@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2020;7(2):135-143
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2020;7(2):135-143
Effectiveness of Interventions Based on Social Marketing Theory in Promoting Healthy Eating Habits: A Systematic Review
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Analytic ReviewAuthors
Ranaei V. (1)Dadipoor S. (1)
Davoodi S.H. (2)
Aghamolaei T. (*3)
Pilevar Z. (4)
(*3) Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan , Iran
(1) Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
(2) Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(4) Food Sciences & Technology Department, Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IranPhone: +98 (71) 33337192
Fax: +98 (71) 33337192
teaghamolaei@gmail.com
Article History
Received: January 27, 2020Accepted: March 7, 2020
ePublished: June 20, 2020
BRIEF TEXT
Social marketing is one of the approaches that are effective in promoting healthy eating behaviors by affecting different levels of target audience behaviors.
… [1-14]. Social marketing was developed in 1971 as a discipline and as a method to solve social problems, including health and the environment. In 1994, Andreasen identified social marketing as "the application of commercial marketing technologies in the analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of designed programs to affect the voluntary behavior of targeted audience defined for improving their personal well-being and their community" [16]. … [17-25].
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of interventions based on social marketing theory in promoting healthy eating behaviors.
This research was a review.
The present study was based on the PRISMA checklist (reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) [26]. Initially, Persian and English databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, SID, and IranMedex were reviewed from June to July 2019 to identify interventions. Manual research of the journals, conference abstracts, seminars, and dissertations (gray literature) was also conducted. To search the databases, "and" and "or" were used to obtain consistent and different studies.
An initial search was performed by the author and then duplicate articles were excluded. In the next step, more limited searches were performed to remove irrelevant studies. After reviewing the title, abstract, and then the text of the articles and according to the inclusion criteria, the eligible articles were identified. It should be noted that there were no restrictions when searching the electronic databases in terms of publishing language, study time, duration of intervention, type of participants, and place of study. To evaluate the quality of articles, the Jadad standard score was used. According to PICO [28], the following studies were selected: 1) Providing sufficient and clear information for at least one of the social marketing criteria (issue). 2) Promoting healthy eating behaviors as a key issue in the study (issue). 3) The distinct study population. 4) Quasi-experimental studies (intervention and comparison). 5) A clear outcome of the intervention (consequence). 6) The available full-text. Qualitative studies and reviews, studies that combined social marketing with other educational programs, and studies, in which changing in the healthy eating behavior was not the main objective were excluded. Case studies, short articles, cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical studies, letters to the editor, and narratives and systematic reviews were also removed.
Searching databases and other sources yielded 371 articles. In the next step, because the articles were searched from several databases, duplicate articles were deleted and 273 articles remained. Besides, 170 articles considering their titles and due to their subjects irrelevant to the present study, such as studying variables, such as drug use or physical activity, and also 80 articles after studying their abstracts and because of different objectives compared with the purpose of the present study, for example, having a qualitative method or being a review and combining social marketing with other information or other educational programs were deleted. The remaining 23 articles were reviewed by both authors and based on the Jadad scale, and to reach a consensus, the third person finalized the articles.Most studies had been conducted in the United States [22, 29-42], followed by Iran [43], China [44], the United Kingdom [45], Switzerland [46], the Netherlands [47], Tanzania [48], Vietnam [49] and a study had been conducted in three countries: the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Indonesia [50] (Table 1). Review of Andreasen Assessment Criteria: Of the 23 studies, 12 interventions [30-34, 36, 44, 46-48] included all social marketing criteria. In all interventions, a behavioral goal had been reported. In all interventions, customer orientation and his needs and values had been considered. All interventions considered what motivated people to change (exchange), and also in all interventions, the target population was specifically sectioned and the mixture of the methods had been used. However, the use of the marketing mix in all studies was not consistent. Some studies had focused on some of them [35, 51], whereas others had focused on others, such as changing policies and stakeholder cooperation [44]. In the included study, paying to participate in the study [29, 31, 34], competition design [48], play and painting [45, 46] and tasting healthy food [29, 45] were some of the processes of increasing motivation in the targeted customers. Competition was also observed in 12 interventions [29-36, 44, 46-48]. Changing Healthy Eating Behavior: In all studies, some positive changes in healthy eating behavior had been reported. However, in one study, the majority of students did not achieve the minimum amount of fruit consumption (2 times a day) [34]. In another study, a social marketing-based program had no effect on vegetable consumption [45]. In addition, some interventions led to the acceptance of policies and other environmental changes [32, 37, 43, 47].
