@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2020;26(3):139-148
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2020;26(3):139-148
Psychometric Properties of the Stockholm Syndrome Scale; a Study of the Women Referred to the Legal Medicine Organization
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Tamadoni Asef Abad S. (1)Hejjazi S.A. (*2)
Masoudi Sh. (3)
Fotovvat A. (2)
(*2) Legal Medicine Research Center, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
(1) Department of Family Counseling, Quchan Branch, Azad University, Quchan, Iran
(3) Department of Counseling & Psychology, Quchan Branch, Azad University, Quchan , Iran
Correspondence
Address: General Department of Forensic Medicine of Khorasan Razavi, Sanabad St., Khaki Bridge Crossroads, Khorasan Razavi, Iran Postal Code: 9138615916Phone: +98 (51) 8454400
Fax: +98 (51) 8454400
arya_hedjazi@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: September 3, 2020Accepted: September 15, 2020
ePublished: September 20, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims
This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Stockholm syndrome scale.
Instrument & Methods The present study is a kind of cross-sectional descriptive-survey research. The statistical population included all women with a total number of 2210 after suing their husbands for spousal abuse in Mashhad city courts from October to March 2017. The statistical sample in this study included 360 people who were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included the Stockholm Syndrome Scale (SSS) and the revised adult attachment questionnaire (RAAS). Data analysis was performed using exploratory factor analysis, correlation method, Cronbach's alpha, and split-half reliability coefficient in the SPSS 26 program.
Findings The study's findings based on exploratory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the scale that these factors (core, psychological damage, and love dependence) explained 52.36% of the scale's variance. The convergent and divergent validity scale results through the adult attachment questionnaire indicated that the Stockholm syndrome scale had a significant negative relationship with secure attachment and a significant positive correlation with both avoidant and ambivalent attachments. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.886, and the split-half coefficient is 0.707 indicated the desired reliability of the scale.
Conclusion The results of this study indicated the good validity and reliability of the Stockholm syndrome scale in the Iranian sample; thus, this scale can be used as a reliable tool in marital research.
Instrument & Methods The present study is a kind of cross-sectional descriptive-survey research. The statistical population included all women with a total number of 2210 after suing their husbands for spousal abuse in Mashhad city courts from October to March 2017. The statistical sample in this study included 360 people who were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included the Stockholm Syndrome Scale (SSS) and the revised adult attachment questionnaire (RAAS). Data analysis was performed using exploratory factor analysis, correlation method, Cronbach's alpha, and split-half reliability coefficient in the SPSS 26 program.
Findings The study's findings based on exploratory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the scale that these factors (core, psychological damage, and love dependence) explained 52.36% of the scale's variance. The convergent and divergent validity scale results through the adult attachment questionnaire indicated that the Stockholm syndrome scale had a significant negative relationship with secure attachment and a significant positive correlation with both avoidant and ambivalent attachments. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.886, and the split-half coefficient is 0.707 indicated the desired reliability of the scale.
Conclusion The results of this study indicated the good validity and reliability of the Stockholm syndrome scale in the Iranian sample; thus, this scale can be used as a reliable tool in marital research.
Keywords:
Crime Victims ,
Adults ,
Syndrome ,
Object Attachment ,
Psychometric ,
Validity and Reliability ,
CITATION LINKS
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[6]Chuemchit M, Chernkwanma S, Rugkua R, Daengthern L, Abdullakasim P, Wieringa SE. Prevalence of intimate partner violence in Thailand. J Fam Violence. 2018;33(5):315-23.
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[9]Rizo-Martínez LS, Dueñas-Moreno L, Santoyo-Telles F. Stockholm syndrome in Mexican women victims of intimate partner violence. Leg Psychol Yearb. 2020;30:55-62. [Spanish]
[10]Beirami M. Predicting marital satisfaction on the basis of attachment styles and differentiation components. J Fundament Ment Health. 2012;14(53):66-77. [Persian]
[11]Gowdini R, Pourmohamdreza-Tajrishi M, Tahmasebi S, Biglarian A. Effect of emotion management training to mothers on the behavioral problems of offspring: Parents’ view. Arch Rehabilit. 2017;18(1):13-24. [Persian]
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[14]Horton R. Offline: The Stockholm syndrome. Lancet. 2013;381(9874):1260.
[15]Ahmad A, Aziz M, Anjum G, Mir VF. Intimate partner violence and psychological distress: Mediating role of Stockholm syndrome. Pak J Psychol Res. 2018;33(2):541-57.
[16]Obeid S, Hallit S. Correlation of the Stockholm syndrome and early maladaptive schemas among Lebanese women victims of beating into domestic/marital violence. Couple Fam Psychol Res Pract. 2018;7(3-4):171-82.
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[18]Rizo-Martínez LE & Santoyo-Telles F. Spanish translation and validation of the Scale to Identify Reactions of “Stockholm Syndrome” (SISSR) related to dating violence in Mexican women. Revista Argentina de Clinica Psicologica. 2019;28(5):849.
[19]George, V. Traumatic bonding and intimate partner violence [Dissertation]. New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington; 2015.
