@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2018;7(3):103-109
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2018;7(3):103-109
Effectiveness of Hypnosis-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Smoking Cessation, Anxiety and Self-Efficacy
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Heidaryan M. (*)Rabii M. (1)
Shahidi E. (2)
Dowran B. (1)
Ahmadi Tahhur Soltani M. (1)
(*) Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(1) Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(2) Department of Psychotherapy, Faculty of Specialization in Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy, Tolman Institute, Palermo, Italy
Correspondence
Address: Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Molla Sadra Street, Vanak Square, Tehran, IranPhone: +98 (83) 38211920
Fax: +98 (83) 38305014
heidaryan.maryam@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: May 21, 2017Accepted: May 30, 2018
ePublished: June 29, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Smoking is one of the most important causes of premature mortality worldwide, which is one of the most avoidable factors. People who are under high stress are more likely to start smoking again. Self-efficacy in smoking cessation is one of the important psychological variables that is related to cigarette smoking and is a predictor of smoking failure and recurrence in smokers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on hypnosis on smoking cessation, anxiety and self-efficacy.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study was carried out with pre-test, post-test and control group design in 1394. Using a non-objective sampling method, 54 policemen from Kermanshah province, Iran, were selected. Participants completed of depression, anxiety, stress scale, smoking abstinence self-efficacy scale, hypnotizability talent scale, and checklist for symptoms of mental disorders in pre-test stage. Data analysis was done in SPSS 21 using Chi-Square test, repeated measurement test and one-way covariance analysis.
Findings Hypnosis-based cognitive behavioral therapy had a significant effect on smoking cessation (p=0.001). The intervention group reported a lower level of anxiety in the post-test and follow up that indicated the effectiveness of interventional therapy (p<0.01). This therapeutic intervention was statistically significant in increasing self-efficacy (F(1,51)=4.56; p<0.05).
Conclusion Hypnosis-based cognitive behavioral intervention is effectiveness on smoking cessation and self-efficacy increasing which also reduces the amount of anxiety of military forces.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study was carried out with pre-test, post-test and control group design in 1394. Using a non-objective sampling method, 54 policemen from Kermanshah province, Iran, were selected. Participants completed of depression, anxiety, stress scale, smoking abstinence self-efficacy scale, hypnotizability talent scale, and checklist for symptoms of mental disorders in pre-test stage. Data analysis was done in SPSS 21 using Chi-Square test, repeated measurement test and one-way covariance analysis.
Findings Hypnosis-based cognitive behavioral therapy had a significant effect on smoking cessation (p=0.001). The intervention group reported a lower level of anxiety in the post-test and follow up that indicated the effectiveness of interventional therapy (p<0.01). This therapeutic intervention was statistically significant in increasing self-efficacy (F(1,51)=4.56; p<0.05).
Conclusion Hypnosis-based cognitive behavioral intervention is effectiveness on smoking cessation and self-efficacy increasing which also reduces the amount of anxiety of military forces.
CITATION LINKS
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[19]Walker NR. Understanding self-efficacy for alcohol use: the roles of self-monitoring and hypothesized source variables [Dissertation]. Blacksburg: Virginia University; 2002.
[20]Brandon TH. Behavioral tobacco cessation treatments: Yesterday's news or tomorrow's headlines?. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19 Suppl 18:64-8.
[21]Hajek P. Current issues in behavioral and pharmacological approaches to smoking cessation. Addict Behav. 1996;21(6):699-707.
[22]Shiffman S, Gwaltney CJ, Balabanis MH, Liu KS, Paty JA, Kassel JD, et at. Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002;111(4):531-45.
[23]Shiffman S, Waters AJ. Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(2):192-201.
[24]Webb MS, de Ybarra DR, Baker EA, Reis IM, Carey MP. Cognitive–behavioral therapy to promote smoking cessation among African American smokers: A randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(1):24-33.
[25]Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Hartmann-Boyce J, Cahill K, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11(11).
[26] Spiegler MD, Guevremont DC. Contemporary behavior therapy. United States: Cengage Learning; 2014.