Some of the internal competitive strategies involved in the present study included educating parents and caregivers to manage emotions and conflicts [29, 46] and coping skills [35]. External competitive strategies also included changing and strict adherence to the school rules regarding the access of unhealthy foods to children and adolescents [22], accessibility of healthy foods [48], and organizing healthier eating conditions [37, 43, 47]. In Carins and Rundle-Thiele [21] study, 10 out of 34 studies and in the Luecking et al. research [18], 6 out of the 77 interventions had considered competition, which their findings are consistent with the present study.
It is suggested that future studies provide more comprehensive and effective interventions for behavioral changes using all criteria of social marketing, as well as the application of the all components of the social marketing mix.
We did not consider the Kappa statistic, which is one of the limitations of this study.
The social marketing approach can promote healthy eating behaviors.
We would like to thank all those who helped us with this study at Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences.
None to declare.
This study was approved by the Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR.HUMS.REC.1398.360).
The present study is sponsored by the Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
[1]Boyland EJ, Whalen R1. Food advertising to children and its effects on diet: review of recent prevalence and impact data. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16(5):331-7.
[2]Boyland EJ, Halford JC. Television advertising and branding. Effects on eating behaviour and food preferences in children. Appetite. 2013;62:236-41.
[3]Kelly B, Smith B, King L, Flood V, Bauman A. Television food advertising to children: the extent and nature of exposure. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(11):1234-40.
[4]Kent MP, Pauzé E. The frequency and healthfulness of food and beverages advertised on adolescents' preferred web sites in Canada. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(1):102-7.
[5]Lee M, Choi Y, Quilliam ET, Cole RT. Playing with food: Content analysis of food advergames. J Consumer Aff. 2009;43(1):129-54.
[6]Harris JL, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Marketing foods to children and adolescents: licensed characters and other promotions on packaged foods in the supermarket. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(3):409-17.
[7]Kelly B, Cretikos M, Rogers K, King L. The commercial food landscape: outdoor food advertising around primary schools in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008;32(6):522-8.
[8]Boyland EJ, Nolan S, Kelly B, Tudur-Smith C, Jones A, Halford JC, Robinson E. Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):519-33.
[9]Smith R, Kelly B, Yeatman H, Boyland E. Food marketing influences children’s attitudes, preferences and consumption: a systematic critical review. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):E875.
[10]Kelly B, King MPsy L, Chapman Mnd K, Boyland E, Bauman AE, Baur LA. A hierarchy of unhealthy food promotion effects: identifying methodological approaches and knowledge gaps. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(4):e86-95.
[11]Dudley DA, Cotton WG, Peralta LR. Teaching approaches and strategies that promote healthy eating in primary school children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:28.
[12]Khambalia AZ, Dickinson S, Hardy LL, Gill T, Baur LA. A synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of school‐based behavioural interventions for controlling and preventing obesity. Obes Rev. 2012;13(3):214-33.
[13]Roberts M, Pettigrew S, Chapman K, Quester P, Miller C. Children's exposure to food advertising: an analysis of the effectiveness of self‐regulatory codes in Australia. Nutr Dietetics. 2014;71(1):35-40.
[14]Pettigrew S. Pleasure: an under-utilised ‘P’in social marketing for healthy eating. Appetite. 2016;104:60-9.
[15]Kotler P, Zaltman G. Social marketing: an approach to planned social change. J Mark. 1971;35(3):3-12.
[16]Andreasen AR. Social marketing: Its definition and domain. J Public Policy Market. 1994;13(1):108-14.
[17]Lee NR, Kotler P. Social marketing: changing behaviors for good. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications; 2015.
[18]Luecking CT, Hennink-Kaminski H, Ihekweazu C, Vaughn A, Mazzucca S, Ward DS. Social marketing approaches to nutrition and physical activity interventions in early care and education centres: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2017;18(12):1425-38.
[19]The NSMC. Social marketing benchmark criteria [Internet]. London: The NSMC; 2010 [cited 2020 Feb 5]. Available from: https://www.thensmc.com/resource/social-marketing-benchmark-criteria.