[20]Namnyak M, Tufton N, Szekely R, Toal M, Worboys S, Sampson EL. 'Stockholm syndrome': Psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;117(1):4-11.
[21]Van Hasselt VB, Bourke LM. Handbook of behavioral criminology. New York: Springer; 2018.
[22]Escandary N, Alipour Z, Lamyian M, Ahmaritehran H, Hajizadeh E, Mokhah S. Validity and reliability of the international AIDS questionnaire for Iranian student population. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2013;15(10):1-12. [Persian]
[23]Gillath O, Shaver PR. Effects of attachment style and relationship context on selection among relational strategies. J Res Personal. 2007;41(4):968-76.
[24]Mohammadkhani S, Bahari A, Akbarian Firoozabadi M. Attachment styles and depression symptoms: The mediating role of rumination. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. 2017;23(3):320-35. [Persian]
[25]Valiei R, Karimi Baghmalek A. Investigation the relationship between attachment style and differentiation as an effective factor on student resilience. J ROOYESH-E-RAVANSHENASI. 2019;8(6):241-8. [Persian]
[26]Izadi M, Rezaee AM, Zahiredin A, Mohsenzadeh Y. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas, attachment and marital satisfaction with applicants for separation. Alborz Univ Med J. 2018;7(Suppl 3):61-72. [Persian]
[27]Teymouri Asfichi A, Gholam Ali Lavasani M, Bakhshaish A. Predicting marital satisfaction on the basis of attachment styles and differentiation of self. J Fam Res. 2015;8(4):441-63. [Persian]
[28]Ansarifar A, Soori H, Akbarzadeh Bagheban. Validity & reliability assessment of Persian version of core section of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) questionnaire. Iran J Epidemiol. 2013;9(1):1-10. [Persian]
[29]Baghestani AR, Ahmadi F, Tanha A, Meshkat M. Bayesian critical values for Lawshe's content validity ratio. Measur Eval Couns Dev. 2019;52(1):69-73.
[30]Athanasiadou-Lewis C. A relational perspective on psychological trauma: The ghost of the unspent love. Open Access Peer Rev Chapter. 2019 April.
[31]Okenwa L. Intimate partner violence among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: Magnitude, nature and consequences for reproductive health [Dissertation]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2011.
[32]Miller E, McCaw B, Humphreys BL, Mitchell C. Integrating intimate partner violence assessment and intervention into healthcare in the United States: A systems approach. J Womens Health. 2015;24(1):92-9.
[33]Kane FA, Bornstein RF. Beyond passivity: Dependency as a risk factor for intimate partner violence. Personal Ment Health. 2016;10(1):12-21.
[34]Petruccelli F, Diotaiuti P, Verrastro V, Petruccelli I, Federico R, Martinotti G, et al. Affective dependence and aggression: An exploratory study. BioMed Res Int. 2014;805469.
[35]Bornstein RF. The complex relationship between dependency and domestic violence: Converging psychological factors and social forces. Am Psychol. 2006;61(6):595-606.
[36]Young J, Closco J, Wieshar M. Schema Therapy: A practical guide for clinical specialists. Hamidpour H, Andouz Z, translators. Tehran: Arjmand Publishing; 2018. [Persian]
[37]Yousefi R, Adhamahian A, Afnhglmhamane K. The role of early maladaptive schemas, personality traits and attachment styles in prediction symptoms of female students love trauma syndrome. Q J Women Stud Sociol Psychol. 2016;14(3):171-90. [Persian]
[38]Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2010.
[2]Jameson C. The “short step” from love to hypnosis: A reconsideration of the Stockholm syndrome. J C Res. 2010;14(4):337-55.
[3]Adorjan M, Christensen T, Kelly B, Pawluch D. Stockholm syndrome as vernacular resource. Sociol Q. 2012;53(3):454-74.
[4]Speckhard A, Tarabrina N, Krasnov V, Mufel N. Stockholm effects and psychological responses to captivity in hostages held by suicide terrorists. Traumatology. 2005;11(2):121-40.
[5]Alexander DA, Klein S. Kidnapping and hostage-taking: A review of effects, coping and resilience. J R Soc Med. 2009;102(1):16-21.
[6]Chuemchit M, Chernkwanma S, Rugkua R, Daengthern L, Abdullakasim P, Wieringa SE. Prevalence of intimate partner violence in Thailand. J Fam Violence. 2018;33(5):315-23.
[7]Hajnasiri H, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Karami M, Taherpour M, Khatooni M, Sayeh Miri K. Physical, sexual and emotional violence among Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2017;21(6):110-21. [Persian]
[8]Giebels E, Noelanders S, Vervaeke G. The hostage experience: Implications for negotiation strategies. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2005;12(3):241-53.