[27]Egner T, Jamieson G, Gruzelier J. Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe. Neuroimage. 2005;27(4):969-78.
[28]Faymonville ME, Roediger L, Del Fiore G, Delgueldre C, Phillips C, Lamy M, et al. Increased cerebral functional connectivity underlying the antinociceptive effects of hypnosis. Cogn Brain Res. 2003;17(2):255-62.
[29]Spiegel D, Frischholz EJ, Fleiss JL, Spiegel H. Predictors of smoking abstinence following a single-session restructuring intervention with self-hypnosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(7):1090-7.
[30]Dowd ET. Cognitive development hypnotherapy . In: Rhue JW, Lynn SJ, Kirsch I, editors. Handbook of Clinical hypnosis. Washington: American psychological Association; 1993. pp. 215-35.
[31]Kirsch I, Montgomery G, Sapirstein G. Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63(2):214-20.
[32]Velicer WF, Prochaska JO, Fava JL, Norman GJ, Redding CA. Smoking cessation and stress management: Applications of the transtheoretical model. Homeost Health Dis. 1998;38(5-6):216-33.
[33]Darabi J. Hypnosis in psychotherapy. 5th Edition. Tehran: Peydayesh; 2008. [Persian]
[34]Hitsman B, Borrelli B, McChargue DE, Spring B, Niaura R. History of depression and smoking cessation outcome: A meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(4):657-63.
[35]Fathi Ashtiani A, Dastani M. Psychological tests: Personality and mental health. Tehran: Besat; 2009. [Persian]
[36]Ebrahimi H, Khamesan A, Pakdaman M. Construction and validation of smoking abstinence self-efficacy scale. Appl Psychol Res Q. 2014;5(3):95-110. [Persian]
[37]Anisi J, Akbari F, Madjian M, Atashkar M, Ghorbani Z. Standardization of mental disorders symptoms checklist 90 revised (SCL-90-R) in army staffs. J Mil Psychol. 2011;2(5):29-37. [Persian]
[38]Green JP, Lynn SJ, Montgomery GH. Gender-related differences in hypnosis-based treatments for smoking: A follow-up meta-analysis. Am J Clin Hypn. 2008;50(3):259-71.
[39]Johnson DL, Karkut RT. Performance by gender in a stop-smoking program combining hypnosis and aversion. Psychol Rep. 1994;75(2):851-7.
[40]Spiegel D, Frischholz EJ, Fleiss JL, Spiegel H. Predictors of smoking abstinence following a single-session restructuring intervention with self-hypnosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(7):1090-7.
[41]Ahijevych K, Yerardl R, Nedilsky N. Descriptive outcomes of the American Lung Association of Ohio hypnotherapy smoking cessation program. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2000;48(4):374-87.
[42]Lynn SJ, Kirsch I. Essentials of clinical hypnosis: An evidence-based approach. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2006.
[43]Abbot NC, Stead LF, White AR, Barnes J, Ernst E. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.1998;2.
[44] Barker J, Jones M, Greenlees I. Assessing the immediate and maintained effects of hypnosis on self-efficacy and soccer wall-volley performance. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2010;32(2):243-52.
[45]Taqavi S, Pourasghar M. Effectiveness of Hypnotherapy on Self-concept, Self-efficacy and Exam Anxiety in Girl Guidance School Students in Sari, Iran. Int J Basic Sci App Res. 2015;4(11):661-6. [Persian]
[46]Goldmann L, Ogg TW, Levey AB. Hypnosis and daycase anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1988;43(6):466-9.
[47] Schnur JB, Kafer I, Marcus C, Montgomery GH. Hypnosis to manage distress related to medical procedures: a meta‐analysis. Contemp Hypn. 2008;25(3‐4):114-28.
[48]Cowie GA, Swift E, Partos T, Borland R. Quitting activity and tobacco brand Switching: findings from the ITC-4 Country Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2015;39(2):109-13.
[49]Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD, Carrier B, Bushnell MC. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science. 1997;277(5328):968-71.
