation of factor associated with breast cancer screening among Kazeroon women aged 20-26 in 2013. Nurs Vulnerable J. 2015;1(1):17-31.
[24]Temiz M, Asian A, Inandi T, Beshirov E, Beyaz F. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of female teachers related to breast cancer and breast examination in Southern Turkey. Breast Care. 2008;3(1):55-60.
[25]Baena Cañada JM, Rosado Varela P, Expósito Álvarez I, González-Guerrero M, Nieto Vera J, Benítez Rodríguez E. Women's perceptions of breast cancer screening. Spanish screening programme survey. Breast. 2014;23(6):883-8.
[26]Haji Mahmoodi M, Montazeri A, Jarvandi S, Ebrahimi M, Haghighat S, Harirchi I. Breast self‐examination: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among female health care workers in Tehran, Iran. Breast J. 2002;8(4):222-5.
[27]Asgharnia M, Faraj R, Zahiri Z, Salamat F, Mosavi Chahardah SM, Sefati S. A study of knowledge and practice of woman about breast cancer and its screening, in the case of women who referred to Alzahra hospital in Rasht during 2010-2011. Iran J Surg. 2013;21(1):50-8.
[28]Obaji N, Elom H, Agwu U, Nwigwe C, Ezeonu P, Umeora O. Awareness and practice of breast self-examination among market women in Abakaliki, South East Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013;3(1):7-12.
[29]Okobia MN, Bunker CH, Okonofua FE, Osime U. Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study. World J Surg Oncol. 2006;4:11.