@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):243-250
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):243-250
Mediating Role of Emotional Self-Regulation in the Relationship between Mindfulness and Self-Efficacy in Diabetes Type 2 Patients
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Azizi Karaj M. (* )Dehghani F. (1 )
Kamali Zarch M. (2)
(* ) Psychology Department, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
(1 ) Psychology & Counseling Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
(2) Psychology Department, Education & Psychology Faculty, Peyam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Psychology Department, Jomhoori Boulevared, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, IranPhone: +983535242059
Fax: -
sadaf2352@gmail.com
Article History
Received: January 1, 2017Accepted: May 25, 2017
ePublished: July 22, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Many psychological factors have an impact on diabetes, one of the most important of which is the self-efficacy of diabetic patients. Mindfulness and emotional self-regulation are two components that affect self-efficacy. The aim of the study was to investigate the mediating role of emotional self-regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and self-efficacy in diabetes type 2 patients.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study in 2016, 243 diabetes type 2 patients from diabetes center of Yazd were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tools were diabetic self-efficacy, mindfulness and emotional self-regulation questionnaires. Data was analyzed by SPSS software 19 using Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and multiple regression analysis.
Findings There were direct correlations between mindfulness and self-efficacy (r=0.428), mindfulness and emotional self-regulation (r=0.231) and self-efficacy and emotional self-regulation (r=0.241) in diabetic type 2 patients. Emotional self-regulation and mindfulness had the power of predicting self-efficacy and emotional self-regulation had the mediator role between self-efficacy and mindfulness (p<0.01).
Conclusion Mindfulness and emotional self-regulation are related to the self-efficacy of diabetic patients. emotional self-regulation has the mediating role between mindfulness and self-efficacy.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study in 2016, 243 diabetes type 2 patients from diabetes center of Yazd were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tools were diabetic self-efficacy, mindfulness and emotional self-regulation questionnaires. Data was analyzed by SPSS software 19 using Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and multiple regression analysis.
Findings There were direct correlations between mindfulness and self-efficacy (r=0.428), mindfulness and emotional self-regulation (r=0.231) and self-efficacy and emotional self-regulation (r=0.241) in diabetic type 2 patients. Emotional self-regulation and mindfulness had the power of predicting self-efficacy and emotional self-regulation had the mediator role between self-efficacy and mindfulness (p<0.01).
Conclusion Mindfulness and emotional self-regulation are related to the self-efficacy of diabetic patients. emotional self-regulation has the mediating role between mindfulness and self-efficacy.
CITATION LINKS
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[25]Rasheed AHE. Alexithymia in egyption substance abuser. Subst Abus. 2001;22(1):11-21.
[26]Lorig K, Ritter P, Villa F, Armas J. Community-based peer-led diabetes self-management. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(4):641-51.
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[28]Ghasemi Jobnej R, Arabzadeh M, Jalili Nikoo S, Pourzaynab MA, Mohsenzadeh F. Survey the validity and reliability of the persian version of short form of freiburg mindfulness inventory. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2015;14(2):137-50. [Persian]
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[31]Hofmann SG, Kashdan TB. The affective style questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2010;32(2):255-63.
[32]Caldwell K, Harrison M, Adams M, Quin RH, Greeson J. Developing mindfulness in college students through movement-based courses: effects on self-regulatory self-efficacy, mood, stress, and sleep quality. J Am Coll Health. 2010;58(5):433-42.
[33]Chang VY, Palesh O, Caldwell R, Glasgow N. The effects of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on stress, mindfulness self-efficacy, and positive states of mind. Wiley Online Libr. 2004;20(3):141-7.
[34]Jacobson BN, Viko B. Effect of instruction in metacognitive self- assessment strategy on chemistry student's self-efficacy and achievement. Acad Arena. 2010;2(11):1-10.
[35]Mezulis AH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. The developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression: Temperament, parenting, and negative life events in childhood as contributors to negative cognitive style. Dev Psychol. 2006;42(6):1012-25.