[50]Egner T, Jamieson G, Gruzelier J. Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe. Neuaroimage. 2005;27(4): 969-78
[2] Jorm AF. Association between smoking and mental disorders: results from an Australian National Prevalence Survey. Aust N.Z J Public Health. 1999;23(3):245-8.
[3]Baker TB, Breslau N, Covey L, Shiffman S. DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: a critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5. Addiction. 2012;107(2):263-75.
[4]Lynch JP, Hanson K, Kao TC. Health-Related Behaviors in Young Military Smokers. Mil Med. 2004;169(3):230-5.
[5] Battegay R, Schlösser C, Wacker HR. Alcohol, tobacco and drug use in Swiss men 20 to 33 years of age. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1988;118(26):1004-10.
[6]Schei E, Sogaard AJ. The Impact of Military Service on Young Mens Smoking Behavior. Prev Med. 1994;23(2):242-8.
[7]Mazokopakis EE, Vlachonikolis IG, Lionis CD. Smoking behavior of Greek warship personnel. Mil Med. 2003;168(11):929-33.
[8]Tekbas F, Vaizoglu SA, Gulec M, Hasde M, Guler C. Smoking prevalence in military men, and factors affecting this. Mil Med. 2002;167(9):742-6.
[9]Peña TM, González SQ, Escobar JS, Gutiérrez TJ, de la Rosa Herrera A. Smoking in young military men: attitudes and characteristics. Arch Bronconeumol. 1998;34(11):526-30. [Spanish]
[10]Conway TL. Tobacco use and the United States military: A longstanding problem. Tobacco Control. 1998;7(3):219–21.
[11] Slama K. Current challenges in tobacco control. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(10):1160-72.
[12]Ravinder Singh Ch, Kathiresan K. Effect of cigarette smoking on human health and promising remedy by mangroves. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2015;5(2):162-7.
[13]Shiffman S, Hickcox M, Paty JA, Gnys M, Kassel JD, Richards TJ. Progression from a smoking lapse to relapse: prediction from abstinence violation effects, nicotin dependence, and lapse characteristics. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64(5):993-1002.
[14]Twardella D, Loew M, Rothenbacher D, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Brenner H. The diagnosis of a smoking-related disease is a prominent trigger for smoking cessation in a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59(1):82-9.
[15]Patton GC, Hibbert M, Rosier MJ, Carlin JB, Caust J, Bowes G. Is smoking associated with depression and anxiety in teenagers? Am J Public Health. 1996;86(2):225-30.
[16]Lichtenstein E, Weiss SM, Hitchcock JL, Leveton LB, O'Connell KA, Prochaska JO. Task Force 3: Patterns of smoking relapse. Health Psychol. 1986;5 Suppl:29-40.
[17]Abrams DB, Herzog TA, Emmons KM, Linnan L. Stages of change versus addiction: a replication and extension. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2000;2(3):223-9.
[18]Martinez E, Tatum KL, Glass M, Bernath A, Ferris D, Reynolds P, et al. Correlates of smoking cessation self-efficacy in a community sample of smokers. Addict Behav. 2010;35(2):175-8.
[19]Walker NR. Understanding self-efficacy for alcohol use: the roles of self-monitoring and hypothesized source variables [Dissertation]. Blacksburg: Virginia University; 2002.
[20]Brandon TH. Behavioral tobacco cessation treatments: Yesterday's news or tomorrow's headlines?. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19 Suppl 18:64-8.
[21]Hajek P. Current issues in behavioral and pharmacological approaches to smoking cessation. Addict Behav. 1996;21(6):699-707.
[22]Shiffman S, Gwaltney CJ, Balabanis MH, Liu KS, Paty JA, Kassel JD, et at. Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002;111(4):531-45.
[23]Shiffman S, Waters AJ. Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(2):192-201.
[24]Webb MS, de Ybarra DR, Baker EA, Reis IM, Carey MP. Cognitive–behavioral therapy to promote smoking cessation among African American smokers: A randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(1):24-33.
[25]Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Hartmann-Boyce J, Cahill K, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11(11).
[26] Spiegler MD, Guevremont DC. Contemporary behavior therapy. United States: Cengage Learning; 2014.