[20]Andreasen AR. Marketing social marketing in the social change marketplace. J Public Policy Market. 2002;21(1):3-13.
[21]Carins JE, Rundle-Thiele SR. Eating for the better: a social marketing review (2000-2012). Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(7):1628-39.
[22]Blitstein JL, Cates SC, Hersey J, Montgomery D, Shelley M, Hradek C, et al. Adding a social marketing campaign to a school-based nutrition education program improves children’s dietary intake: a quasi-experimental study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(8):1285-94.
[23]Xia Y, Deshpande S, Bonates T. Effectiveness of social marketing interventions to promote physical activity among adults: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(11):1263-74.
[24]Aceves-Martins M, Llauradó E, Tarro L, Moreno-García CF, Trujillo Escobar TG, Solà R, Giralt M. Effectiveness of social marketing strategies to reduce youth obesity in European school-based interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2016;74(5):337-51.
[25]Samouei R, Tavakoli N, Mirabdellahi M, Jabbari A. Social marketing, the key for dealing with social pathology especially alcohol and substance abuse. Int J Educ Psychol Res. 2015;1(3):187-92.
[26]Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264-9.
[27]Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1-12.
[28]Huang X, Lin J, Demner-Fushman D. Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006:359-63.
[29]Young L, Anderson J, Beckstrom L, Bellows L, Johnson SL. Using social marketing principles to guide the development of a nutrition education initiative for preschool-aged children. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004;36(5):250-7.
[30]Palmberg AA. Use and perspectives of a social marketing campaign to improve fruit and vegetable intake [Dissertation]. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Commonwealth University; 2015.
[31]Warnick E, Dearden KA, Slater S, Butrón B, Lanata CF, Huffman SL. Social Marketing Improved the Use of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplements among Resource-Poor Women in Bolivia. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004;36(6):290-7.
[32]Dewitt EM. Social Marketing Campaign at Farmers' Markets to Encourage Fruit and Vegetable Purchases in Rural Counties with a High Obesity Prevalence [Dissertation]. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky; 2017.
[33]George KS, Roberts CB, Beasley S, Fox M, Rashied-Henry K, et al. Our health is in our hands: a social marketing campaign to combat obesity and diabetes. Am J Health Promot. 2016;30(4):283-6.
[34]Shive SE, Morris MN. Evaluation of the energize your life! Social marketing campaign pilot study to increase fruit intake among community college students. J Am Coll Health. 2006;55(1):33-9.
[35]Johnson SL, Bellows L, Beckstrom L, Anderson J. Evaluation of a social marketing campaign targeting preschool children. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31(1):44-55.
[36]James K, Albrecht J, Litchfield R, Larvick C, Schwarz C, Brison C, et al. Evaluation of a traditional social marketing campaign: 4 day throw away. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2012;44(4):S50-1
[37]Finnell KJ, John R, Thompson DM. 1% low-fat milk has perks!: an evaluation of a social marketing intervention. Prev Med Rep. 2016;5:144-9.
[38]Wechsler H, Wernick SM. A social marketing campaign to promote low-fat milk consumption in an inner-city Latino community. Public Health Rep. 1992;107(2):202-7.
[39]Prevention Institute for the Center for Health Improvement (CHI). Promoting consumption of low-fat milk: the 1% or less social marketing campaign. Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute; 2000.
[40]Minami P. Switch to 1% milk—a healthy and delicious choice for the central valley central valley project LEAN. Community-Based Social Marketing: The California Project LEAN Experience. 2001.
[41]McConnell C. Developing a vegetable and fruit social marketing campaign in Alberta. Can J Dietetic Pract Res. 2003;64(2):S103-4.
[42]Francis SL, Taylor ML. A social marketing theory-based diet-education program for women ages 54 to 83 years improved dietary status. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(12):2052-6.
[43]Mashayekhi N, Yadegari N, Amini M, Eshrati B, Shams M, Farazi AA, Khoddam S. Evaluate the effectiveness of interventions based on assessment model of social reform oil consumption in women attending urban health centers in Markazi Province. J Healthy Work. 2008;3(9-10):71-82. [Persian]
[44]Sun X, Guo Y, Wang S, Sun J. Social marketing improved the consumption of iron-fortified soy sauce among women in China. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39(6):302-10.