[9]Rizo-Martínez LS, Dueñas-Moreno L, Santoyo-Telles F. Stockholm syndrome in Mexican women victims of intimate partner violence. Leg Psychol Yearb. 2020;30:55-62. [Spanish]
[10]Beirami M. Predicting marital satisfaction on the basis of attachment styles and differentiation components. J Fundament Ment Health. 2012;14(53):66-77. [Persian]
[11]Gowdini R, Pourmohamdreza-Tajrishi M, Tahmasebi S, Biglarian A. Effect of emotion management training to mothers on the behavioral problems of offspring: Parents’ view. Arch Rehabilit. 2017;18(1):13-24. [Persian]
[12]Simpson JA, Rholes WS. Adult attachment, stress, and romantic relationships. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;13:19-24.
[13]Raluca P. Mariticide and the Stockholm syndrome. The profile of woman imprisoned for mariticide. Revista Română de Sociologie. 2015;26:351-64.
[14]Horton R. Offline: The Stockholm syndrome. Lancet. 2013;381(9874):1260.
[15]Ahmad A, Aziz M, Anjum G, Mir VF. Intimate partner violence and psychological distress: Mediating role of Stockholm syndrome. Pak J Psychol Res. 2018;33(2):541-57.
[16]Obeid S, Hallit S. Correlation of the Stockholm syndrome and early maladaptive schemas among Lebanese women victims of beating into domestic/marital violence. Couple Fam Psychol Res Pract. 2018;7(3-4):171-82.
[17]Demarest RA. The relationship between Stockholm syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder in Battered women. Inquiries J. 2009;1.
[18]Rizo-Martínez LE & Santoyo-Telles F. Spanish translation and validation of the Scale to Identify Reactions of “Stockholm Syndrome” (SISSR) related to dating violence in Mexican women. Revista Argentina de Clinica Psicologica. 2019;28(5):849.
[19]George, V. Traumatic bonding and intimate partner violence [Dissertation]. New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington; 2015.
[20]Namnyak M, Tufton N, Szekely R, Toal M, Worboys S, Sampson EL. 'Stockholm syndrome': Psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;117(1):4-11.
[21]Van Hasselt VB, Bourke LM. Handbook of behavioral criminology. New York: Springer; 2018.
[22]Escandary N, Alipour Z, Lamyian M, Ahmaritehran H, Hajizadeh E, Mokhah S. Validity and reliability of the international AIDS questionnaire for Iranian student population. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2013;15(10):1-12. [Persian]
[23]Gillath O, Shaver PR. Effects of attachment style and relationship context on selection among relational strategies. J Res Personal. 2007;41(4):968-76.
[24]Mohammadkhani S, Bahari A, Akbarian Firoozabadi M. Attachment styles and depression symptoms: The mediating role of rumination. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. 2017;23(3):320-35. [Persian]
[25]Valiei R, Karimi Baghmalek A. Investigation the relationship between attachment style and differentiation as an effective factor on student resilience. J ROOYESH-E-RAVANSHENASI. 2019;8(6):241-8. [Persian]
[26]Izadi M, Rezaee AM, Zahiredin A, Mohsenzadeh Y. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas, attachment and marital satisfaction with applicants for separation. Alborz Univ Med J. 2018;7(Suppl 3):61-72. [Persian]
[27]Teymouri Asfichi A, Gholam Ali Lavasani M, Bakhshaish A. Predicting marital satisfaction on the basis of attachment styles and differentiation of self. J Fam Res. 2015;8(4):441-63. [Persian]
[28]Ansarifar A, Soori H, Akbarzadeh Bagheban. Validity & reliability assessment of Persian version of core section of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) questionnaire. Iran J Epidemiol. 2013;9(1):1-10. [Persian]
[29]Baghestani AR, Ahmadi F, Tanha A, Meshkat M. Bayesian critical values for Lawshe's content validity ratio. Measur Eval Couns Dev. 2019;52(1):69-73.
[30]Athanasiadou-Lewis C. A relational perspective on psychological trauma: The ghost of the unspent love. Open Access Peer Rev Chapter. 2019 April.
[31]Okenwa L. Intimate partner violence among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: Magnitude, nature and consequences for reproductive health [Dissertation]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2011.
[32]Miller E, McCaw B, Humphreys BL, Mitchell C. Integrating intimate partner violence assessment and intervention into healthcare in the United States: A systems approach. J Womens Health. 2015;24(1):92-9.
[33]Kane FA, Bornstein RF. Beyond passivity: Dependency as a risk factor for intimate partner violence. Personal Ment Health. 2016;10(1):12-21.
[34]Petruccelli F, Diotaiuti P, Verrastro V, Petruccelli I, Federico R, Martinotti G, et al. Affective dependence and aggression: An exploratory study. BioMed Res Int. 2014;805469.
[35]Bornstein RF. The complex relationship between dependency and domestic violence: Converging psychological factors and social forces. Am Psychol. 2006;61(6):595-606.
[36]Young J, Closco J, Wieshar M. Schema Therapy: A practical guide for clinical specialists. Hamidpour H, Andouz Z, translators. Tehran: Arjmand Publishing; 2018. [Persian]
[37]Yousefi R, Adhamahian A, Afnhglmhamane K. The role of early maladaptive schemas, personality traits and attachment styles in prediction symptoms of female students love trauma syndrome. Q J Women Stud Sociol Psychol. 2016;14(3):171-90. [Persian]
[38]Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2010.