@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(2):103-110
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(2):103-110
A Comparison of the Effect of Eight Weeks Aerobic Training and Vitamin C Supplements Consumption on Antioxidant Enzymes in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Shirebrahimi E (1)Ramezanpour MR (*)
(*) Exercise Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Mashhad branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
(1) Exercise Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty , Mashhad branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mashhad branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, IranPhone: +98 (51) 35251317
Fax: +98 (51) 35251317
ramezanpour@mshdiau.ac.ir
Article History
Received: October 25, 2017Accepted: May 2, 2018
ePublished: May 16, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Type 2 diabetes is increasing as a common global health issue. The aim of
this study was to investigate the comparison of the effect of eight weeks aerobic
training and vitamin C supplements on antioxidant enzymes in men with type 2
diabetes.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study, 45 men with type 2 diabetes were selected by convenience sampling method. Were divided randomly into 3 equal groups: aerobic training with supplement, aerobic training with placebo and control groups. Aerobic training program included aerobic trainings up to 50-60 minutes at 65%-75% maximum reserve heart rate, three sessions per week which lasted for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the supplement group took 100 mg of vitamin C before each training session. In this period, the control group did not take part in any physical activity. To make intra and between groups comparison, repeated measure (ANOVA) was used. For all statistical comparisons, the level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Findings Eight weeks aerobic training with placebo and vitamin C supplements lead to a significant reduction in MDA and increase of SOD and CAT in men with Type 2 Diabetes. The average differences in the MDA, SOD and CAT levels have a statistically significant difference between the three groups.
Conclusion Eight weeks of aerobic training, vitamin C supplements consumption and especially mix of them with together have similar affected on increase of antioxidant enzymes, prevents exercise-induced oxidative stress and thus type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method as an effective nonpharmacologic treatment method for prevention of adverse effects of an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study, 45 men with type 2 diabetes were selected by convenience sampling method. Were divided randomly into 3 equal groups: aerobic training with supplement, aerobic training with placebo and control groups. Aerobic training program included aerobic trainings up to 50-60 minutes at 65%-75% maximum reserve heart rate, three sessions per week which lasted for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the supplement group took 100 mg of vitamin C before each training session. In this period, the control group did not take part in any physical activity. To make intra and between groups comparison, repeated measure (ANOVA) was used. For all statistical comparisons, the level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Findings Eight weeks aerobic training with placebo and vitamin C supplements lead to a significant reduction in MDA and increase of SOD and CAT in men with Type 2 Diabetes. The average differences in the MDA, SOD and CAT levels have a statistically significant difference between the three groups.
Conclusion Eight weeks of aerobic training, vitamin C supplements consumption and especially mix of them with together have similar affected on increase of antioxidant enzymes, prevents exercise-induced oxidative stress and thus type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method as an effective nonpharmacologic treatment method for prevention of adverse effects of an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Azimi Nezhad M, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Parizadeh MR, Safarian M, Esmaeili H, Parizadeh SM, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iran and its relationship with gender, urbanisation, education, marital status and occupation. Singapore Med J. 2008;49(7):571-6.
[3]Ghalavand A, Shakerian S, Nikbakht M, Mehdipour A, Monazamnezhad A, Delaramnasab M. Effects of aerobic training on cardiorespiratory factors in men with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Nurs. 2014;2(2):8-17. [Persian]
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[8]Poblete Aro CE, Russell Guzmán JA, Soto Muñoz ME, Villegas González BE. Effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on the reduction of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic adult patients: CAT. Medwave. 2015;15(7):e6212. [English-Spanish]
[9]Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7(9):405-10.
[10]Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, et al. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: Evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22(1):18-35.
[11]Jesudason DR, Dunstan K, Leong D, Wittert GA. Macrovascular risk and diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes: Implications for the use of FPG and HbA(1c) for cost-effective screening. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):485-90.
[12]Perry RC, Shankar RR, Fineberg N, Mc Gill J, Baron AD, Early Diabetes Intervention Program (EDIP). HbA1c measurement improves the detection of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals with nondiagnostic levels of fasting plasma glucose: The Early Diabetes Intervention Program (EDIP). Diabetes Care. 2001;24(3):465-71.
[13]Xie W, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Traditional chinese medicines in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:726723.
[14]Chao M, Zou D, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang M, Wu H, et al. Improving insulin resistance with traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetic patients. Endocrine. 2009;36(2):268-74.
[15]Suh S, Jeong IK, Kim MY, Kim YS, Shin S, Kim SS, et al. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise on insulin sensitivity in overweight Korean adolescents: A controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):418-26.
[16]Deng H, Wen Q, Luo Y, Huang Y, Huang R. Influence of different extracts from persimmon leaves on the antioxidant activity in diabetic mice]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012;37(5):469-73. [Chinese]
[17]Carcary KD. Comparison of an aquatic exercise program and a land-based exercise program for persons with mulitiple sclerosis [Dissertation]. Calgary: University of Calgary; 2004.
