@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2019;25(1):8-15
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2019;25(1):8-15
The Causal Relationship between Attachment Styles and Marital Satisfaction Through Meditation of Dependence on Cell Phone in Nurses in Ahvaz City: Providing a Proposed Model
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Azemi K. (1)Maktabi Gh. (*)
Garavand Y. (2)
Amini M. (3)
(*) Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(1) Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(2) Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(3) Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Chamran University Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Phone: +9166035985
Fax: 06133330011
ghmaktabi@gmail.com
Article History
Received: September 8, 2018Accepted: October 16, 2018
ePublished: January 27, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
Humans have biological demands for forming attachment to social partners and it seems
that dependence can be inhuman and inanimate purposes such as cell phone. Therefore, the
present study examined the predictors of marital satisfaction in the form of a causal model. In
this regard, attachment styles were considered as exogenous variables, cell phone dependency,
intermediate variables, and marital satisfaction of exogenous variables.
Materials & Methods The research method was correlation of the type of path analysis. The statistical population consisted of all nurses of Ahvaz hospitals in 2018, that 240 nurses were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. The research tools were the attachment style scales; dependence on cell phone and marital satisfaction. To evaluate the proposed model, the SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 22 were used and the bootstrap method was used to determine the significance of indirect relationships
Findings The findings indicated that secure attachment both directly (p <0.001) and through mediating the dependence on cell phone, which was a negative predictor of marital satisfaction (p <0.001). Also, secure attachment is a significant negative predictor of cell phone dependency (p <0.001). In addition, insecure attachment was a positive and significant predictor for dependence on cell phone (p <0.001), and mediates the relationship between dependence on cell phone and marital satisfaction (p <0.001). Finally, cell phone dependency was a significant negative predictor of marital satisfaction (p <0.001).
Conclusion In general findings showed that insecure attachment is more susceptible to using cell phones than those who have a secure attachment to fill their attachment emotional emptiness. This in turn leads to harmful effects on marital satisfaction of couples in families.
Materials & Methods The research method was correlation of the type of path analysis. The statistical population consisted of all nurses of Ahvaz hospitals in 2018, that 240 nurses were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. The research tools were the attachment style scales; dependence on cell phone and marital satisfaction. To evaluate the proposed model, the SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 22 were used and the bootstrap method was used to determine the significance of indirect relationships
Findings The findings indicated that secure attachment both directly (p <0.001) and through mediating the dependence on cell phone, which was a negative predictor of marital satisfaction (p <0.001). Also, secure attachment is a significant negative predictor of cell phone dependency (p <0.001). In addition, insecure attachment was a positive and significant predictor for dependence on cell phone (p <0.001), and mediates the relationship between dependence on cell phone and marital satisfaction (p <0.001). Finally, cell phone dependency was a significant negative predictor of marital satisfaction (p <0.001).
Conclusion In general findings showed that insecure attachment is more susceptible to using cell phones than those who have a secure attachment to fill their attachment emotional emptiness. This in turn leads to harmful effects on marital satisfaction of couples in families.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Ahmadi Kh, Sheikh M, Sarabandi H. Relationship between attachment styles of couples with marital satisfaction in military families. J Mil Psychol. 2012;3(11):41-52. [Persian]
[2]Rezaee M, Foruzandeh E. Effectiveness of family life education on marital satisfaction of couples attending counseling center in Isfahan city. Int J Educ Psychol Res. 2016;2(1):54-9.
[3]Zare M, Rezaei A. Mediating role of the cognitive emotional regulation for personality characters and marital satisfaction. Psychol Method Model. 2016;7(24):91-102. [Persian]
[4]Beyrami M, Fahimi S, Akbari E, Amiry Pikhalkai A. The prediction of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles and differentiation components. J Basic Princ Ment Health. 2013;14(1):64-77. [Persian]
[5]Blacher J, Begum GF, Marcoulides GA, Baker BL. Longitudinal Perspectives of child positive impact on families: Relationship to disability and culture. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2013;118(2):141-55.
[6]Korporaal M, Broese van Groenou MI, Van Tilburg TG. Health problems and marital satisfaction among older couples. J Aging Health. 2013;25(8):1279-98.
[7]Mohammadi K, Samavi A, Ghazavi A. The Relationship between attachment styles and lifestyle with marital satisfaction. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(4):1-6.
