@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2015;7(4):189-196
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2015;7(4):189-196
Effect of Pre-Marriage Skills Training on Communication- and Problem Solving Skills in Martyr’s- and Veteran’s Daughters
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Khosrojavid M. (1)Aslipoor A. (*)
Firoozshad M. (2)
Hedaiatsafa R. (2)
(*) Psychology Department, Humanities Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
(2) Psychology Department, Humanities Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Pasdar Street, Daneshgah Boulevard, Imam Khomeini Square, Sari, IranPhone: +981133364291
Fax: +981133294501
adelehaslipoor@gmail.com
Article History
Received: July 23, 2015Accepted: September 29, 2015
ePublished: November 21, 2015
BRIEF TEXT
… [1-32] There are more emotional and behavioral problems in the children of the martyrs and the veterans than other peers [33]. In addition, there is a higher level of psychological pressures in the family members of the martyrs and the veterans than other families, caused by father absence, finance problems, family conflicts, hopelessness, and depression [34]. The children of the martyrs and the veterans show low social compatibility and high anxiety and depression than other peers [35].
Training social skills improves the abilities in the teenager daughters of the martyrs and the veterans and reduces their problems [36]. Teaching the life skills strengthens educational, emotional, and social compatibilities in the children of the martyrs and the veterans [37].
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching the pre-marriage skills on communication and problem-solving skills in girls on the verge of marriage of the martyrs and veterans’ families in Gilan Province.
This is a semi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group.
All 18 to 25 years old daughters of the martyrs and the veterans of the cities of Gilan Province, Iran, were studied in 2014.
The subjects were randomly selected from Rasht (n=50) and Lahidjan (n=30) cities via multistage cluster sampling.
The inclusion criteria were minimum age 18years, maximum age 25years, diploma up to bachelor educational level, no participation in the pre-marriage programs until the present study, fully consent to participate in the study, and regular and continuous participation in the training sessions. The subjects were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (n=25 per group) in Rasht, as well as in Lahidjan (n=15 per group). Data was collected using Communication Skills Questionnaire and Problem-solving Scale [38]. In Communication Skills Questionnaire and based on her/his agreement with the question, the subject selects an item from the first one (“approximately never”) showing the lowest agreement level, to the last one (“mostly”) showing the highest agreement level. Scoring of each question is from 1 to 5 scores. Problem-solving Scale includes 24 questions assessing six factors, which are distress, the inhibition of problem-solving, the creativity style, trust in problem-solving, the avoidance style, and the turn style [16]. The questionnaire is scored by zero (“I do not know.”), 1 (“yes”), and 2 (“no”). Its internal reliability and validity coefficient in Tehran are 0.77 and 0.87, respectively [39]. At the pretest stage, Communication Skills Questionnaire and Problem-solving Scale were completed by the subjects. There were ten 90-minute pre-marriage skills training sessions in experimental group (a session per week) conducted by two researchers in Martyrs Foundation Counseling Centers of the cities in summer 2014. At the posttest stage, experimental and control groups were assessed again using the questionnaires. Based on four factors including emotion management, understanding other persons, assertiveness, and problem-solving, the content of pre-marriage skills training sessions was compiled (Table 1). Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software. One-variable and multivariate covariance analysis methods were used to investigate the effectiveness of the training program in the dependent variables and to control the effects of the pretest stage. … [40-44]
The mean scores of communication skills in experimental and control groups were approximately similar at the pretest stage. Based on comparison between the posttest results of the groups, there were significant increases in the scores of experimental group in three sub-scales including emotion management, understanding other persons, and assertiveness (p<0.001), showing the effectiveness of training the pre-marriage skills on the components. In the problem-solving scale, there were significant reductions in distress, avoidance, and inhibition scores (the negative aspects of problem-solving) of experimental group at the posttest stage than the pretest stage, while the scores of creativity, trust, and turn (the positive aspects of problem-solving) significantly increased (p<0.001). Therefore, teaching the communication skills significantly affects the scores of problem-solving and its components (Table 2).
Teaching the pre-marriage skills led to an increase in the communication skills of the daughters of the martyrs and the veterans. The finding is consistent with the findings of some studies [1, 6, 10]. Emotion management skills increase the capability to endure the psychological pressures in life and play important roles in life compatibility [45]. Persons with high capabilities to understand the emotions receive higher scores in empathy, self-revising, self-control, and assertiveness in the social situations [46]. … [47] Teaching the pre-marriage skills led to higher problem-solving skills in the daughters of the martyrs and the veterans. The finding is consistent with results of some studies [17, 21, 22, 23]. The problem-solving skills help the wives to select the most useful solutions through a careful study on the conflicts and utilization of coping methods [48].
