ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Isanejad   O. (*1)
Haydarian   M. (2)






(*1) Family & Nurture Psychopathology Research Department, Humanities & Social Science Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
(2) Counseling Department, Humanities & Social Science Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

Correspondence

Address: No: 111, Humanities & Social Science Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran Avenue, Sanan-daj, Iran. Postal Code: 6617715175
Phone: +98 (87) 33664600
Fax: -
o.isanejad@uok.ac.ir

Article History

Received:  May  2, 2019
Accepted:  November 13, 2019
ePublished:  March 17, 2020

BRIEF TEXT


One of the important psychological dimensions of prisoners of war that in most societies can be threatened and often overlooked is their quality of life, resilience, and flexibility.

… [1-3]. King et al. [4] in a study, tested the pattern of factors affecting positive adaptation at the end of life, during which the demographic characteristics of 567 were assessed before, during, and three decades after the captivity. Their results showed that age, level of education, and physical torture during captivity are associated with psychological distress and low adaptation three decades after the captivity. … [5-11]. The results of numerous studies on the physical and mental health of soldiers, veterans, and prisoners of the war show that these people in various areas of life, including sleep [12], eating [13], quality of life [14] and quality of communication with family members [15] have many significant problems. … [16-34].

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of resiliency training on quality of life and resiliency in prisoners of the war.

This research was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a follow-up session.

This research was conducted in 2017 on 30 prisoners of war in Divandarreh city, Kurdistan province.

Considering the sample size needed for experimental studies (30 subjects), 30 people were selected by the simple random method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (per group 15 cases).

The experimental group received resilience training for 10 sessions, but the control group did not receive any training. The intervention program and training of the resiliency components were in accordance with the educational protocols [30-32, 36]. Data were gathered by the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18 software and multivariate analysis of covariance and one-way analysis of covariance.

The mean age of the control and experimental groups was 52.6 ±0.58 and 52.67 ±2.02 years, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean age, education level, and duration of captivity in the two groups (P <0.05; Table 1).The mean scores of the resiliency and the dimensions of the quality of life of the experimental group increased in the post-test and follow-up compared with the pre-test, while the scores of the control group did not change significantly (Table 2).In the post-test and follow-up, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of the dependent variable (resilience and quality of life). In other words, in the post-test, there was a difference between the two groups, at least in terms of one of the variables of resiliency or quality of life. In the follow-up, at least one of the variables of resiliency or quality of life showed a significant difference (Table 3).There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test stage in terms of post-test scores of resiliency and psychological, social relationship, and environmental dimensions of quality of life (p = 0.001); This means that treatment based on resiliency training improved the subjects’ scores in resiliency and quality of life. Based on the obtained effect size, 82% of the changes in post-test scores of resiliency, 66% of changes in the psychological dimension, 54% of the changes in the social relationship dimension, and 27% of changes in the environmental dimension were due to therapeutic interventions. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of post-test scores of the physical dimension of quality of life (p <0.05). In the follow-up phase, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of follow-up scores of resiliency and psychological, social and environmental dimensions of quality of life (p = 0.001); This means that the effect of therapeutic interventions on improving these dimensions was stable two months after the end of treatment. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the follow-up scores regarding the physical dimension of quality of life (P <0.05; Table 4).

The results showed that resiliency training caused significant changes in the resiliency scores of the experimental group in the post-test phase. These findings indicated that this training increases people's ability to cope with problems. The results of this study are consistent with many other research findings [23, 26, 28, 33, 34]. … [35-47].

Due to the limited use of the treatment method used in this study, as well as few studies have been done on prisoners of war using our used method, and also no comparison with other new therapies, it is recommended that future studies control these limitations and examine the effectiveness of this method more widely and accurately for prisoners of war in other cities of Iran.

Interventional factors, such as respondents' motivational factors, contextual, contextual, and cultural factors in the studied city, the therapist's personality, and researching a city using a small sample size affected the research results.

Resiliency training can have a lasting and stable impact on improving the quality of life and resiliency in prisoners of war.

We would like to thank the officials of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs of Divandarreh city and the prisoners of the war who contributed to the research.