[36]Mohammadizadeh S, Moradijoo M, Shamseddini S, Jamshidifar Z. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on sexual self-efficacy in women with breast cancer. Andisheh va Raftar. 2014;8(31):7-16. [Persian]
[37]Junkin SE. Yoga and self-esteem: Exploring change in middle- age women [Dissertation]. Saskatoon, Canada; University of Saskatchewan; 2007. pp. 42-6.
[38]Guay F, Ratelle CF, Chanal J. The role of selfdetermination in education. Can Psychol. 2008;49(3):233-40.
[39]Pintrich PR, de Groot EV. Motivation and self-regulated learning components of class room academic performance. J Educ Psychol. 1990;82(1):33-40.
[40]Feldman G, Hayes A, Kumar S, Greeson J, Laurenceau JP. Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2007;29:177-90.
[41]Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment. 2004;11(3):191-206.
[42]Roemer L, Lee JK, Salters-Pedneault K, Erisman SM. Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behav Therrapy. 2009;40(2):142-54.
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[44]Ghashghaie S, Naziry Gh, Farnam R. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality-of-life in outpatients with diabetes . Iran J Diabetes Metab. 2014;13(4):319-30. [Persian]
[45]Gordon BN, Schroeder C. Assessment and treatment of childhood problems: A clinician’s guide. 2nd edition. New York City: The Guilford Press; 2002.
[46]Kuiper NA, McKee M, Kazarian SS, Olinger J. Social perceptions in psychiatric inpatients: Relation to positive and negative affect levels. Personal Individ Differ. 2009;29(3):479-93.
[47]Salovey P, Mayer JD, Caruso D. The positive psychology: Emotional intelligence (Volume 336). Oxfurd: Oxfurd University Press; 2008. pp: 185-209.
[48]Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freman; 1997.
[49]Salehi Moorkani B. Analysis and Comparison of emotional self-regulation strategies among students with anxiety disorders and depression with normal students in Isfahan [Dissertation]. Tehran: Alzahra University; 2006. [Persian]
[50]Rostami R, Shah Mohammadi Kh, Ghaedi GhH, Besharat MA, Akbari Zardkhane S, Nosratabadi M. Relations among self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and perceived social support in university students. Horizon Med Sci. 2010;16(3):46-54. [Persian]
[51]Jimenez SS, Niles BlP. A mindfulness model of affect regulation and depressive symptoms: Positive emotions, mood regulation expectancies, and self-acceptance as regulatory mechanisms. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;49(6):645-50.
[52]Coffey KA, Hartman M. Mechanisms of action in the inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2008;13(2):79-91.
[53]Thompson RA. Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(2-3):25-52.
[54]Toneatto T, Nguyen L. Does mindfulness meditation improve anxiety and mood symptoms? A review of the controlled research. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):260-6.
[55]Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615-23.
[56]Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2008;30(4):315-9.
[2]Zare Shahabadi A, Ebrahimi Sadrabadi F. Study of Cognitive Factors in the treatment of type II diabetes in Yazd. Clin Psychol Stud. 2013;4(13):1-22. [Persian]
[3]Maddux JE. The power of believing you can, Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002.
[4]Hashemi T, Mostafavi F, Mashinchi Abbasi N, Badri R. The role orientation, self-efficacy and personality in procrastination. Contemp Psychol. 2012;7(1):73-84. [Persian]
[5]Boyer BA, Paharia MI. Comprehensive handbook of clinical health psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
[6]Dishman R, Mott, Sallis J, Dunn A, Birnbaum A, Welk G, et al. Self-management strategies mediate self-efficacy and physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29(1):10-8.
[7]Aljasem LI, Peyrot M, Wissow L, Rubin RR. The impact of barriers and self-efficacy on self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2001;27(3):393-404.
[8]Wu SF, Courtney M, Edwards H, McDowell J, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Chang PJ. Self-efficacy outcome expectations and self-care behaviour in people with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(11C):250-7.