[18]Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willett WC, et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: A prospective study. JAMA. 1999;282(15):1433-9.
[19]Peirce NS. Diabetes and exercise. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33(3):161-73.
[20]Silva LA, Scheffer DL, Alves A, Pereira LT, Moneretto DB, Tromm C, et al. Effect of aerobic training of moderate and low volume on electron transport chain activity and oxidative stress markers in skeletal muscle. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2015;18(6):81-93.
[21]Taheri B, Rezaeshirazi R. Effect of a six-week high-intensity interval training on antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in inactive men. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2016;32:1055-8.
[22]Bartlett II JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Inf Technol Learn Perform J. 2001;19(1):43-50.
[23]Aghapour A, Farzanegi P. Effect of six-week aerobic exercise on Chemerin and Resistin concentration in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Electron Physician. 2013;5(1):623-30.
[24]Gupt AM, Kumar M, Sharma RK, Misra R, Gup A. Effect of moderate aerobic exercise training on pulmonary functions and its correlation with the antioxidant status. Natl J Med Res. 2015;5(2):136-9.
[25]Valado A, Tavares PC, Pereira L, Fontes Ribeiro C. Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress - effect of the intense exercise on nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. Proceedings of the 2007 WSEAS Int Conference on Cellular & Molecular Biology - Biophysics & Bioengineering, Athens, Greece, August 26-28, 2007. Sofia: WSEAS; 2007.
[26]Jarrete AP, Novais IP, Nunes HA, Puga GM, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2014;1(3):108-14.
[27]Ghahremani Moghaddam M, Hejazi K. Effect of aerobic training on endothelin-1 and malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2016;18(3):52-7. [Persian]
[28]Jarrete AP, Novais IP, Nunes HA, Puga GM, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2014;1(3):108-14.
[29]Goldfarb AH, Bloomer RJ, Mc Kenzie MJ. Combined antioxidant treatment effects on blood oxidative stress after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):234-9.
[30]Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Cherubini A, Senin U. Physical activity and oxidative stress during aging. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21(3):154-7.
[31]Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Duthie GG, Morrice PC. Increased blood antioxidant systems of runners in response to training load. Clin Sci (Lond). 1991;80(6):611-8.
[32]Vincent HK, Powers SK, Stewart DJ, Shanely RA, Demirel H, Naito H. Obesity is associated with increased myocardial oxidative stress. Int J Obes. 1999;23:67-74.
[33]Radák Z, Naito H, Kaneko T, Tahara Sh, Nakamoto H, Takahashi R, et al. Exercise training decreases DNA damage and increases DNA repair and resistance against oxidative stress of proteins in aged rat skeletal muscle. Pflügers Archiv. 2002;445(2):273-8.
[34]Alipour M, Salehi I, Ghadiri Soufi F. Effect of exercise on diabetes-induced oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(4):222-8.
[35]Fakoory Jouybari M, Farzanegi P, Barari AR. The effect of 8-week aerobic exercise with purslane supplementation consumption on peroxidant and antioxidants indicators in women with type 2 diabetes. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2014;22(1):928-39. [Persian]
[36]Pereira ADS, Spagnol AR, Luciano E, De Almeida Leme JAC. Influence of aerobic exercise training on serum markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. J Phys Educ. 2016;27:e2726.
[37]Korb A, Cechinel LR, Bertoldi K, Delevatti RS, Meireles LCFd, Moysés FdS, et al. Effects of acute exercise and periodised training performed in different environments on oxidative status parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. Anais. 2015;1(12):1-10.
[38]Alessio HM. Exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(2):218-24.
[39]Adams AK, Best TM. The role of antioxidants in exercise and disease prevention. Phys Sportsmed. 2002;30(5):37-44.
[2]Azimi Nezhad M, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Parizadeh MR, Safarian M, Esmaeili H, Parizadeh SM, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iran and its relationship with gender, urbanisation, education, marital status and occupation. Singapore Med J. 2008;49(7):571-6.
[3]Ghalavand A, Shakerian S, Nikbakht M, Mehdipour A, Monazamnezhad A, Delaramnasab M. Effects of aerobic training on cardiorespiratory factors in men with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Nurs. 2014;2(2):8-17. [Persian]
[4]Halliwell B. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: Curiosity, cause, or consequence?. Lancet. 1994;344(8924):721-4.
[5]abel AM. Free radicals and antioxidants: Role of enzymes and nutrition. World J Nutr Health. 2014;2(3):35-8.
[6]Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):118-26.
[7]Radak Z, Chung HY, Goto S. Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;44(2):153-9.
[8]Poblete Aro CE, Russell Guzmán JA, Soto Muñoz ME, Villegas González BE. Effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on the reduction of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic adult patients: CAT. Medwave. 2015;15(7):e6212. [English-Spanish]
[9]Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7(9):405-10.
[10]Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, et al. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: Evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22(1):18-35.
