@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(4):157-162
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(4):157-162
Effect of Education and Earning Level on Social Capital of Amol City’s Veterans: A Sociological Analysis
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Janalizadeh Choob Basti H. (* )Moradi F. (1 )
(* ) Social Sciences Department, Human &Social Sciences Faculty, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
(1 ) Social Sciences Department, Human &Social Sciences Faculty, Mazandaran University, Babolsar , Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: February 19, 2014Accepted: May 23, 2014
ePublished: July 20, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
The Iran-Iraq war is a momentous event in Iranian peoples’ life. Various social stratum
including veterans have played an effective role to defense Iran Islamic revolution and the
country. This study aimed to investigate the role of education and income level on social
capital of veterans.
Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was done on 522 veterans with document and exact percent of devotee recorded at Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs of the Amol City in 2011. Subjects were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using researcher-made questionnaire containing 24 questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and One-way ANOVA test.
Findings The mean number of reliable neighbors of veterans was 4.62±9.17 persons, the mean number of reliable friends was 6.43±1.29 persons and the mean number of reliable relatives was 16.35±3.16 persons. The subjects had less trust to the society overall and they were stated that they were respected less by the society compared to their family and the Martyrs Foundation. Educational level just had significant effect on veterans’ utilization of friends and income level just had significant effect on having reliable neighbors. The effect of educational level solely had significant effect on social capital of respect and trust to the society and income rate on veterans’ utilization of mental social capital was significant in all three areas.
Conclusion Going from inter-group level (family and relatives) towards extra-group level (the Martyrs and Veterans Foundation and the society), veterans’ utilization of both two social capital types decreases.
Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was done on 522 veterans with document and exact percent of devotee recorded at Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs of the Amol City in 2011. Subjects were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using researcher-made questionnaire containing 24 questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and One-way ANOVA test.
Findings The mean number of reliable neighbors of veterans was 4.62±9.17 persons, the mean number of reliable friends was 6.43±1.29 persons and the mean number of reliable relatives was 16.35±3.16 persons. The subjects had less trust to the society overall and they were stated that they were respected less by the society compared to their family and the Martyrs Foundation. Educational level just had significant effect on veterans’ utilization of friends and income level just had significant effect on having reliable neighbors. The effect of educational level solely had significant effect on social capital of respect and trust to the society and income rate on veterans’ utilization of mental social capital was significant in all three areas.
Conclusion Going from inter-group level (family and relatives) towards extra-group level (the Martyrs and Veterans Foundation and the society), veterans’ utilization of both two social capital types decreases.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Dervishi F. Iran-Iraq war: Questions and answers. 7th ed. Tehran: Iranian Revolutionary Guards of the Islamic Revolution and War Studies Centre; 2011. [Persian]
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[6]Janali Zadeh Choobbasti H, Yagobi A, Ezadi S. A survey on the situation of psychiatric veterans and spinal damaged veterans in Mazandaran Province on socio-economic characteristics, medical service satisfaction, leisure activities and mental health. Research Report. Organization of the Islamic Revolution Martyr Foundation of Mazandaran Province; 2008. [Persian]
[7]Janali Zadeh Choobbasti H. Social capital and scientific eminence: An analytical synthesis. Res Educ. 2006;75:97-8.
[8]Khattab N. Social capital, students’ perceptions and educational aspirations among Palestinian students in Israel. Res Educ. 2002;68:77-88.
[9]Narayan D, Cassidy MF. A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: Development and validation of a social capital inventory. Curr Sociol. 2001;49(2):59-102.
[10]Lin N. Social networks and status attainment. Ann Rev Sociol. 1999;25:467-87.
[11]Wollebaek D, Selle P. Origins of social capital: Socialization and institutionalization approaches compared. J Civil Soc. 2007;3(1):1-24.
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[13]Ebrahimi A, Bolhari J, Zolfagari F. The examining of the relationship between adapted strategies with stress and social support with depression of spinal cord injury’s veterans. Iran J Psychiat Clin Psychol. 2002;8(2):40-8. [Persian]
[14]Bahrinian A, Borhani H. Mental health in group of war veterans and their spouses in Qom. Pejouhesh. 2003;27(4):305-12. [Persian]
[15]Khaghanizadeh M, Sirati Nir M. The impact of individual, familial, social and economic factors on resonance psychiatric symptoms in psychiatric veterans. J Mil Med. 2004;6(1):33-7. [Persian]
[16]Khoshfar G. The impact of social capital on political participation (a case study: Golestan Province) [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaee University; 2008. [Persian]
[17]Lahsaeizadeh AA, Moradi GM. The relationship between social capital and immigrants' mental health. Soc Welfare. 2007;7(26):161-80. [Persian]
[18]Amini Rarani M, Mousavi MT, Rafiey H. Correlation of social capital with social health in Iran. Soc Welfare. 2011;11(42):203-28. [Persian]
[19]Riumallo-Herl CJ, Kawachi I, Avendano M. Social capital, mental health and biomarkers in Chile: Assessing the effects of social capital in a middle-income country. Soc Sci Med. 2014;105:47-58.