[45]Richards J, Hackett A, Duggan B, Ellis T, Forrest D, Grey P. An evaluation of an attempt to change the snacking habits of pre-school children using social marketing. Public Health. 2009;123 Suppl 1:e31-7.
[46]Rangelov N, Suggs L. Using strategic social marketing to promote healthy nutrition and physical activity behaviors to parents and children in Switzerland: the development of FAN. Cases Public Health Commun Market. 2015;8:27-50.
[47]Velema E, Vyth EL, Hoekstra T, Steenhuis IHM. Nudging and social marketing techniques encourage employees to make healthier food choices: a randomized controlled trial in 30 worksite cafeterias in The Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(2):236-46.
[48]Wu DCN, Corbett K, Horton S, Saleh N, Mosha TC. Effectiveness of social marketing in improving knowledge, attitudes and practice of consumption of vitamin A-fortified oil in Tanzania. Public Health Nutr. 2018:1-10.
[49]Berger J, Thanh HT, Cavalli-Sforza T, Smitasiri S, Khan NC, Milani S, et al. Community mobilization and social marketing to promote weekly iron-folic acid supplementation in women of reproductive age in Vietnam: impact on anemia and iron status. Nutr Rev. 2005;63(12 Pt 2):S95-108.
[50]Pollard R, Favin M. Social marketing of vitamin A in three Asian countries. The Manoff Group; 1997.
[51]Wainwright A. Mobile social marketing in libraries. J of Acad Librariansh. 2016;42(2):184.
[52]Khan NC, Thanh HT, Berger J, Hoa PT, Quang ND, Smitasiri S, Cavalli-Sforza T. Community mobilization and social marketing to promote weekly iron-folic acid supplementation: a new approach toward controlling anemia among women of reproductive age in Vietnam. Nutr Rev. 2005;63(12 Pt 2):S87-94.
[53]Stead M, Gordon R, Angus K, McDermott L. A systematic review of social marketing effectiveness. Health Educ. 2007;107(2):126-91.
[54]McKenzie JF. Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs. Rafieifar S, translator. 1st Edition. Tehran: Mehrravash; 2010. p. 67-73.
[55]Cavicchi A, Stefani G, Romano D, Santini C. Exploring social marketing landscapes: a review of healthy food campaigns. Afr J Bus Manag. 2011;5(5):1533-42.
[56]Gordon R, McDermott L, Stead M, Angus K. The effectiveness of social marketing interventions for health improvement: What's the evidence? Public Health. 2006;120(12):1133-9.
[57]McDermott L, Stead M, Hastings G. What is and what is not social marketing: the challenge of reviewing the evidence. J Market Manag. 2005;21(5-6):545-53.
[58]Kesten JM, Cohn S, Ogilvie D. The contribution of media analysis to the evaluation of environmental interventions: the commuting and health in Cambridge study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:482.
[2]Boyland EJ, Halford JC. Television advertising and branding. Effects on eating behaviour and food preferences in children. Appetite. 2013;62:236-41.
[3]Kelly B, Smith B, King L, Flood V, Bauman A. Television food advertising to children: the extent and nature of exposure. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(11):1234-40.
[4]Kent MP, Pauzé E. The frequency and healthfulness of food and beverages advertised on adolescents' preferred web sites in Canada. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(1):102-7.
[5]Lee M, Choi Y, Quilliam ET, Cole RT. Playing with food: Content analysis of food advergames. J Consumer Aff. 2009;43(1):129-54.
[6]Harris JL, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Marketing foods to children and adolescents: licensed characters and other promotions on packaged foods in the supermarket. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(3):409-17.
[7]Kelly B, Cretikos M, Rogers K, King L. The commercial food landscape: outdoor food advertising around primary schools in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008;32(6):522-8.
[8]Boyland EJ, Nolan S, Kelly B, Tudur-Smith C, Jones A, Halford JC, Robinson E. Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):519-33.
[9]Smith R, Kelly B, Yeatman H, Boyland E. Food marketing influences children’s attitudes, preferences and consumption: a systematic critical review. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):E875.
[10]Kelly B, King MPsy L, Chapman Mnd K, Boyland E, Bauman AE, Baur LA. A hierarchy of unhealthy food promotion effects: identifying methodological approaches and knowledge gaps. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(4):e86-95.