[8]Rahimi L, Validi Pack A, Khoshroei M, Ghaderi N. Comparison of attachment styles and marital satisfaction in the city of Marivan citizens. Zanko J Med Sci. 2014;15(46):19-28. [Persian]
[9]Beiranvand H, Azizi A, Dehghan Munshadi, SM. Correlation between attachment styles and spiritual intelligence with marital satisfaction in married female teachers. Mazandaran Univ of Med Sci J. 2016;26(135):149-52. [Persian]
[10]Afshari Z, Motabi F, Ponaghi L. The role of mediators of early maladaptive phrases in the relationship between attachment styles and marital satisfaction. Fam Psychol. 2016;2(1):59-70. [Persian]
[11]Beck LA, Pietromonaco PR, DeBuse CJ, Powers SI, Sayer AG. Spouses' attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2013;105(3):388-424.
[12]Hedayati M, Bagi S. Determining the relationship between delusional styles and marital satisfaction with gender function in women. Women Res Paper. 2016;7(2):127-41. [Persian]
[13]Khojasteh Mehr R, Amanollahi A, Zoohrei I, Rajabi, Gh. Attachment styles, causal attribution and responsibility attribution as predictors of violence against women. Fam Psychol. 2015;1(1):41-52. [Persian]
[14]Borrelli JS. Exploring the influence of smartphone technology within the context of marriage: An intervention study [Dissertation]. Newberg: George Fox University; 2015.
[15]Homaie Mojaz Z, Zoghi Paydar M, Ebrahimi MS. The relationship between the Internet addiction and the use of Facebook with marital satisfaction and emotional divorce among married students. Indian J Fundam App Life Sci. 2015;5(S3):709-17.
[16]Keyvan Kar M, Pakdaman M, Shahibizadeh F. Perceived childhood attachment and personality traits in the pattern of mobile affiliation. Dev Psychol. 2014;9(36):423-32. [Persian]
[17]Alosaimi FD, Alyahya H, Alshahwan H, Al Mahyijari N, Shaik SA. Smartphone addiction among university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2016;37(6):675-83.
[18]Gutierrez JD, DeFonseca FR, Rubio G. Cell-phone addiction: A review. Fron Psychiatry. 2016;7:175-90.
[19]Lin YH, Lin YC, Lee YH, Lin PH, Lin SH, Chang LR, et al. Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). J Psychiatr Res. 2015;65:139-45.
[20]Rajaee MS, Heidari H. The Relationship between internet addiction and marital satisfaction of married students in Khomeini Shahr University. First International Congress of Comprehensive Psychology of Iran. Tehran: Iranian Development Conferences Center; 2016. [Persian]
[21]Fereydouni F. Anticipating the severity of internet addiction based on family interactions and self-esteem [Dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2014. [Persian]
[22]Rajabi GH, Jamali A, Taghi Pour M. The relationship between secure attachment style, self-differentiation (I- position) and marital satisfaction mediating couple optimism. J Couns Res. 2016;14(56):45-66. [Persian]
[23]Morley TE, Moran G. The origins of cognitive vulnerability in early childhood: Mechanisms linking early attachment to later depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(7):1071-82.
[24]Yuchang J, Cuicui S, Junxiu A, Junyi L. Attachment styles and smartphone addiction in Chinese college students: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2017;15(5):1122-34.
[25]Kim EY, Cho I, Kim EJ. Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: Mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(2):92-7.
[26]Alhayari A, Heidari S, Zhian F. Attachment styles, addiction to the cell phone and how to use it in students. Psychol Method Mod. 2016;(21)6:87-103. [Persian]
[27]Choi YY, Seo YS. The relationship between insecure adult attachment and smartphone addiction: The mediation effect of impulsiveness moderated by social support. Korean J Psychol Couns Psychother. 2015;27(3):749-72.
[28]Schimmenti A, Passanisi A, Gervasi AM, Manzella S, Fama FI. Insecure attachment attitudes in the onset of problematic internet use among late adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2014;45(5):588-95.
[29]Ghasempour A, Mahmoodi-Aghdam M. The Role of depression and attachment styles in predicting students' addiction to cell phones. Addict Health. 2015;7(4):192-7.
[30]Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3th Edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2011.