Teaching the pre-marriage skills should be conducted for other daughters of the martyrs and the veterans in other cities of the province.
Presenting the sessions via lecture method due to the lack of enough and proper places was one of the limitations for the study.
At the pre-marriage stages, teaching the communication and problem-solving skills is very important for the youth and especially the teenage daughters of the martyrs and the veterans to enhance the quality of marital life and to reduce the conflicts.
Gilan Martyrs and Veterans Foundation, the participating daughters of the martyrs and the veterans, and the advisors of Rasht and Lahidjan Martyrs Foundation are appreciated.
Non-declared
The subjects, participating voluntarily, were assured on the confidentiality of the information. The sessions were conducted in control group after the end of the study.
The study was funded by Gilan Martyrs and Veterans Foundation.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
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[2]Rezazadeh SMR. The relationship between communication skills and marital adjustment in students. Contemp Psychol. 2008;3(1):43-50. [Persian]
[3]Bahari F, Fatehizadeh M, Ahmadi A, Molavi H, Bahrami F. The effect of communication skills training on reducing marital conflicts of Couples applicant divorce. Res Clin Psychol Couns. 2012;1(1):59-70. [Persian]
[4]Attari YA, Hoseinpour M, Rahnavard S. Effective communication skills training in a way communications plan to reduce the boredom of married couples in couples. Andisheh Raftar. 2009;4(14):25-34. [Persian]
[5]Suhaimi A, Marzuki N, Mustaffa C. The relationship between emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication skills in disaster management context: A proposed framework. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;155:110-14.
[6]Hahlweg K, Richter D. Prevention of marital instability and distress. Results of an 11-year longitudinal follow-up study. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(5):377-83.
[7]Claramita M, Tuah R, Riskione P. Comparison of communication skills between trained and untrained students using a culturally sensitive nurse–client communication guideline in Indonesia. Nurse Education Today. 2016;36:236-41.
[8]Hardcastle S, Tye M, Glassey R, Hagger M. Exploring the perceived effectiveness of a life skills development program for high-performance athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc.2015;16(part 13):139-49.
[9]Jegannathan B, Dahlblom K, Kullgren G. Outcome of a school-based intervention to promote life-skills among young people in Cambodia. Asian J Psychiatry. 2014;9:78-84.
[10]Khajeddin N, Riahi F, Izadi S. The relationship between communication skills and marital satisfaction in married students' of psychology and counseling. Jentashapir. 2011;2(2):55-61. [Persian]
[11]Gholamzadeh M, Attari YA, Shafiabadi A. Effective communication skills training on emotional support and communication couples. Andisheh Raftar. 2009;3(11):35-44. [Persian]
[12]Ahmadkhani H, Hiudi B, Pourmohammadreza Tajrishi M. The effect of communication skills training on adjustment of Mothers of children with mental retardation. Noandishe Sabz. 2015;34(2-3):38-43. [Persian]
[13]Rasoli Y, Falahat E. The effect of active method of problem solving on marital conflicts in Yasuj, Iran. Armaghane Danesh. 2014;18(10):859-68. [Persian]
[14]O' Mahen H, Boyd A, Gashe C. Rumination decreases parental problem-solving effectiveness in Dysphonic postnatal mothers. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatary. 2015;47:18-24.
[15]Mousavizadeh A, Sohrabi F, Ahadi. Compare the effectiveness of self-expression training and problem solving skills on women's marital satisfaction. Soc Psychol Stud Women. 2012;10(2):85-108. [Persian]
[16]Cassidy T, Long C. Problem-solving style, stress and psychological illness: Development of a multi-factorial measure. Bri J Clin Psychol. 1996;35(Pt 2):265-77.
[17]Reich CM, Blackwell N, Simmons CA, Beck JG. Disorders social problem solving strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of intimate partner violence. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;32:31-7.
[18]Murawski ME, Milsom VA, Ross KM, Rickel KA. Problem solving, treatment adherence and weight-loss outcome among women participating in lifestyle treatment for obesity. Eat Behav. 2009;10(3):146-51.
[19]Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS. The efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:46-57.
[20]Gerkensmeyer JE, Johnson CS, Scott EL, Oruche UM, Lindsey LM, Austin JK, et al. Problem-solving intervention for caregivers of children with mental health problems. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2013;27(3):112-20.
