@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;5(3):20-30
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;5(3):20-30
Identifying the Contexts of Social Participation in Sport for all in Iran: A Qualitative Study
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Qualitative StudyAuthors
Javadipour Mohammad (1)Zareiian Hossein (2)
Parsaju Ali (2*)
(1) Educational Methods & Curricula Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
(2) Sport Management Department, Sport Management Research Institute, Sport Sciences Research Center,, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: NO. 3, 5th Alley, Miremad Street, Motahari Street, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1587958711Phone: 08134275992
Fax: 08138250295
parsajuali@gmail.com
Article History
Received: June 15, 2018Accepted: October 10, 2018
ePublished: December 20, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
In recent decades, social participation has been considered one of the development indicators in the framework of institutionalization of activities of individuals. The aim of this study was to identify the contexts of social participation in sport for all in Iran.
Participants & Methods Considering the exploratory nature of the subject, the method of qualitative research and the strategy of the grounded theory were used to determine the fields of social participation in sport for all in Iran. First, through the initial studies, the introductory list of effective codes was identified. Purposive sampling method was used. After completing 27 deep and semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable scholars, theoretical saturation was obtained and the main categories were extracted after the completing the coding process.
Findings The open coding results indicated that 98 initial indications and 32 final indications could determine the contexts of social participation in sport for all in Iran. Then, in the axial coding, the final indications were categorized in 11 concepts and 5 categories. Then, in the central coding, the final indications were categorized in 11 concepts and 5 categories .Finally, the identified categories derived from the selective coding included human factors, structural factors, management factors, environmental complexity, and economic factors.
Conclusion The categories of social participation in sport for all in Iran are 5, including human factors, structural factors, management factors, environmental complexity, and economic factors, respectively.
Participants & Methods Considering the exploratory nature of the subject, the method of qualitative research and the strategy of the grounded theory were used to determine the fields of social participation in sport for all in Iran. First, through the initial studies, the introductory list of effective codes was identified. Purposive sampling method was used. After completing 27 deep and semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable scholars, theoretical saturation was obtained and the main categories were extracted after the completing the coding process.
Findings The open coding results indicated that 98 initial indications and 32 final indications could determine the contexts of social participation in sport for all in Iran. Then, in the axial coding, the final indications were categorized in 11 concepts and 5 categories. Then, in the central coding, the final indications were categorized in 11 concepts and 5 categories .Finally, the identified categories derived from the selective coding included human factors, structural factors, management factors, environmental complexity, and economic factors.
Conclusion The categories of social participation in sport for all in Iran are 5, including human factors, structural factors, management factors, environmental complexity, and economic factors, respectively.
CITATION LINKS
[1] U.S. department of health and human services. Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996 [cited 2018 May 11]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/index.htm.
[2]Asefi AA, Asadi Dastjerdi H. An Investigating of developmental barriers of sport for all in state universities of Tehran city and presenting developing strategies. J Sport Manag. 2017;8(6):823-44. [Persian]
[3] Naderian Jahromi M, Hashemi H. Participation in recreational sports, motivations and assumptions in recreational aspects of sport. Res Sport Sci. 2009;6(22):39-53. [Persian]
[4] Shojaei Moghaddam A, Davari K, Razavi Motlagh Z. Relationship between the attraction of participation methods with voluntary activities among volunteers of Red Crescent society of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad in 2010 .Q Sci J Rescue Relife. 2011;2(4):46-52. [Persian]
[5]Shakouri A. Social participations and charity para- governmental organizations: with an emphasis on Iran. 1st Edition. Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks in the Humanities (SAMT); 2011. [Persian]
[6]Vandendriessche, JB, Vandorpe BF, Vaeyens R, Malina RM, Lefevre J, Lenoir M, Philippaerts RM. Variation in sport participation, fitness and motor coordination with socioeconomic status among Flemish children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2012;24(1):113-28. PMID: 22433257 DOI: 10.1123/pes.24.1.113
[7] Saffari M, Ehsani M, Amiri M. Analysis of sport for all in Iran, with application of structural equation modeling. Res sport manag motor behav. 2015;5(9):83-94. [Persian]
[8] Vandermeerschen H, Meganck J, Seghers J, Vos S, Scheerder J. Sports, poverty and the role of the voluntary sector. Exploring and explaining nonprofit sports clubs’ efforts to facilitate participation of socially disadvantaged people. Voluntas. 2017;28(1):307-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11266-016-9799-8
[9]Rouzbahani M, Kamkari K, Mirzapoor AA. Assessment of effective factors of barriers to participate in sport for elder women in recreational sport activities in Alborz Province. Scientific J Organizational Behav Manag Sport Stud. 2014;1(2):33-42. [Persian]
[10]Nemati Bidgoli J. Study and evaluation of the families` attitude and tendency to the physical activities and exercise in 8 cities of Iran. Educ Dev Jundishapur. 2016;7(Special):42-52. [Persian]
[11]Qin J, Theis KA, Barbour KE, Helmick CG, Baker NA, Brady TJ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Impact of arthritis and multiple chronic conditions on selected life domains- United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(21):578-82.