[11]Dudley DA, Cotton WG, Peralta LR. Teaching approaches and strategies that promote healthy eating in primary school children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:28.
[12]Khambalia AZ, Dickinson S, Hardy LL, Gill T, Baur LA. A synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of school‐based behavioural interventions for controlling and preventing obesity. Obes Rev. 2012;13(3):214-33.
[13]Roberts M, Pettigrew S, Chapman K, Quester P, Miller C. Children's exposure to food advertising: an analysis of the effectiveness of self‐regulatory codes in Australia. Nutr Dietetics. 2014;71(1):35-40.
[14]Pettigrew S. Pleasure: an under-utilised ‘P’in social marketing for healthy eating. Appetite. 2016;104:60-9.
[15]Kotler P, Zaltman G. Social marketing: an approach to planned social change. J Mark. 1971;35(3):3-12.
[16]Andreasen AR. Social marketing: Its definition and domain. J Public Policy Market. 1994;13(1):108-14.
[17]Lee NR, Kotler P. Social marketing: changing behaviors for good. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications; 2015.
[18]Luecking CT, Hennink-Kaminski H, Ihekweazu C, Vaughn A, Mazzucca S, Ward DS. Social marketing approaches to nutrition and physical activity interventions in early care and education centres: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2017;18(12):1425-38.
[19]The NSMC. Social marketing benchmark criteria [Internet]. London: The NSMC; 2010 [cited 2020 Feb 5]. Available from: https://www.thensmc.com/resource/social-marketing-benchmark-criteria.
[20]Andreasen AR. Marketing social marketing in the social change marketplace. J Public Policy Market. 2002;21(1):3-13.
[21]Carins JE, Rundle-Thiele SR. Eating for the better: a social marketing review (2000-2012). Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(7):1628-39.
[22]Blitstein JL, Cates SC, Hersey J, Montgomery D, Shelley M, Hradek C, et al. Adding a social marketing campaign to a school-based nutrition education program improves children’s dietary intake: a quasi-experimental study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(8):1285-94.
[23]Xia Y, Deshpande S, Bonates T. Effectiveness of social marketing interventions to promote physical activity among adults: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(11):1263-74.
[24]Aceves-Martins M, Llauradó E, Tarro L, Moreno-García CF, Trujillo Escobar TG, Solà R, Giralt M. Effectiveness of social marketing strategies to reduce youth obesity in European school-based interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2016;74(5):337-51.
[25]Samouei R, Tavakoli N, Mirabdellahi M, Jabbari A. Social marketing, the key for dealing with social pathology especially alcohol and substance abuse. Int J Educ Psychol Res. 2015;1(3):187-92.
[26]Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264-9.
[27]Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1-12.
[28]Huang X, Lin J, Demner-Fushman D. Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006:359-63.
[29]Young L, Anderson J, Beckstrom L, Bellows L, Johnson SL. Using social marketing principles to guide the development of a nutrition education initiative for preschool-aged children. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004;36(5):250-7.
[30]Palmberg AA. Use and perspectives of a social marketing campaign to improve fruit and vegetable intake [Dissertation]. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Commonwealth University; 2015.
[31]Warnick E, Dearden KA, Slater S, Butrón B, Lanata CF, Huffman SL. Social Marketing Improved the Use of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplements among Resource-Poor Women in Bolivia. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004;36(6):290-7.
[32]Dewitt EM. Social Marketing Campaign at Farmers' Markets to Encourage Fruit and Vegetable Purchases in Rural Counties with a High Obesity Prevalence [Dissertation]. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky; 2017.
[33]George KS, Roberts CB, Beasley S, Fox M, Rashied-Henry K, et al. Our health is in our hands: a social marketing campaign to combat obesity and diabetes. Am J Health Promot. 2016;30(4):283-6.
[34]Shive SE, Morris MN. Evaluation of the energize your life! Social marketing campaign pilot study to increase fruit intake among community college students. J Am Coll Health. 2006;55(1):33-9.
[35]Johnson SL, Bellows L, Beckstrom L, Anderson J. Evaluation of a social marketing campaign targeting preschool children. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31(1):44-55.
[36]James K, Albrecht J, Litchfield R, Larvick C, Schwarz C, Brison C, et al. Evaluation of a traditional social marketing campaign: 4 day throw away. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2012;44(4):S50-1
[37]Finnell KJ, John R, Thompson DM. 1% low-fat milk has perks!: an evaluation of a social marketing intervention. Prev Med Rep. 2016;5:144-9.