[21]Goleman D. Emotional iIntelligence: Issues in paradigm building. 7th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
[22]Rezaei A, Ghorbanpour A, Karami M. The effect of problem-solving skills training based on bibliotherapy approach in marital satisfaction couples of martyr child. Zanan Khanevade. 2014;9(4):95-111. [Persian]
[23]Barghandan M, Enaiati MS, Mehrabizadeh M. The effectiveness of group problem solving skills training on public health and marital satisfaction. J New Find Psychol. 2010;2(7):95-107. [Persian]
[24]Khamseh A. Premarital education. Tehran: Institute for Women, Al-Zahra University; 2002. [Persian]
[25]Mirmohammad Sadeghi M. Premarital education. Tehran: Welfare Organization; 2006. [Persian]
[26]Sullivan KT, Cobb RJ. Relationship education and marital satisfaction in newlywed couples: A propensity score analysis. J Fam Psychol. 2015;29(5):667-78.
[27]Scott SB, Rhoades GK, Stanley SM, Allen ES, Markman HJ. Reasons for divorce and recollections of premarital intervention: implications for improving relationship education. Couple Fam Psychol. 2013;2(2):131-45.
[28]Omidvar B, Fatehizadeh M, Ahmadi A. The effect of premarital education students in marriage and marital expectations in Shiraz. J Fam Res. 2009;5(18):231-46. [Persian]
[29]Mansourinia A, Etemadi O, Fatehizadeh M, Hasanpour A. The effect of premarital education on marital satisfaction in Isfahan. J New Find Psychol. 2010;6(2):65-78. [Persian]
[30]Hoveilipour S, Shafiabadi A, Soodani M. The effectiveness of premarital training on the expectations and attitudes of married Girls on the verge of marriage in The staff of the national oil company of the South. J New Find Psychol. 2012;7(2):81-93. [Persian]
[31]Gatezadeh AA. The impact of life skills training on mental health of female students. Woman Cult. 2011;3(9):111-9. [Persian]
[32]Sohrabi R, Mohammadi A, Arfaei A. The effectiveness of life skills training on coping styles of adolescent girls. Woman Famil Study. 2012;4(13):45-59. [Persian]
[33]Selimbasic Z, Sinanovic O, Avdibegovic E. P-331- Emotional and behavioral problems in children of war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Euro Psychiatry. 2012;27(Suppl 1):1-10.
[34]Rasoulzadeh B. The amount and sources of stress in families of martyrs and war veterans of Ardabil. Ardabil: Veterans and Martyr Affairs Foundation. 2007. [Persian]
[35]Khodayarifard M, Rahiminejad A, Abedini Y. Factor's affecting students' social adjustment Martyr and non- martyr. J Soc Sci Humanit. 2007;26(3):25-42. [Persian]
[36]Esmaeili M, Tavakoli M, Yaghobian F, Esmaeili L, Mahdavi S. Effectiveness of social skills group training on strengths and behavioral difficulties in daughters of veterans and martyrs families. Knowledge Res Appl Psychol. 2014;15(2):86-95. [Persian]
[37]Hatami M, Kavousian J. The effectiveness of life skills training on adjustment (social, educational, emotional) of martyrs children. J Sch Psychol. 2013;3(2):44-55. [Persian]
[38]Khobani M, Zadeh Mohammadi A, Jarareh J. The effectiveness of Psychodrama training on communication skills and aggression of aggressive daughters. J Appl Psychol. 2014;7(4):27-44. [Persian]
[39]Babapour Kheirodin J. Effective communication skills training on students' problem solving method. J Psychol. 2008;3(10):8-23. [Persian]
[40]Khanifar H, Pourhoseini M. Life skills. Tehran: Hajar; 2013. [Persian]
[41]Heidarpour S, Dokanehei Fadr F, Bahari S. The impact of effective communication skills training to increase self-esteem and reduce their shyness physical-motor Tehran Province. Q New Ideas Educ. 2008;3(4):41-52. [Persian]
[42]Motamedi H, Hajbabaei H, Biglarian A, Fallah M. The impact of problem solving skills training to increase social competence girls. J Soc Res. 2012;5(14):17-29. [Persian]
[43]Dion MR. Healthy marriage programs: Learning what works. Future Child. 2005;15(2):139-56.
[44]Besharat MA. The effect of emotional intelligence on the quality of social relations. Psycholog Stud. 2004;1(2-3):25-38. [Persian]
[45]Yarmohammadian A, Bonakdar Hashemi N, Asgari K. The effect of emotional intelligence and life skills training on marital adjustment among young couples. Knowledge Res Appl Psychol. 2011;12(44):3-12. [Persian]
[46]Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT, Golden CJ, et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personal Individ Differ. 1998;25(2):167-77.