[20]Meng T, Chen H. A multilevel analysis of Social Capital and Self-Rated Health: Evidence from China. Health Place. 2014;27:38-44.
[21]Dufur MJ, Parcel TL, Troutman KP. Does capital at home matter more than capital at school? Social capital effects on academic achievement . Res Soc Stratif Mobil. 2013;31:1-21.
[22]Gu J, Zhang Y, Liu H. Importance of social capital to student creativity within higher education in China. Think Skill Creat. 2014;12:14-25.
[23]Souri A, Mehregan N. The role of social capital in creation of human capital. Iran J Trade Stud. 2007;11(42):207-19. [Persian]
[24]Abbaszadeh M, Moghtadaei L. A sociological study of social capital impact on knowledge creation. Iran J Sociol. 2009;10(1):3-28. [Persian]
[25]Chalabi M, Mousavi SM. A sociological analysis of happiness at micro-and-macro levels. Iran J Sociol. 2009;9(1-2):34-57. [Persian]
[26]Teney C, Hanquinet L. High political participation, high social capital? A relational analysis of youth social capital and political participation. Soc Sci Res. 2006;41(5):1213-26.
[27]Elmi Z, Sharepour M, Hosseini SAH. Social capital and the ways it affect the economy. J Econ Res. 2006;41:239-96. [Persian]
[28]Rahmani T, Amiri M. An investigation of the effects of trust on the economic growth of Iran's provinces: An econometrics approach. Tahghighat-e-Eghtesadi. 2007;(78):23-57. [Persian]
[29]Aliverdinia A, Sharepour M, Varmazyar M. Family's social capital and delinquency. Women Dev Politic. 2008;6(2):107-32. [Persian]
[30]Roh S, Lee JL. Social capital and crime: A cross-national multilevel study. Int J Law Crime Justice. 2013;4(1):58-80.
[31]Vafayi B, Seydi A. The analysis of prevalence and severity of depression in 100 veterans suffering from 30 to 70 percent of chemical and non-chemical war in Tabriz. J Mil Med. 2003;5(2):105-10. [Persian]
[32]DolatKah A, Kheyrkhah F, Hosseini SR, Sefidchian A. Babolsar; The analysis of mental health over 25% of war veterans of Babol in 2006. Proceedings of Sacrifice and Martyrdom: Opportunities and Challenges in the Areas of Culture, Economy and Politic. Mazandadran University Press; 2007. [Persian]
[33]Behdani F, Fayyazi Bordbar MR, Heyrani P, Talebi M, Kohestani L. The frequency of psychiatric symptoms in physical and chemical victims. J Mil Med. 2009;11(1):31-5. [Persian]
[34]Witham MM. Community connections: Social capital and community success. Sociol Forum. 2012;27(2):441-57.
[35]Sharepour M. Social capital: Conceptualization, measurement and policy implications. 1st ed. Sari: Management and Planning Organization of Mazandaran Province Office; 2006. [Persian]
[36]Sharepour M. A study of social capital and its components among the families of martyrs’ Mazandaran province. The Section of Communities and Cultural Studiess of Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs in Mazandaran Province; 2009. [Persian]
[2]Dervishi F. Iran-Iraq war: Questions and answers. 7th ed. Tehran: Iranian Revolutionary Guards of the Islamic Revolution and War Studies Centre; 2011. [Persian]
[3]Babić-Banaszak A1, Kovacić L, Kovacević L, Vuletić G, Mujkić A, Ebling Z. Impact of war on health related quality of life in Croatia: population study. Croat Med J. 2002;43(4):396-402.
[4]Rafiepour F. Anatomy of society: An introduction to applied sociology. Tehran: Sahami Enteshar; 2003. [Persian]
[5]Portes A. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology (annual review of sociology bBook 24). California: Annual Reviews; 1998.
[6]Janali Zadeh Choobbasti H, Yagobi A, Ezadi S. A survey on the situation of psychiatric veterans and spinal damaged veterans in Mazandaran Province on socio-economic characteristics, medical service satisfaction, leisure activities and mental health. Research Report. Organization of the Islamic Revolution Martyr Foundation of Mazandaran Province; 2008. [Persian]
[7]Janali Zadeh Choobbasti H. Social capital and scientific eminence: An analytical synthesis. Res Educ. 2006;75:97-8.
[8]Khattab N. Social capital, students’ perceptions and educational aspirations among Palestinian students in Israel. Res Educ. 2002;68:77-88.
[9]Narayan D, Cassidy MF. A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: Development and validation of a social capital inventory. Curr Sociol. 2001;49(2):59-102.