None

This research was approved by the ethics committee of Kurdistan University and registered at the National Research Ethics Committee (Ethics code: IR.UOK.REC.1398.014).

This research was supported by the Kurdistan University.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file


CITIATION LINKS

[1]Solomon Z, Tsur N, Levin Y, Uziel O, Lahav M, Ohry A. The implications of war captivity and long-term psychopathology trajectories for telomere length. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;81:122-8.
[2]Jacques J. Where nothing happened: the experience of war captivity and levinas’s concept of the ‘there is’. Soc Legal Stud. 2017;26(2):230-4.
[3]Hunt SC, Orsborn M, Checkoway H, Biggs ML, McFall M, Takaro TK. Later life disability status following incarceration as a prisoner of war. Mil Med. 2008;173(7):613-8.
[4]King DW, King LA, Park CL, Lee LO, Kaiser AP, Spiro A, et al. Positive adjustment among American repatriated prisoners of the Vietnam War: Modeling the long-term effects of captivity. Clin Psychol Sci. 2015;3(6):861-76.
[5]Ursano RJ, Rundell JR. The prisoner of war. In: Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War psychiatry. Falls Church, Virginia: Office of the Surgeon General Army; 1995. p. 431-55.
[6]Bolonkin A. Universe, human immortality and future human evaluation. 1st Edition. Waltam, USA: Elsevier; 2011.
[7]Jenkins PE, Hoste RR, Meyer C, Blissett JM. Eating disorders and quality of life: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(1):113-21.
[8]Frisch MB. Quality of Life Therapy: Applying a life satisfaction approach to positive psychology and cognitive therapy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2006.
[9]Lopez SJ. The encyclopedia of positive psychology. Chichester, U.K: Wiley Black well publishing Ltd; 2009. p. 1160.
[10]Newton NJ, Ryan LH, King RT, Smith J. Cohort differences in the marriage–health relationship for midlife women. Soc Sci Med. 2014;116:64-72.
[11]Khanna D, Tsevat J. Health-related quality of life--an introduction. Am J Manag Care. 2007;13 Suppl 9:S218-23.
[12]Yaffe K, Hoang TD, Byers AL, Barnes DE, Friedl KE. Lifestyle and health-related risk factors and risk of cognitive aging among older veterans. Alzheimer's Dement.10(3 Suppl):S111-21.
[13]Litwack SD, Mitchell KS, Sloan DM, Reardon AF, Miller MW. Eating disorder symptoms and comorbid psychopathology among male and female veterans. Gen Hosp Psychiat. 2014;36(4):406-10.
[14]Serowik KL, Ablondi K, Black AC, Rosen MI. Developing a benefits counseling website for Veterans using Motivational Interviewing techniques. Comput Human Behav. 2014;37:26-30.
[15]Hoerster KD, Jakupcak M, McFall M, Unützer J, Nelson KM. Mental health and somatic symptom severity are associated with reduced physical activity among US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Prev Med. 2012;55(5):450-2.
[16]Nejati V, Ahmadi K. Evaluation of epidemiology of chronic disease in Iranian psychiatric veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2010;2(4):8-12. [Persian]
[17]Greeff AP, Loubser K. Spirituality as a resiliency quality in Xhosa-speaking families in South Africa. J Relig Health. 2008;47(3):288-301.
[18]Loh JM, Schutte NS, Thorsteinsson EB. Be happy: The role of resilience between characteristic affect and symptoms of depression. J Happiness Stud. 2014;15(5):1125-38.
[19]MacLeod S, Musich S, Hawkins K, Alsgaard K, Wicker ER. The impact of resilience among older adults. Geriatr Nurs. 2016;37(4):266-72.
[20]Wu G, Feder A, Cohen H, Kim JJ, Calderon S, Charney DS, et al. Understanding resilience. Front Behav Neurosci. 2013;7:10.
[21]Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. J Clinic Psychol. 2002;58(3):307-22.
[22]Cohen M, Baziliansky S, Beny A. The association of resilience and age in individuals with colorectal cancer: an exploratory cross-sectional study. J Geriatr Oncol. 2014;5(1):33-9.
[23]Stewart DE, Yuen T. A systematic review of resilience in the physically ill. Psychosomatics. 2011;52(3):199-209.
[24]- Nawaz A, Malik JA, Batool A. Relationship between resilience and quality of life in diabetics. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2014;24(9):670-5.