[12] Eime RM, Charity MJ, Harvey JT, Payne WR. Participation in sport and physical activity: associations with socio-economic status and geographical remoteness. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:434. PMID: 25928848 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1796-0
[13]Wicker P, Hallmann K, Breuer C. Micro and macro level determinants of sport participation. Sport Business Manag: Int J. 2012;2(1):51-68. DOI: 10.1108/20426781211207665
[14]Wicker P, Hallmann K, Breuer C. Analyzing the impact of sport infrastructure on sport participation using geo-coded data: Evidence from multi-level models. Sport Manag Rev. 2013;16(1):54-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.001
[15]Hamer M, Weiler R, Stamatakis E. Watching sport on television, physical activity, and risk of obesity in older adults. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1-4. PMID: 24400697 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-10
[16]Arabnarmi B, Goodarzi M, Sajadi SN, Khabiri M. TV and Public Sport Development: A Grounded Theory. Sport Manag Stud. 2017;8(40):17-38. [Persian]
[17]Ehsani M, Saffari M, Amiri M, Kouzechian H. Designing the Model of Sport for all in Iran. Sport Manag Stud. 2015;6(27):87-108. [Persian]
[18]Javadipour M, Ghavidel Sarkandi M, Sameenia M. Introdaction to the theoretical framework and model designing of sport for all in Iran. Sport Manag Stud. 2014;5(21):127-48. [Persian]
[19]Savadi M, Hemmatinejad M, Gholizadeh M, Gohar Rostami H. Designing a development model of the sport for all in Hormozgan province. Sport Manag Dev. 2017;6(2):86-101. [Persian]
[20]Creswell JW. Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. 2nd Edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall; 2005.
[21]Moosavi M. Social participation as a component of social capital. Soc Welfare. 2007;6(23):67-92. [Persian]
[22]Holsti OR. Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.; 1969.
[23] Jones R, Noble GI. Grounded theory and management research: a lack of integrity?. Qual Res Organ Manag Int J. 2007;2(2):84-103. DOI: 10.1108/17465640710778502
[24]Ghofrani M, Goodarzi m, Sajadi SN, Jalali Farahani M, Mogharnasi M. Design and development of strategy for the development of the championship and public sport in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Harakat. 2009;39:107-31. [Persian]
[25]Hallmann K, Artime CM, Breuer C, Dallmeyer S, Metz M. Leisure participation: modelling the decision to engage in sports and culture. J Cult Econ. 2017;41(4):467-87. DOI: 10.1007/s10824-016-9275-8
[26] Floud S, Balkwill A, Canoy D, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Cairns BJ. Social participation and coronary heart disease risk in a large prospective study of UK women. Eur J Prev Cardiol.2016;23(9):995-1002. PMID: 26416995 DOI: 10.1177/2047487315607056
[27]Abedini S, Talebi S. The Socio-economical Factors Related to the Degree of Tendency of Citizens toward Public Sports in Khalkal. J Appl Sociol. 2017;28(1):131-44. [Persian]
[28]Saffari M, Ghareh MA. Identification and classification of effective environmental factors in popularity of recreational sports in Iran. J Sport Manag. 2016;8(1):51-68. [Persian]
[29] Shahbazi M, Sha’bani Moghaddam K, Saffari M. Barriers and solutions to the sport for all in Iran. Majlis Rahbord. 2014;20(76):69-97. [Persian]
[30]Ebrahimi A, Mehdipoor A, Azmsha T. The effects of proximity characteristics and access sports places on sports participation (case study: eight districts in Ahvaz). Organ Behav Manag Sport Stud. 2015;2(1):37-46. [Persian]
[31]Asefi AA, Khabiri M, Asadi Dastjerdi H, Goodarzi M. Investigating the organizational factors influencing intensive sports in Iran. Res Sport Manag Motor Behav. 2014;10(20):63-76. [Persian]