[11]Jesudason DR, Dunstan K, Leong D, Wittert GA. Macrovascular risk and diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes: Implications for the use of FPG and HbA(1c) for cost-effective screening. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):485-90.
[12]Perry RC, Shankar RR, Fineberg N, Mc Gill J, Baron AD, Early Diabetes Intervention Program (EDIP). HbA1c measurement improves the detection of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals with nondiagnostic levels of fasting plasma glucose: The Early Diabetes Intervention Program (EDIP). Diabetes Care. 2001;24(3):465-71.
[13]Xie W, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Traditional chinese medicines in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:726723.
[14]Chao M, Zou D, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang M, Wu H, et al. Improving insulin resistance with traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetic patients. Endocrine. 2009;36(2):268-74.
[15]Suh S, Jeong IK, Kim MY, Kim YS, Shin S, Kim SS, et al. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise on insulin sensitivity in overweight Korean adolescents: A controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):418-26.
[16]Deng H, Wen Q, Luo Y, Huang Y, Huang R. Influence of different extracts from persimmon leaves on the antioxidant activity in diabetic mice]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012;37(5):469-73. [Chinese]
[17]Carcary KD. Comparison of an aquatic exercise program and a land-based exercise program for persons with mulitiple sclerosis [Dissertation]. Calgary: University of Calgary; 2004.
[18]Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willett WC, et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: A prospective study. JAMA. 1999;282(15):1433-9.
[19]Peirce NS. Diabetes and exercise. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33(3):161-73.
[20]Silva LA, Scheffer DL, Alves A, Pereira LT, Moneretto DB, Tromm C, et al. Effect of aerobic training of moderate and low volume on electron transport chain activity and oxidative stress markers in skeletal muscle. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2015;18(6):81-93.
[21]Taheri B, Rezaeshirazi R. Effect of a six-week high-intensity interval training on antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in inactive men. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2016;32:1055-8.
[22]Bartlett II JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Inf Technol Learn Perform J. 2001;19(1):43-50.
[23]Aghapour A, Farzanegi P. Effect of six-week aerobic exercise on Chemerin and Resistin concentration in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Electron Physician. 2013;5(1):623-30.
[24]Gupt AM, Kumar M, Sharma RK, Misra R, Gup A. Effect of moderate aerobic exercise training on pulmonary functions and its correlation with the antioxidant status. Natl J Med Res. 2015;5(2):136-9.
[25]Valado A, Tavares PC, Pereira L, Fontes Ribeiro C. Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress - effect of the intense exercise on nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. Proceedings of the 2007 WSEAS Int Conference on Cellular & Molecular Biology - Biophysics & Bioengineering, Athens, Greece, August 26-28, 2007. Sofia: WSEAS; 2007.
[26]Jarrete AP, Novais IP, Nunes HA, Puga GM, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2014;1(3):108-14.
[27]Ghahremani Moghaddam M, Hejazi K. Effect of aerobic training on endothelin-1 and malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2016;18(3):52-7. [Persian]
[28]Jarrete AP, Novais IP, Nunes HA, Puga GM, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2014;1(3):108-14.
[29]Goldfarb AH, Bloomer RJ, Mc Kenzie MJ. Combined antioxidant treatment effects on blood oxidative stress after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):234-9.
[30]Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Cherubini A, Senin U. Physical activity and oxidative stress during aging. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21(3):154-7.
[31]Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Duthie GG, Morrice PC. Increased blood antioxidant systems of runners in response to training load. Clin Sci (Lond). 1991;80(6):611-8.
[32]Vincent HK, Powers SK, Stewart DJ, Shanely RA, Demirel H, Naito H. Obesity is associated with increased myocardial oxidative stress. Int J Obes. 1999;23:67-74.
[33]Radák Z, Naito H, Kaneko T, Tahara Sh, Nakamoto H, Takahashi R, et al. Exercise training decreases DNA damage and increases DNA repair and resistance against oxidative stress of proteins in aged rat skeletal muscle. Pflügers Archiv. 2002;445(2):273-8.
[34]Alipour M, Salehi I, Ghadiri Soufi F. Effect of exercise on diabetes-induced oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(4):222-8.
[35]Fakoory Jouybari M, Farzanegi P, Barari AR. The effect of 8-week aerobic exercise with purslane supplementation consumption on peroxidant and antioxidants indicators in women with type 2 diabetes. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2014;22(1):928-39. [Persian]
[36]Pereira ADS, Spagnol AR, Luciano E, De Almeida Leme JAC. Influence of aerobic exercise training on serum markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. J Phys Educ. 2016;27:e2726.
[37]Korb A, Cechinel LR, Bertoldi K, Delevatti RS, Meireles LCFd, Moysés FdS, et al. Effects of acute exercise and periodised training performed in different environments on oxidative status parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. Anais. 2015;1(12):1-10.
[38]Alessio HM. Exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(2):218-24.
[39]Adams AK, Best TM. The role of antioxidants in exercise and disease prevention. Phys Sportsmed. 2002;30(5):37-44.