[27]Egner T, Jamieson G, Gruzelier J. Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe. Neuroimage. 2005;27(4):969-78.
[28]Faymonville ME, Roediger L, Del Fiore G, Delgueldre C, Phillips C, Lamy M, et al. Increased cerebral functional connectivity underlying the antinociceptive effects of hypnosis. Cogn Brain Res. 2003;17(2):255-62.
[29]Spiegel D, Frischholz EJ, Fleiss JL, Spiegel H. Predictors of smoking abstinence following a single-session restructuring intervention with self-hypnosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(7):1090-7.
[30]Dowd ET. Cognitive development hypnotherapy . In: Rhue JW, Lynn SJ, Kirsch I, editors. Handbook of Clinical hypnosis. Washington: American psychological Association; 1993. pp. 215-35.
[31]Kirsch I, Montgomery G, Sapirstein G. Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63(2):214-20.
[32]Velicer WF, Prochaska JO, Fava JL, Norman GJ, Redding CA. Smoking cessation and stress management: Applications of the transtheoretical model. Homeost Health Dis. 1998;38(5-6):216-33.
[33]Darabi J. Hypnosis in psychotherapy. 5th Edition. Tehran: Peydayesh; 2008. [Persian]
[34]Hitsman B, Borrelli B, McChargue DE, Spring B, Niaura R. History of depression and smoking cessation outcome: A meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(4):657-63.
[35]Fathi Ashtiani A, Dastani M. Psychological tests: Personality and mental health. Tehran: Besat; 2009. [Persian]
[36]Ebrahimi H, Khamesan A, Pakdaman M. Construction and validation of smoking abstinence self-efficacy scale. Appl Psychol Res Q. 2014;5(3):95-110. [Persian]
[37]Anisi J, Akbari F, Madjian M, Atashkar M, Ghorbani Z. Standardization of mental disorders symptoms checklist 90 revised (SCL-90-R) in army staffs. J Mil Psychol. 2011;2(5):29-37. [Persian]
[38]Green JP, Lynn SJ, Montgomery GH. Gender-related differences in hypnosis-based treatments for smoking: A follow-up meta-analysis. Am J Clin Hypn. 2008;50(3):259-71.
[39]Johnson DL, Karkut RT. Performance by gender in a stop-smoking program combining hypnosis and aversion. Psychol Rep. 1994;75(2):851-7.
[40]Spiegel D, Frischholz EJ, Fleiss JL, Spiegel H. Predictors of smoking abstinence following a single-session restructuring intervention with self-hypnosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(7):1090-7.
[41]Ahijevych K, Yerardl R, Nedilsky N. Descriptive outcomes of the American Lung Association of Ohio hypnotherapy smoking cessation program. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2000;48(4):374-87.
[42]Lynn SJ, Kirsch I. Essentials of clinical hypnosis: An evidence-based approach. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2006.
[43]Abbot NC, Stead LF, White AR, Barnes J, Ernst E. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.1998;2.
[44] Barker J, Jones M, Greenlees I. Assessing the immediate and maintained effects of hypnosis on self-efficacy and soccer wall-volley performance. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2010;32(2):243-52.
[45]Taqavi S, Pourasghar M. Effectiveness of Hypnotherapy on Self-concept, Self-efficacy and Exam Anxiety in Girl Guidance School Students in Sari, Iran. Int J Basic Sci App Res. 2015;4(11):661-6. [Persian]
[46]Goldmann L, Ogg TW, Levey AB. Hypnosis and daycase anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1988;43(6):466-9.
[47] Schnur JB, Kafer I, Marcus C, Montgomery GH. Hypnosis to manage distress related to medical procedures: a meta‐analysis. Contemp Hypn. 2008;25(3‐4):114-28.
[48]Cowie GA, Swift E, Partos T, Borland R. Quitting activity and tobacco brand Switching: findings from the ITC-4 Country Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2015;39(2):109-13.
[49]Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD, Carrier B, Bushnell MC. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science. 1997;277(5328):968-71.
[50]Egner T, Jamieson G, Gruzelier J. Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe. Neuaroimage. 2005;27(4): 969-78