[9]Sousa VD, Zauszniewski JA, Musil CM, Price Lea PJ, Davis SA. Relationships among self-care agency, self-efficacy, self-care, and glycemic control. Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2013;19(3):217-30.
[10]Rahimian Bougar E, Besharat MA, Mohajerani Tehrani MR, Talepasand S. The predictive role of self-efficacy, the belief in the efficacy of their treatment and social support in managing diabetes mellitus. Iran Psychiat Clin Psychol. 2011;17(3):232-40. [Persian]
[11]Morovvati Sharifabad MA, Rohani Tonekaboni N. Self-efficacy and self-care behaviors in diabetic patients referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2008;15(4):91-9. [Persian]
[12]Yousefiyan F, Asgharipour N. Comparative effectiveness of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and group cognitive-behavioral therapy on self-esteem of girl students. J Fundam Ment Health. 2013;15(3):205-15. [Persian]
[13]Rayan RM, Brown KW. Why we don’t need self-esteem: On fundamental need, cogtingent love, and mindfulness. Pschol Inq. 2003;14(1):27-82.
[14]Teper R, Segal ZV, Inzlicht M. Inside the mindful mind: How mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2013;22(6):1-6.
[15]Hayes S, Feldman G. Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):255-62.
[16]Chambers R, Gullone E, Allen BA. Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(6):560-72.
[17]Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD, Niemiec C. Beyond me: Mindful responses to social threat. In: Wayment HA, Bauer JJ, editors. The quiet ego: Research and theory on the benefits of transcending egoistic self-interest. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2008.
[18]Kabat-Zinn J. Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Random House Publishing Group; 2013.
[19]Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):230-40.
[20]Rosenzweig S, Reibel DK, Greeson JM, EdmanJS, JasserSA, McMearty KD, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction is associated with improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetesmellitus: A pilotstudy. Altern Ther Health. 2007;13(5):36-8.
[21]Kool S. The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. J Cognit Emot. 2009;23(1):4-41.
[22]Golman D. Emotional Intelligence. Parsa N, translator. Tehran: Roshd; 2003. [Persian]
[23]Kari F, Ghaffari Nooran O, Mousazadeh T. On the comparison of self-perception, emotional self-regulation, and attachment styles between normal people and drug-dependent people. J Res Addict. 2015;8(32):105-17. [Persian]
[24]Nikmanesh Z, Kazemi Y, Khosravi M. Role of feeling of loneliness and emotion regulation difficulty on drug abuse. J Comm Health Res. 2015;4(1)55-64. [Persian]
[25]Rasheed AHE. Alexithymia in egyption substance abuser. Subst Abus. 2001;22(1):11-21.
[26]Lorig K, Ritter P, Villa F, Armas J. Community-based peer-led diabetes self-management. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(4):641-51.
[27]Tal A, Sharifi Rad GhR, Eslami AA, Alhani F, Mohajeri Tehrani MR, Shojaeizadeh D. Self-efficacy: The concept of functional and effective in controlling type 2 diabetes. Health Sys Res. 2012;8(2)339-47. [Persian]
[28]Ghasemi Jobnej R, Arabzadeh M, Jalili Nikoo S, Pourzaynab MA, Mohsenzadeh F. Survey the validity and reliability of the persian version of short form of freiburg mindfulness inventory. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2015;14(2):137-50. [Persian]
[29]Walach H, Buchheld N, Buttenmüller V, Kleinknecht N, Schmidt S. Measuring mindfulness - the freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI). Personal Individ Differ. 2006;40(8):1543-55.
[30]Trousselard M, Steiler D, Raphel C, Cian C, Duymedjian R, Claverie D, et al. Validation of a French version of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory - short version: Relationships between mindfulness and stress in an adult population. Bio Psycho Soc Med. 2010;4(8):1-11.
[31]Hofmann SG, Kashdan TB. The affective style questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2010;32(2):255-63.