[38]Wechsler H, Wernick SM. A social marketing campaign to promote low-fat milk consumption in an inner-city Latino community. Public Health Rep. 1992;107(2):202-7.
[39]Prevention Institute for the Center for Health Improvement (CHI). Promoting consumption of low-fat milk: the 1% or less social marketing campaign. Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute; 2000.
[40]Minami P. Switch to 1% milk—a healthy and delicious choice for the central valley central valley project LEAN. Community-Based Social Marketing: The California Project LEAN Experience. 2001.
[41]McConnell C. Developing a vegetable and fruit social marketing campaign in Alberta. Can J Dietetic Pract Res. 2003;64(2):S103-4.
[42]Francis SL, Taylor ML. A social marketing theory-based diet-education program for women ages 54 to 83 years improved dietary status. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(12):2052-6.
[43]Mashayekhi N, Yadegari N, Amini M, Eshrati B, Shams M, Farazi AA, Khoddam S. Evaluate the effectiveness of interventions based on assessment model of social reform oil consumption in women attending urban health centers in Markazi Province. J Healthy Work. 2008;3(9-10):71-82. [Persian]
[44]Sun X, Guo Y, Wang S, Sun J. Social marketing improved the consumption of iron-fortified soy sauce among women in China. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39(6):302-10.
[45]Richards J, Hackett A, Duggan B, Ellis T, Forrest D, Grey P. An evaluation of an attempt to change the snacking habits of pre-school children using social marketing. Public Health. 2009;123 Suppl 1:e31-7.
[46]Rangelov N, Suggs L. Using strategic social marketing to promote healthy nutrition and physical activity behaviors to parents and children in Switzerland: the development of FAN. Cases Public Health Commun Market. 2015;8:27-50.
[47]Velema E, Vyth EL, Hoekstra T, Steenhuis IHM. Nudging and social marketing techniques encourage employees to make healthier food choices: a randomized controlled trial in 30 worksite cafeterias in The Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(2):236-46.
[48]Wu DCN, Corbett K, Horton S, Saleh N, Mosha TC. Effectiveness of social marketing in improving knowledge, attitudes and practice of consumption of vitamin A-fortified oil in Tanzania. Public Health Nutr. 2018:1-10.
[49]Berger J, Thanh HT, Cavalli-Sforza T, Smitasiri S, Khan NC, Milani S, et al. Community mobilization and social marketing to promote weekly iron-folic acid supplementation in women of reproductive age in Vietnam: impact on anemia and iron status. Nutr Rev. 2005;63(12 Pt 2):S95-108.
[50]Pollard R, Favin M. Social marketing of vitamin A in three Asian countries. The Manoff Group; 1997.
[51]Wainwright A. Mobile social marketing in libraries. J of Acad Librariansh. 2016;42(2):184.
[52]Khan NC, Thanh HT, Berger J, Hoa PT, Quang ND, Smitasiri S, Cavalli-Sforza T. Community mobilization and social marketing to promote weekly iron-folic acid supplementation: a new approach toward controlling anemia among women of reproductive age in Vietnam. Nutr Rev. 2005;63(12 Pt 2):S87-94.
[53]Stead M, Gordon R, Angus K, McDermott L. A systematic review of social marketing effectiveness. Health Educ. 2007;107(2):126-91.
[54]McKenzie JF. Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs. Rafieifar S, translator. 1st Edition. Tehran: Mehrravash; 2010. p. 67-73.
[55]Cavicchi A, Stefani G, Romano D, Santini C. Exploring social marketing landscapes: a review of healthy food campaigns. Afr J Bus Manag. 2011;5(5):1533-42.
[56]Gordon R, McDermott L, Stead M, Angus K. The effectiveness of social marketing interventions for health improvement: What's the evidence? Public Health. 2006;120(12):1133-9.
[57]McDermott L, Stead M, Hastings G. What is and what is not social marketing: the challenge of reviewing the evidence. J Market Manag. 2005;21(5-6):545-53.
[58]Kesten JM, Cohn S, Ogilvie D. The contribution of media analysis to the evaluation of environmental interventions: the commuting and health in Cambridge study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:482.