ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Razavi   R. (1)
Arab   A. (*)
Shirazi   M. (2)






(*) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, niversity of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
(1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
(2) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Sistan and Baluchestan University, Daneshgah Buolvared, Zahedan, Iran
Phone: -
Fax: -
aliarab@edpsy.usb.ac.ir

Article History

Received:  November  12, 2018
Accepted:  January 20, 2019
ePublished:  March 19, 2019

BRIEF TEXT


Addiction is a brain disorder that is caused by compulsion in rewards despite adverse consequences [1-3]. Classical addiction symptoms include impairment in substance or behavior control, substance or behavior abuse, and continued use with its consequences [4].

... [5].Since women play a significant role in promoting family development, paying attention to their mental health is an important issue. Addiction between women in terms of cause, prevalence and impact on society has a dramatic discrepancy with male addiction. In Iran, however, there are currently no dedicated services for women's addiction. Women are often reluctant to visit drug addiction treatment centers, and men are the most visitors of these centers [6]. ... [7, 8]. Some addicts are demanding treatment that they are called self-reported addicts, and some will escape treatment that has been named as brazen drug addicts. Article 16 of the Counter Narcotics Law provides for forced treatment of brazen drug addicts. There is a difference between the two categories of addicts, that is, the brazen and the returning volunteered women, in terms of features such as life expectancy, reduced feelings of guilt and psychosomatic disorders. The second group seek to recover and return their own health, while the first group do not want recovery. In any case, the look and the worldview of the addict is influential and variables such as life expectancy, reduced feelings of guilt and psychotic disorders can affect the outlook of these two groups. ... [9-17]

The purpose of this study was to compare life expectancy, guilty feelings and psychosomatic disorders in the brazen addicted women under the compulsory treatment and the self-reported addicted women.

This is a cross-sectional study.

This study was performed on brazen female addicted women in compulsory treatment centers in Zahedan Residential Centers in summer of 2018.

From each group, 30 people were selected randomly as the sample based on Cochran's equation.

For data collection, Eysenck`s guilty feelings Questionnaire, Takata and Sakata Psychotic Disorders Questionnaire, and Schneider's Life Expectancy Questionnaire were used. Eysenck's Guilt Feelings Questionnaire: Includes 30 questions with yes or no. The validity of this questionnaire was verified and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha and split-half method which was 0.67 and 0.68, respectively. Takata and Sakata Psychotic Disorders Questionnaire: Made in Japan and validated in 30 questions. The scoring of the questionnaire is a 4-point Likert scale that is considered for the options never, rarely, sometimes, and frequently, of points 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Schneider's Life Expectancy Questionnaire: 12 questions based on the 5-point Likert scales that for the options of totally disagree, disagree, no idea, agree and totally agree, one to five points have been considered. The validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by the professors of management and the pilot study and the internal consistency of the whole test was obtained from 0.711 to 0.791. In conducting the research, the researcher explained the purpose of the study honestly and without any ambiguity and assured them of confidentiality of the results. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 using multivariate analysis of variance.

There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of age (p=0.951; x2=0.1), marital status (p = 0.933; x2=0.14), academic status (p = 0.1; x2=2.7), and employment status (p = 0.632; x2=1.723), (Table 1).Mean score of life expectancy in brazen addicted women in compulsory centers (30.36 ± 8.68) was lower than that of self-reported addicted women (37.80 ± 7.14) (F = 14.20, p <0.01). The mean score of guilty feelings in brazen addicted women in compulsory centers (18.80 ± 2.44) was higher than that of self-reported addicts (16.86 ± 3.00) (F = 26.32; p<0.01), and the mean score Psychotic disorders in brazen addicted women in compulsory centers (58.30 ± 8.78) was higher than those of self-reported women (52.70 ± 9.47) (F = 24.73, p <0.01).

The results of this study showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of addicted women in the compulsory treatment centers with self-reported addicts in this center in terms of life expectancy, feelings of guilt and psychotic disorders. Meanwhile, life expectancy in the brazen addicted woman under treatment in the compulsory treatments centers was lower than that of self-reported addicted women in the center. This is while the feelings of guilt and psychosomatic abnormalities of the brazen addicted women were higher than that of the self-reported addicted women. These results are consistent with the findings of Chavorsky, Musher and Danoff-Berg, Werhall et al., Walton, and Roberts and Livy [8]. Given the results, it can be said that those who are interested in leaving addiction are generally better off than those who are not interested in leaving and are compulsively leaving. Although no research has specifically addressed these issues, evidence suggests that it is generally possible to expect that people who have willingness to leave addiction are more hopeful and less likely to be worried and guilty. Empirical studies have shown that psychiatric and substance abuse disorders usually occur together and that these disorders are consistent with other common health issues, including violence and lack of interest in leaving the drug [18]. The results of research conducted in Canada in order to compare mental health and psychomental problems of people in compulsory residential centers indicate that approximately 55% of these people have mental health problems [19]. It also seems that people who do not want to leave addiction have more personality problems than those who tend to leave, which can make their problems more complicated. Persons with personality disorder may be particularly affected by negative emotions and experience many interpersonal problems, which are among the most common causes of recurrence. Special attention to the symptoms of personality disorder may be associated with a decrease in drug abuse and other psychiatric problems, such as depression, anxiety, and paranoia, which may potentiate the recurrence of a person [15, 16, 20-22]. Epidemiologic studies of the population have proven these clinical considerations that those who do not want to leave addiction usually have self and others-harmed thoughts [23]. The results of some studies show that people who are reluctant to leave addiction and experience more violence have criteria for diagnosing the type of associated and more acute diseases and experience more severe psychological problems and usually have a worse clinical course [19].

it is suggest that other psychological factors for other similar groups be studied and their results be compared with the present study. It is also recommended that future researchers conduct similar studies on addicted men under compulsory treatment.

The present study, like all researches, has been limited in terms rules and conditions related to scientific research. One of the limitations was the questionnaire's research, in which respondents are sometimes reluctant to answer the questions. Sometimes people do not answer some of the questions to give them a better picture. Among the other constraints of this study, was the addicted women under the treatment which is difficult to generalize the study to men.

The level of life expectancy is lower in brazen addicted women and their feelings of guilt and psychosomatic abnormalities are higher than those of self-reported addicted women.

Dr. Farangis Nakhaee and all the friends who helped in the addiction treatment centers and forced settlements in this research are appreciated.

Non-declared

Non-declared

This article is derived from the Ph.D. dissertation in the field of educational psychology of Islamic Azad University of Zahedan and all its costs are provided by the researchers.

TABLES and CHARTS

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