[32]Keshkar S, Soleymani M. The role of privatization on recreational sport development in expert’s opinion. Appl Res Sport Manag biol. 2012;1(2):99-104. [Persian]
[33]Javadipour M, Samieenia M. Explanation of strategic position and presentation of development strategy in sport for all in Iran. Contemp Stud Sport Manag. 2013;3(5):15-28. [Persian]
[34]Seyyed ameri M, mohammad alegh Gh. Determining techniques to attract and increase citizen,s participation in sport for all and recreational sport programs (evidence from Urmia). Contemp Stud Sport Manag. 2013;2(4):23-34. [Persian]
[35]Eberth B, Smith MD. Modelling the participation decision and duration of sporting activity in Scotland. Econ Model. 2010;27(4):822-34. PMID: 20640033 DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2009.10.003
[36]Ghareh MA, Saffari M, Nayeri Sh. Reconstruction of the functions of national media for the development of recreational sports: strategies and guidelines. Res Sport Manag Motor Behav. 2016;6(11):63-76. [Persian]
[37]Lee JLC. The effects of socio-economic status on physical activity participation in Hong kong adolescents. Asocial ecological approach. Univ Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong). 2012.
[2]Asefi AA, Asadi Dastjerdi H. An Investigating of developmental barriers of sport for all in state universities of Tehran city and presenting developing strategies. J Sport Manag. 2017;8(6):823-44. [Persian]
[3] Naderian Jahromi M, Hashemi H. Participation in recreational sports, motivations and assumptions in recreational aspects of sport. Res Sport Sci. 2009;6(22):39-53. [Persian]
[4] Shojaei Moghaddam A, Davari K, Razavi Motlagh Z. Relationship between the attraction of participation methods with voluntary activities among volunteers of Red Crescent society of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad in 2010 .Q Sci J Rescue Relife. 2011;2(4):46-52. [Persian]
[5]Shakouri A. Social participations and charity para- governmental organizations: with an emphasis on Iran. 1st Edition. Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks in the Humanities (SAMT); 2011. [Persian]
[6]Vandendriessche, JB, Vandorpe BF, Vaeyens R, Malina RM, Lefevre J, Lenoir M, Philippaerts RM. Variation in sport participation, fitness and motor coordination with socioeconomic status among Flemish children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2012;24(1):113-28. PMID: 22433257 DOI: 10.1123/pes.24.1.113
[7] Saffari M, Ehsani M, Amiri M. Analysis of sport for all in Iran, with application of structural equation modeling. Res sport manag motor behav. 2015;5(9):83-94. [Persian]
[8] Vandermeerschen H, Meganck J, Seghers J, Vos S, Scheerder J. Sports, poverty and the role of the voluntary sector. Exploring and explaining nonprofit sports clubs’ efforts to facilitate participation of socially disadvantaged people. Voluntas. 2017;28(1):307-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11266-016-9799-8
[9]Rouzbahani M, Kamkari K, Mirzapoor AA. Assessment of effective factors of barriers to participate in sport for elder women in recreational sport activities in Alborz Province. Scientific J Organizational Behav Manag Sport Stud. 2014;1(2):33-42. [Persian]
[10]Nemati Bidgoli J. Study and evaluation of the families` attitude and tendency to the physical activities and exercise in 8 cities of Iran. Educ Dev Jundishapur. 2016;7(Special):42-52. [Persian]
[11]Qin J, Theis KA, Barbour KE, Helmick CG, Baker NA, Brady TJ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Impact of arthritis and multiple chronic conditions on selected life domains- United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(21):578-82.