[25]Yazdi-Ravandi S, Taslimi Z, Saberi H, Shams J, Osanlo S, Nori G, et al. The role of resilience and age on quality of life in patients with pain disorders. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2013;4(1):24-30.
[26]Mosqueiro BP, da Rocha NS, Fleck MPA. Intrinsic religiosity, resilience, quality of life, and suicide risk in depressed inpatients. J Affect Disord. 2015;179:128-33.
[27]Li MY, Yang YL, Liu L, Wang L. Effects of social support, hope and resilience on quality of life among Chinese bladder cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2016;14(1):73-82.
[28]Fauci AJ, Bonciani M, Guerra R. Quality of life, vulnerability and resilience: A qualitative study of the tsunami impact on the affected population of Sri Lanka. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2012;48(2):177-88.
[29]Aidelkhani S, Heydari H. Measuring the effectiveness of resilience training on the mental health and quality of life of the handicapped veterans’ wives. J Milit Psychol. 2016;7(27):67-80. [Persian]
[30]Ashtari N, Pourebrahim T, Khodabakhshi Koolaei A, Khoshkonesh A, Khatiban M. The efficacy of group awareness training of premenstrual syndrome on psychological resilience and quality of life in female high school students. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2015;23(1):63-73. [Persian]
[31]Momeni K, Ebrahimi P, Hosseinian S. Improving mental health and quality of life through a resilient education program for mothers of children with learning disorders. Educ Cult J Women Fam. 2014;8(26):39-64. [Persian]
[32]Kaveh M, Alizadeh H, Delavar A, Borjali A. Development of a resilience Fostering program against stress and its impact on quality of life components in parents of children with mild intellectual disability. J Except Child. 2011;11(2):119-40. [Persian]
[33]Pietrzak RH, Southwick SM. Psychological resilience in OEF–OIF Veterans: Application of a novel classification approach and examination of demographic and psychosocial correlates. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):560-8.
[34]Green KT, Calhoun PS, Dennis MF, Beckham JC. Exploration of the resilience construct in posttraumatic stress disorder severity and functional correlates in military combat veterans who have served since September 11, 2001. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(7):823-30.
[35]Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
[36]Hagh Ranjbar F, Kakavand A, Borjali A, Bermas H. Resilience and quality of mothers with mentally retarded children. Health Psychol. 2011;1(1):177-87. [Persian]
[37]Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299-310.
[38]Group W. Development of the world Health organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med. 1998;28(3):551-8.
[39]Nejat S, Montazeri A, Holakouei Naeini K, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh SR. The World Health organization quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire: translation and validation study of the Iranian version. J Sch Public Health Instit Public Health Res. 2006;4(4):1-12. [Persian]
[40]Benzies K, Mychasiuk R. Fostering family resiliency: a revirw of the key protective factors. Child Fam Soc Work. 2009;14(1):103-14.
[41]Resnick B, Gwyther LP, Roberto KA, editors. Resilience in aging. New York: Springer; 2011.
[42]Ghasem M, Hosseinchari M. Psychological resilience and Intrinsic – extrinsic motivation: the mediating role of self-efficacy. Deve Psychol: Iran Psychol. 2012;9(33):61-71. [Persian]
[43]Masten AS. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001;56(3):227-38.
[44]Dyess SM, Prestia AS, Smit MC. Support for caring and resiliency among successful nurse leaders. Nurs Adm Q. 2015;39(2):104-16.
[45]Seidmahmoodi J, Rahimi C, Mohammadi N. Resiliency and religious orientation factors contributing to posttraumatic growth in Iranian subjects. Iran J Psychiatry. 2011;6(4):145-50.
[46]Raoothman B, Kirsten DK, Wissing MP. Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South Afr J Psychol. 2003;33(4):212-8.
[47]Mikaeili N, Ganj M, Talebi Jooybari M. A comparison of resiliency, marital satisfaction and mental health in parents of children with learning disabilities and normal children. J Learn Disabil. 2012;2(1):120-37. [Persian]