[47]Lin Y, Shiah S, Chang YC, Lai T, Wang KY, Chou KR. Evaluation of an assertiveness training program on nursing and medical students' assertiveness, self-esteem, and interpersonal communication satisfaction. Nurs Educ Today. 2004;24(8):656-65.
[48]Mayer JD, Caruso DR, Salovey P. Emotional intelligence: Theory, finding and implications. Psychol Inq. 2004;15(3):197-215.
[2]Rezazadeh SMR. The relationship between communication skills and marital adjustment in students. Contemp Psychol. 2008;3(1):43-50. [Persian]
[3]Bahari F, Fatehizadeh M, Ahmadi A, Molavi H, Bahrami F. The effect of communication skills training on reducing marital conflicts of Couples applicant divorce. Res Clin Psychol Couns. 2012;1(1):59-70. [Persian]
[4]Attari YA, Hoseinpour M, Rahnavard S. Effective communication skills training in a way communications plan to reduce the boredom of married couples in couples. Andisheh Raftar. 2009;4(14):25-34. [Persian]
[5]Suhaimi A, Marzuki N, Mustaffa C. The relationship between emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication skills in disaster management context: A proposed framework. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;155:110-14.
[6]Hahlweg K, Richter D. Prevention of marital instability and distress. Results of an 11-year longitudinal follow-up study. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(5):377-83.
[7]Claramita M, Tuah R, Riskione P. Comparison of communication skills between trained and untrained students using a culturally sensitive nurse–client communication guideline in Indonesia. Nurse Education Today. 2016;36:236-41.
[8]Hardcastle S, Tye M, Glassey R, Hagger M. Exploring the perceived effectiveness of a life skills development program for high-performance athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc.2015;16(part 13):139-49.
[9]Jegannathan B, Dahlblom K, Kullgren G. Outcome of a school-based intervention to promote life-skills among young people in Cambodia. Asian J Psychiatry. 2014;9:78-84.
[10]Khajeddin N, Riahi F, Izadi S. The relationship between communication skills and marital satisfaction in married students' of psychology and counseling. Jentashapir. 2011;2(2):55-61. [Persian]
[11]Gholamzadeh M, Attari YA, Shafiabadi A. Effective communication skills training on emotional support and communication couples. Andisheh Raftar. 2009;3(11):35-44. [Persian]
[12]Ahmadkhani H, Hiudi B, Pourmohammadreza Tajrishi M. The effect of communication skills training on adjustment of Mothers of children with mental retardation. Noandishe Sabz. 2015;34(2-3):38-43. [Persian]
[13]Rasoli Y, Falahat E. The effect of active method of problem solving on marital conflicts in Yasuj, Iran. Armaghane Danesh. 2014;18(10):859-68. [Persian]
[14]O' Mahen H, Boyd A, Gashe C. Rumination decreases parental problem-solving effectiveness in Dysphonic postnatal mothers. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatary. 2015;47:18-24.
[15]Mousavizadeh A, Sohrabi F, Ahadi. Compare the effectiveness of self-expression training and problem solving skills on women's marital satisfaction. Soc Psychol Stud Women. 2012;10(2):85-108. [Persian]
[16]Cassidy T, Long C. Problem-solving style, stress and psychological illness: Development of a multi-factorial measure. Bri J Clin Psychol. 1996;35(Pt 2):265-77.
[17]Reich CM, Blackwell N, Simmons CA, Beck JG. Disorders social problem solving strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of intimate partner violence. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;32:31-7.
[18]Murawski ME, Milsom VA, Ross KM, Rickel KA. Problem solving, treatment adherence and weight-loss outcome among women participating in lifestyle treatment for obesity. Eat Behav. 2009;10(3):146-51.
[19]Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS. The efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:46-57.
[20]Gerkensmeyer JE, Johnson CS, Scott EL, Oruche UM, Lindsey LM, Austin JK, et al. Problem-solving intervention for caregivers of children with mental health problems. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2013;27(3):112-20.
[21]Goleman D. Emotional iIntelligence: Issues in paradigm building. 7th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
[22]Rezaei A, Ghorbanpour A, Karami M. The effect of problem-solving skills training based on bibliotherapy approach in marital satisfaction couples of martyr child. Zanan Khanevade. 2014;9(4):95-111. [Persian]
[23]Barghandan M, Enaiati MS, Mehrabizadeh M. The effectiveness of group problem solving skills training on public health and marital satisfaction. J New Find Psychol. 2010;2(7):95-107. [Persian]
[24]Khamseh A. Premarital education. Tehran: Institute for Women, Al-Zahra University; 2002. [Persian]
[25]Mirmohammad Sadeghi M. Premarital education. Tehran: Welfare Organization; 2006. [Persian]
[26]Sullivan KT, Cobb RJ. Relationship education and marital satisfaction in newlywed couples: A propensity score analysis. J Fam Psychol. 2015;29(5):667-78.