[12] Eime RM, Charity MJ, Harvey JT, Payne WR. Participation in sport and physical activity: associations with socio-economic status and geographical remoteness. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:434. PMID: 25928848 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1796-0
[13]Wicker P, Hallmann K, Breuer C. Micro and macro level determinants of sport participation. Sport Business Manag: Int J. 2012;2(1):51-68. DOI: 10.1108/20426781211207665
[14]Wicker P, Hallmann K, Breuer C. Analyzing the impact of sport infrastructure on sport participation using geo-coded data: Evidence from multi-level models. Sport Manag Rev. 2013;16(1):54-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.001
[15]Hamer M, Weiler R, Stamatakis E. Watching sport on television, physical activity, and risk of obesity in older adults. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1-4. PMID: 24400697 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-10
[16]Arabnarmi B, Goodarzi M, Sajadi SN, Khabiri M. TV and Public Sport Development: A Grounded Theory. Sport Manag Stud. 2017;8(40):17-38. [Persian]
[17]Ehsani M, Saffari M, Amiri M, Kouzechian H. Designing the Model of Sport for all in Iran. Sport Manag Stud. 2015;6(27):87-108. [Persian]
[18]Javadipour M, Ghavidel Sarkandi M, Sameenia M. Introdaction to the theoretical framework and model designing of sport for all in Iran. Sport Manag Stud. 2014;5(21):127-48. [Persian]
[19]Savadi M, Hemmatinejad M, Gholizadeh M, Gohar Rostami H. Designing a development model of the sport for all in Hormozgan province. Sport Manag Dev. 2017;6(2):86-101. [Persian]
[20]Creswell JW. Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. 2nd Edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall; 2005.
[21]Moosavi M. Social participation as a component of social capital. Soc Welfare. 2007;6(23):67-92. [Persian]
[22]Holsti OR. Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.; 1969.
[23] Jones R, Noble GI. Grounded theory and management research: a lack of integrity?. Qual Res Organ Manag Int J. 2007;2(2):84-103. DOI: 10.1108/17465640710778502
[24]Ghofrani M, Goodarzi m, Sajadi SN, Jalali Farahani M, Mogharnasi M. Design and development of strategy for the development of the championship and public sport in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Harakat. 2009;39:107-31. [Persian]
[25]Hallmann K, Artime CM, Breuer C, Dallmeyer S, Metz M. Leisure participation: modelling the decision to engage in sports and culture. J Cult Econ. 2017;41(4):467-87. DOI: 10.1007/s10824-016-9275-8
[26] Floud S, Balkwill A, Canoy D, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Cairns BJ. Social participation and coronary heart disease risk in a large prospective study of UK women. Eur J Prev Cardiol.2016;23(9):995-1002. PMID: 26416995 DOI: 10.1177/2047487315607056
[27]Abedini S, Talebi S. The Socio-economical Factors Related to the Degree of Tendency of Citizens toward Public Sports in Khalkal. J Appl Sociol. 2017;28(1):131-44. [Persian]
[28]Saffari M, Ghareh MA. Identification and classification of effective environmental factors in popularity of recreational sports in Iran. J Sport Manag. 2016;8(1):51-68. [Persian]
[29] Shahbazi M, Sha’bani Moghaddam K, Saffari M. Barriers and solutions to the sport for all in Iran. Majlis Rahbord. 2014;20(76):69-97. [Persian]
[30]Ebrahimi A, Mehdipoor A, Azmsha T. The effects of proximity characteristics and access sports places on sports participation (case study: eight districts in Ahvaz). Organ Behav Manag Sport Stud. 2015;2(1):37-46. [Persian]
[31]Asefi AA, Khabiri M, Asadi Dastjerdi H, Goodarzi M. Investigating the organizational factors influencing intensive sports in Iran. Res Sport Manag Motor Behav. 2014;10(20):63-76. [Persian]
[32]Keshkar S, Soleymani M. The role of privatization on recreational sport development in expert’s opinion. Appl Res Sport Manag biol. 2012;1(2):99-104. [Persian]
[33]Javadipour M, Samieenia M. Explanation of strategic position and presentation of development strategy in sport for all in Iran. Contemp Stud Sport Manag. 2013;3(5):15-28. [Persian]
[34]Seyyed ameri M, mohammad alegh Gh. Determining techniques to attract and increase citizen,s participation in sport for all and recreational sport programs (evidence from Urmia). Contemp Stud Sport Manag. 2013;2(4):23-34. [Persian]
[35]Eberth B, Smith MD. Modelling the participation decision and duration of sporting activity in Scotland. Econ Model. 2010;27(4):822-34. PMID: 20640033 DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2009.10.003
[36]Ghareh MA, Saffari M, Nayeri Sh. Reconstruction of the functions of national media for the development of recreational sports: strategies and guidelines. Res Sport Manag Motor Behav. 2016;6(11):63-76. [Persian]
[37]Lee JLC. The effects of socio-economic status on physical activity participation in Hong kong adolescents. Asocial ecological approach. Univ Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong). 2012.