@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2014;20(1):9-16

Background
Since impact of sport activities on fat, protein, and carbohydrate has been known, it is probable that sport activity has an impact on appetite [7], despite the fact that why and how of these happenings are complex and probably depend on physiological variables, dietary modes, and sport activity length [8].
Previous Studies
There are some studies about relations between sport activities and appetite, which have shown appetite decrease [2, 11], or increase in appetite [9, 10], while some other studies have recorded no change in appetite [9, 12].
Aim(s)
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of one week and 9 weeks of aerobic exercise on appetite and insulin resistance in obese women.
Research type
Research type was semi-experimental interventional.
Research society, place and time
Research society was the population of 30 to 45 years old obese women of Mashhad city, Iran, without any physical activity except daily routines. The study was conducted during spring 2011.
Sampling method and number
28 obese women with BMI more than 30 were selected through purposive method [14].
Used devices&materials
For diet evaluation, diet 24-hour questionnaire (3 days before starting and at last 3 days of the course) were used. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure appetite. Questionnaire, prepared by Flint et. al., was used to assess mental feelings about appetite [15, 16]. Reliability of the questionnaire has been reported 0.80 with computation of correlation coefficient [5]. This questionnaire contains 4 questions evaluating desire to food, starvation, and satiety feelings, as well as ability for eating. The questionnaire was used at two stages before starting the exercise course (before exercise and immediately after that), as well as at two stages after 9 weeks exercises (before exercise and immediately after that). The participants were divided into “aerobic exercise” and “control” group. Again, after 9 weeks aerobic exercise, before and immediately after final exercise session, appetite was measured. The cases’ received calorie and consumed energy were measured at the sport activity day, a day before sport activity, and a day after that. Aerobic exercise was performed for 4 sessions per week and lasting 9 weeks. Each session consisted of 20 minutes warm-up with a variety of running, stretching, flexibility, and the jump movements. Then, the continuous running at a steady rate of 65-75% of maximum heart rate was performed. At this duration, control group did not participated at any sport exercise program. To investigate biochemical variables, blood taking was done after 12 to 14 hours of fasting and at two stages (before starting the exercises and after 9 weeks exercise). Again, after 9 weeks exercise, passed 48 hours after last exercise session, all the participants were invited to the laboratory, and blood taking was done, retaining the first session’s conditions. Insulin resistance index was measured through measuring fasting glucose and insulin, by the use of the following formula [20]: HOMA-IR=[(mg/dl)Fasting Glucose ×(mU/L)Fasting Insulin]/405 Independent T test (to evaluate intergroup variations of the indices at the baseline) and Variance Analysis with Repeated Measurements (to evaluate appetite, insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance variations at “control” and “experimental” groups) were used, in SPSS 16 format.
Findings by Text
Average age of “aerobic exercise” and “control” groups were 37.1±4.9years and37.5±5.3years, respectively; and their average height were 153.6±5.2cm and153.1±4.9cm, respectively, which showed no significant difference. There was no significant difference in the measured indices before intervention between “control” and “aerobic” groups. There was a significant increase in the maximum aerobic capacity, as well as decrease in weight, body mass index, waist-to-pelvic ratio, and fat percentage in “aerobic exercise” group than “control” group did. There was no significant difference between indices of insulin, serum glucose, insulin resistance, HDL, LDL, TG, and TC in the two groups before and after intervention (table 1). There was no significant difference in appetite indices between “control” group and “aerobic” group after 9 weeks aerobic exercise. Comparison between indices of desire to food feeling, starvation feeling, satiety feeling, and ability for eating was not significant in neither of the two groups before starting exercise session, before applying 9 weeks intervention, and after that. In addition, there was no significant difference between these indices in neither of the two groups immediately after the end of exercise session (table 2). Total received calorie in “aerobic exercise” group had significant decrease in comparison with “control” group. On proportions of protein and carbohydrate in received calorie, there was no significant difference between groups; nevertheless, on proportion of fat in received calorie, there was significant decrease in “aerobic exercise” group (table 3).
Main comparison to the similar studies
In a conducted study, it has been shown that there is no change in appetite after a 16-days exercise course [12], as well as what is resulted from the present study. According to a study, appetite increase during fasting relates to weight loss (6.3 kg for women) [22]. Nevertheless, results of the present study show less weight loss (about 3 kg) than that of the said study, which may be a cause for no significant changes in appetite. Another study shows an average weight loss related to appetite increase [23], however, at the present study, weight loss was recorded for “aerobic exercise” group without any recorded appetite change. Some performed studies show insulin resistance decrease and relate this decrease to fat decrease [19, 33], or both to fat decrease and weight loss [30]; while a conducted study shows insulin resistance improvement and relates it to fat decrease [32]. Another study reports insulin resistance decrease without weight loss [31]. Nevertheless, results of the present study show decrease in body weight and fat percent without any change in insulin resistance.
Suggestions
It is suggested that studies with a greater sample size alongside measurement of other indices related to appetite to be performed.
Limitations
Small sample size and no measurement of other indices such as IL-6 and TNF-α were limits of the study
Conclusions
9 weeks aerobic exercise with moderate intensity does not have any effect on appetite and insulin resistance index in obese women.
Acknowledgments
Researchers feel grateful to all who participated in the study.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
Written consents were taken from the participants.
Funding Sources
Non-declared

TABLES and CHARTS

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