[31]Basharat MA. Standardization of Adult Attachment Scale: Research Report. Tehran: University of Tehran; 2006. [Persian]
[32]Basharat MA. Build and standardize adult attachment scales. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: University of Tehran (Research project report); 2001. [Persian]
[33]Koo HY. Development of a cell phone addiction scale for Korean adolescents. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009;39(6):18-28. [Korean]
[34]Khazaei T, Saadat Joo SA, Shabani M, Senobary M, Baziyan M. Investigating the prevalence of cell phone dependence and its relationship with student self-esteem. J Sci Health. 2014;8(4):156-62. [Persian]
[35]Fowers BJ, Olson DH. Enrich marital inventory: a discriminant validity and cross-validation assessment. J Marital Fam Ther. 1989;15(1):65-79.
[36]Soleimanian AA. The effect of irrational thinking based on psychological approach to marital dissatisfaction [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Moalem University; 1995. [Persian]
[37]Seraj F, Nourani Sh, Shakeri MT. Correlation between the difficulty of passing to parenting and marital satisfaction and comparing it with women with first and second child. Iran J Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;2(3):1-11. [Persian]
[38]Teo T, Noyes J. Explaining the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: a multi-group analysis of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Interact Learn Environ. 2012;22(1):51-66.
[39]Gefen D, Straub D, Boudreau MC. Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research and practice. Commun Assoc Inf Syst. 2000;4(7):1-79.
[40]Eichenberg Ch, Schott M, Decker O, Sindelar B. Attachment style and internet addiction: An online survey. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(5):161-70.
[41]McClure MJ, Lydon JE. Anxiety doesn’t become you: How attachment anxiety compromises relational opportunities. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2014;106:89-111.
[42]Rao G, Madan A. A study exploring the link between attachment styles and social networking habits of adolescents in urban Bangalore. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2013;3(1):1-12.
[43]Luciana RP. One minute more: Adolescent addiction for virtual world. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2010;2(2):3706-10.
[2]Rezaee M, Foruzandeh E. Effectiveness of family life education on marital satisfaction of couples attending counseling center in Isfahan city. Int J Educ Psychol Res. 2016;2(1):54-9.
[3]Zare M, Rezaei A. Mediating role of the cognitive emotional regulation for personality characters and marital satisfaction. Psychol Method Model. 2016;7(24):91-102. [Persian]
[4]Beyrami M, Fahimi S, Akbari E, Amiry Pikhalkai A. The prediction of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles and differentiation components. J Basic Princ Ment Health. 2013;14(1):64-77. [Persian]
[5]Blacher J, Begum GF, Marcoulides GA, Baker BL. Longitudinal Perspectives of child positive impact on families: Relationship to disability and culture. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2013;118(2):141-55.
[6]Korporaal M, Broese van Groenou MI, Van Tilburg TG. Health problems and marital satisfaction among older couples. J Aging Health. 2013;25(8):1279-98.
[7]Mohammadi K, Samavi A, Ghazavi A. The Relationship between attachment styles and lifestyle with marital satisfaction. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(4):1-6.
[8]Rahimi L, Validi Pack A, Khoshroei M, Ghaderi N. Comparison of attachment styles and marital satisfaction in the city of Marivan citizens. Zanko J Med Sci. 2014;15(46):19-28. [Persian]
[9]Beiranvand H, Azizi A, Dehghan Munshadi, SM. Correlation between attachment styles and spiritual intelligence with marital satisfaction in married female teachers. Mazandaran Univ of Med Sci J. 2016;26(135):149-52. [Persian]
[10]Afshari Z, Motabi F, Ponaghi L. The role of mediators of early maladaptive phrases in the relationship between attachment styles and marital satisfaction. Fam Psychol. 2016;2(1):59-70. [Persian]
[11]Beck LA, Pietromonaco PR, DeBuse CJ, Powers SI, Sayer AG. Spouses' attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2013;105(3):388-424.
[12]Hedayati M, Bagi S. Determining the relationship between delusional styles and marital satisfaction with gender function in women. Women Res Paper. 2016;7(2):127-41. [Persian]
[13]Khojasteh Mehr R, Amanollahi A, Zoohrei I, Rajabi, Gh. Attachment styles, causal attribution and responsibility attribution as predictors of violence against women. Fam Psychol. 2015;1(1):41-52. [Persian]
[14]Borrelli JS. Exploring the influence of smartphone technology within the context of marriage: An intervention study [Dissertation]. Newberg: George Fox University; 2015.
[15]Homaie Mojaz Z, Zoghi Paydar M, Ebrahimi MS. The relationship between the Internet addiction and the use of Facebook with marital satisfaction and emotional divorce among married students. Indian J Fundam App Life Sci. 2015;5(S3):709-17.