[32]Caldwell K, Harrison M, Adams M, Quin RH, Greeson J. Developing mindfulness in college students through movement-based courses: effects on self-regulatory self-efficacy, mood, stress, and sleep quality. J Am Coll Health. 2010;58(5):433-42.
[33]Chang VY, Palesh O, Caldwell R, Glasgow N. The effects of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on stress, mindfulness self-efficacy, and positive states of mind. Wiley Online Libr. 2004;20(3):141-7.
[34]Jacobson BN, Viko B. Effect of instruction in metacognitive self- assessment strategy on chemistry student's self-efficacy and achievement. Acad Arena. 2010;2(11):1-10.
[35]Mezulis AH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. The developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression: Temperament, parenting, and negative life events in childhood as contributors to negative cognitive style. Dev Psychol. 2006;42(6):1012-25.
[36]Mohammadizadeh S, Moradijoo M, Shamseddini S, Jamshidifar Z. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on sexual self-efficacy in women with breast cancer. Andisheh va Raftar. 2014;8(31):7-16. [Persian]
[37]Junkin SE. Yoga and self-esteem: Exploring change in middle- age women [Dissertation]. Saskatoon, Canada; University of Saskatchewan; 2007. pp. 42-6.
[38]Guay F, Ratelle CF, Chanal J. The role of selfdetermination in education. Can Psychol. 2008;49(3):233-40.
[39]Pintrich PR, de Groot EV. Motivation and self-regulated learning components of class room academic performance. J Educ Psychol. 1990;82(1):33-40.
[40]Feldman G, Hayes A, Kumar S, Greeson J, Laurenceau JP. Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2007;29:177-90.
[41]Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment. 2004;11(3):191-206.
[42]Roemer L, Lee JK, Salters-Pedneault K, Erisman SM. Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behav Therrapy. 2009;40(2):142-54.
[43]Kazemian S. The effect of mindfulness-based training on self-regulation for new students. 6th Seminar of University Students’ Mental Health Proceeding. Rasht: Gilan University; 2012. [Persian]
[44]Ghashghaie S, Naziry Gh, Farnam R. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality-of-life in outpatients with diabetes . Iran J Diabetes Metab. 2014;13(4):319-30. [Persian]
[45]Gordon BN, Schroeder C. Assessment and treatment of childhood problems: A clinician’s guide. 2nd edition. New York City: The Guilford Press; 2002.
[46]Kuiper NA, McKee M, Kazarian SS, Olinger J. Social perceptions in psychiatric inpatients: Relation to positive and negative affect levels. Personal Individ Differ. 2009;29(3):479-93.
[47]Salovey P, Mayer JD, Caruso D. The positive psychology: Emotional intelligence (Volume 336). Oxfurd: Oxfurd University Press; 2008. pp: 185-209.
[48]Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freman; 1997.
[49]Salehi Moorkani B. Analysis and Comparison of emotional self-regulation strategies among students with anxiety disorders and depression with normal students in Isfahan [Dissertation]. Tehran: Alzahra University; 2006. [Persian]
[50]Rostami R, Shah Mohammadi Kh, Ghaedi GhH, Besharat MA, Akbari Zardkhane S, Nosratabadi M. Relations among self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and perceived social support in university students. Horizon Med Sci. 2010;16(3):46-54. [Persian]
[51]Jimenez SS, Niles BlP. A mindfulness model of affect regulation and depressive symptoms: Positive emotions, mood regulation expectancies, and self-acceptance as regulatory mechanisms. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;49(6):645-50.
[52]Coffey KA, Hartman M. Mechanisms of action in the inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2008;13(2):79-91.
[53]Thompson RA. Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(2-3):25-52.
[54]Toneatto T, Nguyen L. Does mindfulness meditation improve anxiety and mood symptoms? A review of the controlled research. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):260-6.
[55]Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615-23.
[56]Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2008;30(4):315-9.