[10]Lin N. Social networks and status attainment. Ann Rev Sociol. 1999;25:467-87.
[11]Wollebaek D, Selle P. Origins of social capital: Socialization and institutionalization approaches compared. J Civil Soc. 2007;3(1):1-24.
[12]Ahmadi K, Nejati V. Evaluation of quality of life in psychiatric veterans of Isfahan. Iran J War Pub Health. 2010;2(4):13-7. [Persian]
[13]Ebrahimi A, Bolhari J, Zolfagari F. The examining of the relationship between adapted strategies with stress and social support with depression of spinal cord injury’s veterans. Iran J Psychiat Clin Psychol. 2002;8(2):40-8. [Persian]
[14]Bahrinian A, Borhani H. Mental health in group of war veterans and their spouses in Qom. Pejouhesh. 2003;27(4):305-12. [Persian]
[15]Khaghanizadeh M, Sirati Nir M. The impact of individual, familial, social and economic factors on resonance psychiatric symptoms in psychiatric veterans. J Mil Med. 2004;6(1):33-7. [Persian]
[16]Khoshfar G. The impact of social capital on political participation (a case study: Golestan Province) [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaee University; 2008. [Persian]
[17]Lahsaeizadeh AA, Moradi GM. The relationship between social capital and immigrants' mental health. Soc Welfare. 2007;7(26):161-80. [Persian]
[18]Amini Rarani M, Mousavi MT, Rafiey H. Correlation of social capital with social health in Iran. Soc Welfare. 2011;11(42):203-28. [Persian]
[19]Riumallo-Herl CJ, Kawachi I, Avendano M. Social capital, mental health and biomarkers in Chile: Assessing the effects of social capital in a middle-income country. Soc Sci Med. 2014;105:47-58.
[20]Meng T, Chen H. A multilevel analysis of Social Capital and Self-Rated Health: Evidence from China. Health Place. 2014;27:38-44.
[21]Dufur MJ, Parcel TL, Troutman KP. Does capital at home matter more than capital at school? Social capital effects on academic achievement . Res Soc Stratif Mobil. 2013;31:1-21.
[22]Gu J, Zhang Y, Liu H. Importance of social capital to student creativity within higher education in China. Think Skill Creat. 2014;12:14-25.
[23]Souri A, Mehregan N. The role of social capital in creation of human capital. Iran J Trade Stud. 2007;11(42):207-19. [Persian]
[24]Abbaszadeh M, Moghtadaei L. A sociological study of social capital impact on knowledge creation. Iran J Sociol. 2009;10(1):3-28. [Persian]
[25]Chalabi M, Mousavi SM. A sociological analysis of happiness at micro-and-macro levels. Iran J Sociol. 2009;9(1-2):34-57. [Persian]
[26]Teney C, Hanquinet L. High political participation, high social capital? A relational analysis of youth social capital and political participation. Soc Sci Res. 2006;41(5):1213-26.
[27]Elmi Z, Sharepour M, Hosseini SAH. Social capital and the ways it affect the economy. J Econ Res. 2006;41:239-96. [Persian]
[28]Rahmani T, Amiri M. An investigation of the effects of trust on the economic growth of Iran's provinces: An econometrics approach. Tahghighat-e-Eghtesadi. 2007;(78):23-57. [Persian]
[29]Aliverdinia A, Sharepour M, Varmazyar M. Family's social capital and delinquency. Women Dev Politic. 2008;6(2):107-32. [Persian]
[30]Roh S, Lee JL. Social capital and crime: A cross-national multilevel study. Int J Law Crime Justice. 2013;4(1):58-80.
[31]Vafayi B, Seydi A. The analysis of prevalence and severity of depression in 100 veterans suffering from 30 to 70 percent of chemical and non-chemical war in Tabriz. J Mil Med. 2003;5(2):105-10. [Persian]
[32]DolatKah A, Kheyrkhah F, Hosseini SR, Sefidchian A. Babolsar; The analysis of mental health over 25% of war veterans of Babol in 2006. Proceedings of Sacrifice and Martyrdom: Opportunities and Challenges in the Areas of Culture, Economy and Politic. Mazandadran University Press; 2007. [Persian]
[33]Behdani F, Fayyazi Bordbar MR, Heyrani P, Talebi M, Kohestani L. The frequency of psychiatric symptoms in physical and chemical victims. J Mil Med. 2009;11(1):31-5. [Persian]
[34]Witham MM. Community connections: Social capital and community success. Sociol Forum. 2012;27(2):441-57.
[35]Sharepour M. Social capital: Conceptualization, measurement and policy implications. 1st ed. Sari: Management and Planning Organization of Mazandaran Province Office; 2006. [Persian]
[36]Sharepour M. A study of social capital and its components among the families of martyrs’ Mazandaran province. The Section of Communities and Cultural Studiess of Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs in Mazandaran Province; 2009. [Persian]