[27]Scott SB, Rhoades GK, Stanley SM, Allen ES, Markman HJ. Reasons for divorce and recollections of premarital intervention: implications for improving relationship education. Couple Fam Psychol. 2013;2(2):131-45.
[28]Omidvar B, Fatehizadeh M, Ahmadi A. The effect of premarital education students in marriage and marital expectations in Shiraz. J Fam Res. 2009;5(18):231-46. [Persian]
[29]Mansourinia A, Etemadi O, Fatehizadeh M, Hasanpour A. The effect of premarital education on marital satisfaction in Isfahan. J New Find Psychol. 2010;6(2):65-78. [Persian]
[30]Hoveilipour S, Shafiabadi A, Soodani M. The effectiveness of premarital training on the expectations and attitudes of married Girls on the verge of marriage in The staff of the national oil company of the South. J New Find Psychol. 2012;7(2):81-93. [Persian]
[31]Gatezadeh AA. The impact of life skills training on mental health of female students. Woman Cult. 2011;3(9):111-9. [Persian]
[32]Sohrabi R, Mohammadi A, Arfaei A. The effectiveness of life skills training on coping styles of adolescent girls. Woman Famil Study. 2012;4(13):45-59. [Persian]
[33]Selimbasic Z, Sinanovic O, Avdibegovic E. P-331- Emotional and behavioral problems in children of war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Euro Psychiatry. 2012;27(Suppl 1):1-10.
[34]Rasoulzadeh B. The amount and sources of stress in families of martyrs and war veterans of Ardabil. Ardabil: Veterans and Martyr Affairs Foundation. 2007. [Persian]
[35]Khodayarifard M, Rahiminejad A, Abedini Y. Factor's affecting students' social adjustment Martyr and non- martyr. J Soc Sci Humanit. 2007;26(3):25-42. [Persian]
[36]Esmaeili M, Tavakoli M, Yaghobian F, Esmaeili L, Mahdavi S. Effectiveness of social skills group training on strengths and behavioral difficulties in daughters of veterans and martyrs families. Knowledge Res Appl Psychol. 2014;15(2):86-95. [Persian]
[37]Hatami M, Kavousian J. The effectiveness of life skills training on adjustment (social, educational, emotional) of martyrs children. J Sch Psychol. 2013;3(2):44-55. [Persian]
[38]Khobani M, Zadeh Mohammadi A, Jarareh J. The effectiveness of Psychodrama training on communication skills and aggression of aggressive daughters. J Appl Psychol. 2014;7(4):27-44. [Persian]
[39]Babapour Kheirodin J. Effective communication skills training on students' problem solving method. J Psychol. 2008;3(10):8-23. [Persian]
[40]Khanifar H, Pourhoseini M. Life skills. Tehran: Hajar; 2013. [Persian]
[41]Heidarpour S, Dokanehei Fadr F, Bahari S. The impact of effective communication skills training to increase self-esteem and reduce their shyness physical-motor Tehran Province. Q New Ideas Educ. 2008;3(4):41-52. [Persian]
[42]Motamedi H, Hajbabaei H, Biglarian A, Fallah M. The impact of problem solving skills training to increase social competence girls. J Soc Res. 2012;5(14):17-29. [Persian]
[43]Dion MR. Healthy marriage programs: Learning what works. Future Child. 2005;15(2):139-56.
[44]Besharat MA. The effect of emotional intelligence on the quality of social relations. Psycholog Stud. 2004;1(2-3):25-38. [Persian]
[45]Yarmohammadian A, Bonakdar Hashemi N, Asgari K. The effect of emotional intelligence and life skills training on marital adjustment among young couples. Knowledge Res Appl Psychol. 2011;12(44):3-12. [Persian]
[46]Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT, Golden CJ, et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personal Individ Differ. 1998;25(2):167-77.
[47]Lin Y, Shiah S, Chang YC, Lai T, Wang KY, Chou KR. Evaluation of an assertiveness training program on nursing and medical students' assertiveness, self-esteem, and interpersonal communication satisfaction. Nurs Educ Today. 2004;24(8):656-65.
[48]Mayer JD, Caruso DR, Salovey P. Emotional intelligence: Theory, finding and implications. Psychol Inq. 2004;15(3):197-215.