[16]Keyvan Kar M, Pakdaman M, Shahibizadeh F. Perceived childhood attachment and personality traits in the pattern of mobile affiliation. Dev Psychol. 2014;9(36):423-32. [Persian]
[17]Alosaimi FD, Alyahya H, Alshahwan H, Al Mahyijari N, Shaik SA. Smartphone addiction among university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2016;37(6):675-83.
[18]Gutierrez JD, DeFonseca FR, Rubio G. Cell-phone addiction: A review. Fron Psychiatry. 2016;7:175-90.
[19]Lin YH, Lin YC, Lee YH, Lin PH, Lin SH, Chang LR, et al. Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). J Psychiatr Res. 2015;65:139-45.
[20]Rajaee MS, Heidari H. The Relationship between internet addiction and marital satisfaction of married students in Khomeini Shahr University. First International Congress of Comprehensive Psychology of Iran. Tehran: Iranian Development Conferences Center; 2016. [Persian]
[21]Fereydouni F. Anticipating the severity of internet addiction based on family interactions and self-esteem [Dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2014. [Persian]
[22]Rajabi GH, Jamali A, Taghi Pour M. The relationship between secure attachment style, self-differentiation (I- position) and marital satisfaction mediating couple optimism. J Couns Res. 2016;14(56):45-66. [Persian]
[23]Morley TE, Moran G. The origins of cognitive vulnerability in early childhood: Mechanisms linking early attachment to later depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(7):1071-82.
[24]Yuchang J, Cuicui S, Junxiu A, Junyi L. Attachment styles and smartphone addiction in Chinese college students: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2017;15(5):1122-34.
[25]Kim EY, Cho I, Kim EJ. Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: Mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(2):92-7.
[26]Alhayari A, Heidari S, Zhian F. Attachment styles, addiction to the cell phone and how to use it in students. Psychol Method Mod. 2016;(21)6:87-103. [Persian]
[27]Choi YY, Seo YS. The relationship between insecure adult attachment and smartphone addiction: The mediation effect of impulsiveness moderated by social support. Korean J Psychol Couns Psychother. 2015;27(3):749-72.
[28]Schimmenti A, Passanisi A, Gervasi AM, Manzella S, Fama FI. Insecure attachment attitudes in the onset of problematic internet use among late adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2014;45(5):588-95.
[29]Ghasempour A, Mahmoodi-Aghdam M. The Role of depression and attachment styles in predicting students' addiction to cell phones. Addict Health. 2015;7(4):192-7.
[30]Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3th Edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2011.
[31]Basharat MA. Standardization of Adult Attachment Scale: Research Report. Tehran: University of Tehran; 2006. [Persian]
[32]Basharat MA. Build and standardize adult attachment scales. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: University of Tehran (Research project report); 2001. [Persian]
[33]Koo HY. Development of a cell phone addiction scale for Korean adolescents. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009;39(6):18-28. [Korean]
[34]Khazaei T, Saadat Joo SA, Shabani M, Senobary M, Baziyan M. Investigating the prevalence of cell phone dependence and its relationship with student self-esteem. J Sci Health. 2014;8(4):156-62. [Persian]
[35]Fowers BJ, Olson DH. Enrich marital inventory: a discriminant validity and cross-validation assessment. J Marital Fam Ther. 1989;15(1):65-79.
[36]Soleimanian AA. The effect of irrational thinking based on psychological approach to marital dissatisfaction [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Moalem University; 1995. [Persian]
[37]Seraj F, Nourani Sh, Shakeri MT. Correlation between the difficulty of passing to parenting and marital satisfaction and comparing it with women with first and second child. Iran J Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;2(3):1-11. [Persian]
[38]Teo T, Noyes J. Explaining the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: a multi-group analysis of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Interact Learn Environ. 2012;22(1):51-66.
[39]Gefen D, Straub D, Boudreau MC. Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research and practice. Commun Assoc Inf Syst. 2000;4(7):1-79.
[40]Eichenberg Ch, Schott M, Decker O, Sindelar B. Attachment style and internet addiction: An online survey. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(5):161-70.
[41]McClure MJ, Lydon JE. Anxiety doesn’t become you: How attachment anxiety compromises relational opportunities. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2014;106:89-111.
[42]Rao G, Madan A. A study exploring the link between attachment styles and social networking habits of adolescents in urban Bangalore. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2013;3(1):1-12.
[43]Luciana RP. One minute more: Adolescent addiction for virtual world. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2010;2(2):3706-10.